On the effect of corrosion defects on the collapse pressure of pipelines

The loss of metal in a pipeline due to corrosion usually results in localized pits with various depths and irregular shapes on its external and internal surfaces. The effect of corrosion defects on the collapse pressure of offshore pipelines was studied through the combination of small-scale experiments with nonlinear numerical analyses based on the finite element method. After calibrated based on the experimental results, the model was used to determine the collapse pressure as a function of material and geometric parameters of different pipes and defects. An extensive parametric study using 2-D and 3-D numerical models was carried out encompassing different defect geometries and their interaction with pipe ovalization.     

复杂载荷下双金属复合管的屈曲失效研究

本文采用有限元方法系统地研究了复杂载荷下双金属复合管的屈曲失效，三维有限元数值模型考虑了双金属复合管的准静态复合成型制造过程中产生的残余应力，分析了外基管直径、内衬管壁厚、内外管初始间隙、内衬管屈服强度、内压等因素对双金属复合管屈曲失效的影响。结果表明，加载路径、复合管的几何尺寸及内衬管的屈服强度对双金属复合管的屈曲性能均有较大影响，内充压力可以延迟内衬管的屈曲失效。     

组合荷载作用下腐蚀缺陷管道的极限承载力

腐蚀缺陷的存在会降低管道的承载力,影响管道的正常运行.考虑了管道轴向与环向材料强度的各向异性,提出了腐蚀缺陷压力管道在内压、轴力和弯矩组合荷载作用下极限承载力的一组广义解.推导了等深度腐蚀、椭圆腐蚀和抛物线三种形状腐蚀缺陷管道的解析解.通过算例验证了解析解与广义解结果具有很好的吻合性.腐蚀形状对极限承载力有显著影响,把...     

带腐蚀Euler-Bernoulli海洋管道模型在海波激励下的振动分析

研究了考虑腐蚀和海生物附着作用的海洋管道在海波激励下的动力学响应．采用欧拉-伯努利梁模型建立细长海洋管道动力学模型，利用格林函数法得到了该受迫振动问题的稳态响应．首先，推导了未腐蚀且考虑海生物附着的海洋管道在海波激励作用下的动力学响应．其次在考虑腐蚀、海生物附着情况下，利用前面未腐蚀模型的解得到腐蚀管道的动力学响应解析解．最后进行了数值讨论，分析了不同腐蚀深度、不同生物质量对管道固有频率的影响．研究了三种输流截面面积相同的环（圆、矩形、三角）模型在同一海波激励作用下的稳态位移响应．分析了不同海波高度、不同海波数目、不同海洋深度及腐蚀深度对管道模型位移的影响；对比了未腐蚀和有腐蚀深度时，某点随时间变化的位移效果．研究结果对海波激励下的管道响应分析和保护具有重要意义．     

A new approach to solve the problems of seismic vibrations for periodically nonuniform buried pipelines

The method proposed by E.A. Il’yushina is used to study the longitudinal vibrations of segmented buried pipelines. It is shown that the averaged wave velocity in a periodically nonuniform pipeline is specified by the effective static moduli of the periodicity cell and that, in the case of using a vibration damping material made of rubber or soft metal at joints between pipes, this velocity can be much less than the velocity of longitudinal waves in the main pipe. The last fact makes it reasonable to consider supersonic regimes in the problems of seismic vibrations when the wave velocity in a pipeline is less than the wave velocity in the soil.     

固-液两相流黑水管道冲蚀磨损的数值模拟研究

煤气化黑水处理系统管道由于其流体介质高含固体颗粒和腐蚀性介质，且工作在高温、高压差环境中，极易受到冲蚀磨损和腐蚀的耦合作用而失效，影响其服役寿命. 采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法数值模拟研究了煤气化黑水处理系统固-液两相流管道的冲蚀磨损行为和机理，以及流体介质速度和固体颗粒粒径对管道冲蚀磨损的影响规律，并分析了盲通管和涡室结构对弯管冲蚀磨损行为的优化改善效果. 研究结果显示，煤气化黑水处理系统管线的冲蚀高危区主要分布在弯管外拱和变径管等结构突变区域；管道冲蚀磨损行为与其内部流体的运动和颗粒冲击特性有关；管道的冲蚀率均随着流体速度的增加而加剧，而粒径对弯管和变径管冲蚀率的影响并非单调关系，这与颗粒受力作用有关；弯管优化分析显示，涡室结构可以降低弯管的最大冲蚀率，减缓弯管的冲蚀磨损.      

力-热载荷下双金属复合管的屈曲失效研究

采用有限元方法研究了力-热载荷下双金属复合管的屈曲失效行为,通过三维有限元建模考虑了双金属复合管的准静态复合成型制造过程中产生的残余应力,分析了温度及内压两个主要参数对双金属复合管屈曲失效的影响。结果表明,高温导致材料发生软化,抑制了双金属复合管的屈曲;弯矩、内压及热载荷联合作用下,复合管内介质温度降低,复合管弯矩达到最大值对应的曲率减小,而弯曲承载能力增大,外基管的椭圆率也增大;内压变化对复合管的弯曲承载能力和外基管的椭圆率影响较小。     

深部高地应力下岩石力学行为研究进展

越来越多的煤矿和金属矿进入深部开采.随着开采深度的增加,一系列工程灾害如岩爆、煤与瓦斯突出、顶板垮落、底板突水等日益严重,且深部开采中巷道与采场的维护理论也与浅部有十分明显的区别.人们认识到这种差别的根源在于岩石所处的赋存环境上的差异,深部与浅部在赋存环境上的差别是所谓``三高''即高地应力、高地温和高孔隙水压,尤其是高地应力条件下岩石表现出十分特殊的力学行为.简要介绍了深部开采现状、深部开采面临的技术难题以及深部岩体所处的高地应力环境,在此基础上,综述了深部高地应力条件下有关岩石力学性质的研究进展,包括高应力条件下岩石的脆-延转化特性、岩石的流变特性、岩石的强度特征、岩石的破坏特征尤其是岩爆等.文章最后指出深部条件下热-水-力耦合模型是一个值得关注的研究方向.      

Strength differential effect and influence of strength criterion on burst pressure of thin-walled pipelines

In the framework of the finite deformation theory, the plastic collapse analysis of thin-walled pipes subjected to the internal pressure is conducted on the basis of the unified strength criterion (USC). An analytical solution of the burst pressure for pipes with capped ends is derived, which includes the strength differential effect and takes the influence of strength criterion on the burst pressure into account. In addition, a USC-based analytical solution of the burst pressure for end-opened pipes under the internal pressure is obtained. By discussion, it is found that for the end-capped pipes, the influence of different yield criteria and the strength differential effect on the burst pressure are significant, while for the end-opened pipes, the burst pressure is independent of the specific form of the strength criterion and strength difference in tension and compression.     

埋地管道的横向静力分析耦合模型及其解耦条件

现有埋地管道横向静力分析中的刚性管假设可以实现横向分析与纵向分析的解耦,但往往与实际情况不符.为此,本文根据埋地管道的受力特点,建立了考虑纵向内力影响的横向静力分析耦合模型.基于此耦合模型,结合挠曲线方程与纵向内力的关系,推导出横向分析和纵向分析的解耦条件,为建立解耦模型提供了理论基础.与此同时,一方面为便于实用,另一方面为检验解耦模型的误差,文中针对圆环形管道导出了其横截面剪应力分布规律,给出了埋地管道横向静力分析的实用耦合模型,并结合弹性中心法,建议和提出了耦合模型的实现算法.最后,采用耦合模型对两端固定的埋地给水管道进行了横向内力分析及解耦模型的误差探讨.结果表明,管道两端处纵向剪力对横向内力影响显著,解耦模型误差很大;但随着与管端距离的增加纵向剪力的影响急剧减小,近跨中区域解耦误差几乎可忽略不计.     

Identification of mechanical properties of inhomogeneous materials

In the present paper, the stress-strain state of tubes made of inhomogeneous elastic materials is considered. We discuss what causes the onset of inhomogeneity and solve a problem for a tube consisting of an inhomogeneous and a homogeneous layer. It is shown how the variations in the thickness ratio of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous material layers affect the values of the longitudinal and circular deformations on the external surface of the tube under the action of constant internal pressure; it is noted that this effect can be used to monitor the pipeline state and to ensure its safe operation. A method for identifying mechanical properties of deformable inhomogeneous materials is proposed; this method is based on the use of thick-walled tubular specimens in calibration tests, which is especially convenient when analyzing the action of aggressive media or radiation on the properties of deformable materials.     

Crack nucleation in a strip of varying thickness under force loading

A mathematical model of crack nucleation in a strip of varying thickness under force loading is constructed. It is assumed that the loading of the strip by external forces gives rise to prefracture zones, which are modeled as regions of weakened interparticle bonds in the material. Solution of the problem of the equilibrium of an isotropic strip of varying thickness, with a crack nucleus reduces to solving a system of nonlinear singular integral equations with a Cauchy type kernel to determine the forces in the region of crack nucleation. The condition of crack nucleation in a strip of varying thickness is formulated using the criterion of the limiting stretching of material bonds.     

基于WDQ法的粘弹性输流管道稳定性分析

在微分求积法（DQ法）基础上,根据多分辨分析理论,以尺度函数为基础构造插值基函数,形成小波微分求积法（WDQ法）,用该方法研究了简支Kelvin型粘弹性输流管道的稳定性问题,给出了不同参数下管道复频率随内部流速的变化关系,分析了外部流速对Kelvin型粘弹性输流管道在不同延滞时间下的振动特性及稳定性的影响。     

Formulation of a macroscale corrosion damage internal state variable model

A new consistent formulation coupling kinematics, thermodynamics, and kinetics with damage using an extended multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient that accounts for corrosion effects is proposed. The corrosion model, based upon internal state variable (ISV) theory, captures the effects of general corrosion, pit nucleation, pit growth, pit coalescence, and intergranular corrosion. The different geometrically-affected rate equations are given for each mechanism after the ISV formalism and have a thermodynamic force pair that acts as an internal stress. Pit nucleation is defined as the number density that changes as a function of time driven by the local galvanic electrochemical potential between base matrix material and second phase material. Pit growth is defined as pit surface area growth. Pit coalescence is the interaction of the pits as they grow together and is often characterized by transgranular corrosion and is mathematically constructed from Coulomb’s Law and the Maxwell stress. General corrosion is signified by thickness loss of the material and is characterized by a modified Faraday’s Law. The intergranular corrosion rate is related to the grain boundary effects so that it is characterized by the misorientation between grains. The total damage (void volume or area fraction) is the addition of the general, pitting, and intergranular corrosion. The ability of the model to predict aspects of the corrosion mechanisms and aging history effects of an engineering material are then illustrated by comparison with experimental data of an extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy.     

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本文以ANSYS软件为平台建立了近底床钢管-混凝土单层悬跨海管有限元模型,综合应用PIPE59单元、MATRIX27单元和COMBIN40单元模拟了管内流体流动引起的科氏力、离心力以及海管与底床的弹性接触,计算了不同悬跨长度下的海管位移、应力及固有频率,通过与工程常用规范对照,验证了模型的正确性。研究表明,应用ANSYS软件可模拟近底床悬跨海管在内流、外流共同作用下的位移、应力及固有频率,本文建模方法便于工程应用。     

Heat transfer in a thin facing up horizontal strip with internal heat generation

The steady state heat transfer characteristics of a thin facing-up strip with internal heat generation is studied in this work. The nondimensional temperature distribution in the strip is obtained as a function of the following parameters: (a) the intensity and distribution of the internal heat sources, (b) the aspect ratio of the strip, (c) the longitudinal heat conductance of the strip and (d) the Prandtl number of the fluid. Both the thermally thin and the thick wall approximations are considered in this paper. The total thermal energy or averaged temperature of the strip is found to decrease, as the influence of the longitudinal heat conduction effects in the strip decreases, in the thermally thin wall regime. After reaching a minimum, it increases again in the thermally thick wall regime. Received on 15 December 1998     

X80管道双腐蚀缺陷间相互作用规律研究

为了对腐蚀管道进行准确的安全评价,本文针对X80管道相邻双腐蚀缺陷间的相互作用规律进行了研究。借鉴现有X80管道爆破实验的数据,对数值计算中的单元划分、边界条件设置等进行验证。采用ANSYSWORKBENCH软件对X80管道在腐蚀缺陷下的应力应变状态进行了分析。数值分析结果显示:轴向间距一定时,腐蚀深度越大,轴向相邻双腐蚀间相互作用越明显;当两个相邻腐蚀缺陷轴向距离在3(Dt)1/2以内或环向处于0.07pD以内时,需要考虑两个腐蚀缺陷的相互影响;当两个相邻腐蚀缺陷轴向距离大于3(Dt)1/2或环向间距大于0.07pD时,不需要考虑腐蚀间的相互作用。     

Creep—Slip Capture as a Possible Source of Squeal During Decelerated Sliding

Friction-induced vibration of a two-degree-of-freedom mass-damper-spring system interacting with a decelerating rigid strip is investigated. The friction law is approximated by an analytical function to facilitate the analyses and numerical integrations. It is shown that, after a quasi-harmonic transient period, accompanied by viscous energy dissipation, a short period of intensive ‘creep-slip’ vibration occurs, which generates a series of ‘micro-impacts’ on the strip. Because of the impulsive character of such kind of loading, its Fourier spectrum is rich and quite broadband. Using an averaging technique, the ‘normal form’ equations of motion show that the out-of-phase vibration mode absorbs more energy from the decelerating strip when its natural frequency satisfies certain resonance conditions. The study is then applied to an automotive disc brake model to gain useful insight into the generation of squeal. It is shown that the out-of-phase creep-slip vibration (in the longitudinal direction) of the brake pads generates an impulsive bending moment on the decelerating strip (disc rotor). This impulsive load may be considered as a possible source for brake squeal. The technique developed in this paper may be extended to other ‘squealing systems’ including models for geophysical faults (earthquakes).     

Vibration and enhanced stability properties of fluid-conveying pipes with two symmetric elbows fitted at downstream end

In this paper, the vibration and stability properties of fluid-conveying pipes with two symmetric elbows fitted at downstream end are investigated. The fluid, after entering from the upstream end, is pushed downwards and eventually exits from the downstream end fitted with two symmetric elbows. The equation of motion is solved by means of Galerkin’s method with a four-mode approximation. Calculations are conducted for cantilevered and also for pinned–pinned slender pipes. It is found that the stability of the pipe system can be greatly enhanced with such downstream elbows. The vibration frequency of the fluid-conveying pipes can be comfortably controlled due to the downstream elbows with a selection of angle of inclination. The proposed geometry configuration of fluid-conveying pipes may be useful for the design and improvement of engineering pipeline systems and fluidic devices.     

Vibration reduction of a nonlinear spring pendulum under multi external and parametric excitations via a longitudinal absorber

The vibration of a ship pitch-roll motion described by a non-linear spring pendulum system (two degrees of freedom) subjected to multi external and parametric excitations can be reduced using a longitudinal absorber. The method of multiple scale perturbation technique (MSPT) is applied to analyze the response of this system near the simultaneous primary, sub-harmonic and internal resonance. The steady state solution near this resonance case is determined and studied applying Lyapunov’s first method. The stability of the system is investigated using frequency response equations. Numerical simulations are extensive investigations to illustrate the effects of the absorber and some system parameters at selected values on the vibrating system. The simulation results are achieved using MATLAB 7.0 programs. Results are compared to previously published work.