氢化锂鋁在有机分析中的应用

一、引言 Finhold,Nystrom,Brown及Schlesinger四氏首次提出了氫化鋰铝及其反应的论文报告。这篇文章主要撰述了氫化鋰铝试剂的发展及其在无机化学中的应用情况。至于它在有机化学中的应用则由Nystrom及Brown两氏在1947—1948年间连续发表了三篇论文。虽然氢化鋰铝的发现至今还不到二十年,可     

微波消解-环丙沙星荧光光度法测定面制食品中铝

铝在自然界中是一种广泛存在的元素,许多科学家经过研究发现,老年性痴呆症与铝有密切关系.同时还发现,铝对人体的脑、心、肝、肾的功能和免疫功能都有损害[1].因此,世界卫生组织于1989年正式将铝确定为食品污染物而加以控制.     

铝的发展、应用和新机遇

从铝元素的发现开始，逐步介绍性质优异的铝元素在工业制造以及人们日常生活等方面不可取代的应用，同时探讨了铝及其化合物的生物毒性。随着纳米技术蓬勃发展，金属铝纳米结构作为极具潜力商业化的、可持续的局域表面等离子体材料受到人们广泛关注。总结近几年铝纳米粒子的合成方法，以及在局域表面等离子体打印、表面增强拉曼检测等方面的应用。     

砷叶立德在有机合成中应用的研究

金属有机化合物在有机合成中的应用贯穿着整个有机化学史。十九世纪中叶至本世纪五十年代的一百年中,金属有机在合成中的应用仅限于第Ⅰ和第Ⅱ族元素和少数的第Ⅲ族元素铝(Zn,Frankland 1849;Na,Wurtz,1855;Na,Wurtz—Fittig,1876;Al,Friedel Craft,1877;Zn,РеФорматский,1887;Mg,Grignard,1901;Li,Ziegler,1925)。本世纪五十年代至今30年来,金属有机在合成中的应用,如百花齐放,推陈出新,重要的反应不断发现。例如Ziegler(1950)发现了有机铝在有机合成中的应用,它对烯烃的催化聚合作     

科学家用新方法种出准晶体

直到丹尼尔·舍特曼的发现提出之前,化学家一直将晶体定义为原子按照可重复的规则模式进行排列的材料。然而,在1982年,以色列理工大学材料科学家舍特曼发现,一种铝和锰的合金,其原子按常规顺序排列,但是不能重复。此类"准晶体"迫使化学家重新编写了他们的教科书。最终,2011年舍特曼因准晶体的发现获得诺贝尔化学奖。此后,科学家也在自然界中发现了准晶体,而且工程师制造出多种多样的准晶体,并     

纳米晶镁铝水滑石的制备及其热分解机理

研究了无机阻燃剂镁铝水滑石纳米晶的制备及其热分解机理.采用常压下,一步反应的液相法制备镁铝水滑石试样，用XRD和TEM测试试样的相组成和形貌，针状镁铝水滑石纳米晶体的长度约80 nm.依据DSC和DTA-TG测试结果，发现镁铝水滑石纳米晶的热分解由两个阶段组成:第一个吸热峰出现在220 ℃左右，第二个吸热峰出现在380 ℃左右.研究了反应时间对所得镁铝水滑石试样的热分解性能的影响，发现延长反应时间，镁铝水滑石试样的第一次、第二次热分解的起始温度升高,第一次热分解的失重值增大，最后剩余氧化物的量增大，从而增强镁铝水滑石阻燃剂的阻燃性能.根据不同升温速率下获得的DSC测试数据，应用Achar微分法、Šatava-Šesták积分法和Ozawa积分法对镁铝水滑石纳米晶热分解的第二个阶段进行了动力学计算和分析，确定该段的热分解机理函数积分式为(1－α)－1－1.     

Al的加入对CeZr固溶体催化剂结构及其乙苯脱氢活性的影响

为进一步提高铈锆固溶体储放氧性能,增强乙苯二氧化碳氧化脱氢反应性能,采用共沉淀法合成出氧化铝质量比为50%的铈锆铝氧化物催化剂。通过现代仪器分析表征技术,研究了Al加入对铈锆固溶体复合氧化物晶体结构、储放氧能力的影响。结果表明,Al的加入可起到"扩散阻碍"作用,且有效抑制铈锆固溶体晶粒长大,使得铈锆铝氧化物催化剂比表面积较铈锆固溶体增加了51.8 m~2/g,储放氧性OSC值提高了69.4μmol/g,将铈锆铝氧化物催化剂用在乙苯氧化脱氢5 h反应中,发现乙苯转化率提高了10%。     

烷基铝的化学及其工业应用的进展

烷基铝早在1865年就已制得,但直到10年前它的应用还很少超出实验室范围。自1954年用烷基铝-氯化钛为催化剂的低压聚乙烯法出现以后,以三乙基铝为中心的烷基铝化学迅速发展,烷基铝的产量急剧增加,工业应用日益扩大。烷基铝在工业上除用作聚合催化剂外,作为化学中间体还发展了许多其他用途,有的已投入生产,具有很重要的意义。因之,烷基铝化学及其应用值得我们重视。近年来,烷基铝化学的发展主要在下列几方面: (1)烷基铝与烯烃的反应,由此可制得烯烃二聚     

有机铝杂环化合物的合成与应用

有机铝杂环化合物作为金属杂环化合物中的重要一员,在有机合成中表现出一些独特的性质。有机铝杂环化合物主要包括铝杂环戊二烯、铝杂环戊烯,以及铝杂环戊烷。本文介绍近年来有机铝杂环化合物的合成方法学、反应化学及其在有机合成中的应用研究进展。     

铝与社会

铝在19世纪80年代以前被认为是一种珍贵的金属,随着现代冶炼铝的产生,它的身价大幅度下跌。但由于它具有许多优良性能,很快得到了广泛的应用,科学家认为20世纪是“钢铁时代”和“铝器时代”交替的时代。本文从铝的历史、铝的应用、铝及其化合物等方面论述铝在人类社会发展中的重要作用。     

Determination of aluminum in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

Summary A novel method of separating and detecting trace aluminum by capillary zone electrophoresis is described. Aluminum is reacted with lumogallion [4-chloro-3-(2,4-dihydroxyphenylazo)-2-hydroxybenzen-1-sulphonic acid] so that the complex can be selectively and sensitively detected by a laser-induced fluorescence detector after capillary electrophoretic separation. Using the proposed method, limits of detection in the sub parts per billion range are achieved. The technique is applied to the determination of aluminum in human serum.     

Effect of foreign ions for the determination of metal ion in the presence of surfactants

Aluminum is the third most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust. Despite its ubiquitous nature it is present in small amount in living organisms. Aluminum toxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of renal distinct clinical syndromes, including progressive and fatal encephalopathy and bone diseases. In the present study, Al was selected for the analysis by complexometric method. This method was based on the formation of a red colored ternary complex by the reaction of Aluminum with Aluminon (Aurin tricarboxylic acid triammonium salt) in the presence of micellar medium. The ternary complex of Aluminum with the surfactant Triton X-100 shows a maximum absorbance at 530 nm wavelength at pH 4.0 while with the sodium dodecyl sulfate it shows a maximum absorbance at 525 nm and at pH 5.0. The reaction was proceeded by the variation in pH and concentrations of surfactants, aluminon, aluminum. Their effects on the reaction of aluminum with aluminon complex in micellar media were recorded by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The reaction was found to be extremely rapid at room temperature. The system obeys Lambert Beer’s law between 0.24 and 21.74 μg/mL concentrations with Triton X-100. The values of slope, intercept and correlation coefficients were 0.07, 0.348 and 0.989, respectively. The concentration varied between 0.24 and 24.14 μg/mL with sodium dodecyl sulfate and the values of slope, intercept and correlation coefficients were 0.029, 0.148 and 0.962, respectively. The foreign ion effect was also tested by keeping the constant concentration of metal ion and determining its concentration in the presence of different foreign ions. The method was also applied for the determination of Al(III) in pharmaceutical formulations and water samples, which showed an excellent resemblance between reported and obtained results.     

粉煤灰与几种酸固相反应特性的表面分析

用扫描电镜．能量色散谱研究了粉煤灰与酸的固相反应过程中表面形貌和化学组成变化特性。室温下粉煤灰分别与HCI、HNO3、H2SO4、HCIO4固相反应后，表面产生直径20—200nm的结晶颗粒或晶柱。反应生成的水溶物结晶体的扫描电镜图像分别呈手指状、龟背形、蛛蛛状、蝙蝠态，分别为氯化铝铁混晶、硝酸铝铁混晶、硫酸铝铁混晶和高氯酸铝铁混晶。粉煤灰是硅、铝、铁等元素的氧化物聚集体，铁铝等氧化物主要分布在颗粒表面，氧化硅主要分布在颗粒内层。用少量酸进行固相反应这些氧化物聚集体可相互剥离，用H2SO4处理粉煤灰优先将铁铝氧化物转化成可溶性硫酸盐。     

From Living to “Immortal” Polymerization

Aluminum porphyrin is an excellent initiator for the living polymerizations of a wide variety of monomers such as epoxide, β-lactone, δ-lactone, ε-lactone, and lactide, and also for the alternating copolymerization of epoxide and cyclic acid anhydride or carbon dioxide, to give polymers and copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution. Aluminum porphyrin was recently found to initiate also the living polymerization of methacrylic ester. In the polymerizations of epoxides and lactones initiated with aluminum porphyrin in the presence of an appropriate protic compound, polymers with narrow molecular weight can be obtained with the number of the polymer molecules more than those of the initiator. This fact demonstrates the “immortal” nature of the polymerization due to unusual reactivities of aluminum prophyrin.     

Nutrient status of edible plantains (Musa spp) as determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Summary Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was to determine the nutrient status of six varieties of plantain. A total of 12 minerals were detected in both the pulp and the peel although their concentrations differed from variety to variety. Of these elements, only two (Mg and Cl) were classified, as macronutrients while seven (Cr, Zn, Se, Fe, Co, Mn, and Cu) were micronutrients essential for human life. The concentration of Cl, Mn and Cr in the edible pulp far exceeds the recommendations of the Subcommittee on Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Aluminum, Br and Rb, which are neither classified as macro- nor micronutrients, were found in comparatively higher concentrations in the peel than is the pulp. The presence of seven micronutrients essential to human life in plantains makes it suitable for food, particularly in areas where micronutrient deficiencies may be prevalent.     

Simultaneous determination of eleven dyes and their aluminum lakes in drugs

A 3-step extraction method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 dyes and their aluminum lakes in drugs. The dyes were first extracted with warm water (approximately 60 degrees C) and were cleaned up by solid-phase extraction with a tC18 cartridge. Aluminum lake dyes that remained in the precipitate were extracted with 0.02M NaOH. Aluminum in the dye lakes was reextracted into the organic layer with acetylacetone-butyl acetate (1 + 9, v/v), as an acetylacetone chelate, and was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The dye portions of the aluminum lakes remained in the aqueous layer and were cleaned up in the same way as the dyes. The dyes and the dye portions of the aluminum lakes were quantified by ion-pair liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector within 20 min. The recoveries of dyes from drug fortified at 10 microg of each dye per pill were 87.0-102.2%, and the recoveries of dyes from drugs fortified at 50 microg of each dye lake per pill were 82.9-101.6%, except for recoveries of indigo carmine. In 40 ethical and over-the-counter drugs, dyes that were not indicated in the package insert information for drugs were detected in 5 samples. The highest amount of dye found in a drug was 1169.5 microg erythrosine, which was detected in a capsule of antibiotic. Aluminum lake dyes were detected in 8 samples of various dosage forms.     

Aluminum carbenoids in the cyclopropanation of fulvenes

Aluminum carbenoid Et₂AlCH₂I reacts with 6-substituted fulvenes to give tricyclopropanes in high yields. Calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory show that coplanar arrangement of the double bonds facilitates cyclopropanation due to conjugation in the transition state. Aluminum carbenoid Et₂AlCH₂I was generated by either the reaction of equimolar amounts of Et₃Al and CH₂I₂ in hexane or treatment of Et₂AlI with CH₂N₂ in dichloromethane.     

Corrosion behavior of aluminum exposed to a biodiesel

Aluminum was exposed to biodiesel with different levels of contaminants and impurities, and its corrosion behavior was evaluated by conventional electrochemical techniques. It was found that the corrosion behavior of aluminum in biodiesel contaminated with alkalis is similar to the corrosion behavior of aluminum in aqueous solutions. In addition, it was demonstrated that corrosion of aluminum can be used as a quantitative indication of the biodiesel purity.     

Über basische Aluminiumsalze und ihre Lösungen. XVI. Kinetische Untersuchungen an niederbasischen Aluminiumchloridlösungen

Basic Aluminum Salts and their Solutions. XVI. Kinetic Studies on Low Basic Aluminum Chloride Solutions Basic aluminum chloride solutions of low basicity were prepared by different methods and investigated by means of the ferrone kinetics. In solutions prepared by expulsion of hydrogen chloride or addition of solid sodium carbonate preferably dimeric cations are formed. In solutions prepared by addition of sodium hydroxide solution or sodium carbonate solution only at very low basicity small quantities of dimeric ions are formed, at increasing basicity tridecameric ions arise. An explanation of this behaviour is given, involving the action of hydroxide ions and a possible formation of the dihydroxy-aluminum complex. The rate constant for the reaction of the dimeric ions with the ferrone reagent was determined to be k = 0.97 ± 0.06 min^?1.     

AAO-CNTs electrode on microfluidic flow injection system for rapid iodide sensing

In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoarrays in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO-CNTs) nanopore is integrated on a microfluidic flow injection system for in-channel electrochemical detection of iodide. The device was fabricated from PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microchannel bonded on glass substrates that contains three-electrode electrochemical system, including AAO-CNTs as a working electrode, silver as a reference electrode and platinum as an auxiliary electrode. Aluminum, stainless steel catalyst, silver and platinum layers were sputtered on the glass substrate through shadow masks. Aluminum layer was then anodized by two-step anodization process to form nanopore template. CNTs were then grown in AAO template by thermal chemical vapor deposition. The amperometric detection of iodide was performed in 500-μm-wide and 100-μm-deep microchannels on the microfluidic chip. The influences of flow rate, injection volume and detection potential on the current response were optimized. From experimental results, AAO-CNTs electrode on chip offers higher sensitivity and wider dynamic range than CNTs electrode with no AAO template.