Direct Amidation from Alcohols and Amines through a Tandem Oxidation Process Catalyzed by Heterogeneous‐Polymer‐Incarcerated Gold Nanoparticles under Aerobic Conditions

We describe herein a highly elegant and suitable synthesis of amide products from alcohols and amines through a tandem oxidation process that uses molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant. Carbon‐black‐stabilized polymer‐incarcerated gold (PICB‐Au) or gold/cobalt (PICB‐Au/Co) nanoparticles were employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst depending on alcohol reactivity and generated only water as the major co‐product of the reaction. A wide scope of substrate applicability was shown with 42 examples. The catalysts could be recovered and reused without loss of activity by using a simple operation.     

Synthesis of Bifunctional Allylic Compounds by Using Cyclopropenes as Functionalized Allyl Equivalents

The synthesis of uncommon bifunctional allylic derivatives bearing a silane and an alcohol within the same allylic framework is reported. This method relies on the coupling of hydrosilanes with substituted and functionalized cyclopropenes, which deliver the allyl fragment. Rhodium(II) catalysts provide regioselective access to vinyl carbene intermediates, which easily undergo Si?H bond insertions. The transformation occurs with complete atom economy and shows a remarkably broad scope, including a intramolecular version for the synthesis of cyclic O?Si‐linked compounds as well as the synthesis of the corresponding allyl amines.     

Convenient Reductive Methylation of Amines with Carbonates at Room Temperature

Methylation of amines is a fundamental and commonly used reaction in organic synthesis. Many methods are known including various reductive methylations using formaldehyde, formic acid, or carbon dioxide in the presence of reductants. However, several of these methods suffer from limited substrate scope and chemoselectivity because of the different nucleophilicities of substrates. In this respect, the combination of carbonates and hydrosilanes is a valuable methylation source in the presence of Pt‐based catalysts. This highly tunable method allows for methylation of both aromatic and aliphatic amines, and chemoselective methylation of aminoalcohols and diamines. Notably, the in situ‐formed catalyst can also be used for the reduction of carbonates to methanol at room temperature. Mechanistic insights on intermediates formed during the reaction pathway were obtained by using ESI mass spectrometry.     

Tuning the Selectivity of AuPd Nanoalloys towards Selective Dehydrogenative Alkyne Silylation

The cross-dehydrogenative coupling of terminal alkynes and hydrosilanes catalyzed by AuPd nanoalloys is described. Metal nanoparticles are readily prepared in 15 minutes from commercially available and cheap starting materials by using a photochemical approach. The ratio of Au and Pd in the alloys heavily influences their reactivity. These cooperative nanoalloy catalysts tolerate a large number of functional groups (e.g., free amines and acids), operate at room temperature under air atmosphere at low loading (2 mol %), and the cross-dehydrogenative coupling can easily be scaled up.     

Caffeine gold complex supported on magnetic nanoparticles as a green and high turnover frequency catalyst for room temperature A3 coupling reaction in water

A new heterogeneous catalyst derived from gold (III) and supported on caffeine‐coated magnetic nanoparticles, Fe₃O₄@Caff‐Au, has been prepared and characterized using different techniques. This magnetic gold composite shows high catalytic activity in A³ coupling reactions of terminal alkynes, aldehydes and secondary amines. Using this green catalyst, propargylamines are obtained in high turnover frequency in short reaction times using water as solvent at room temperature. This stable and ready accessible catalyst can be easily recycled magnetically for at least nine consecutive runs without significant loss of activity and with slight aggregation of Au species.     

Reductive Deamination with Hydrosilanes Catalyzed by B(C6F5)3

The strong boron Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane B(C₆F₅)₃ is known to catalyze the dehydrogenative coupling of certain amines and hydrosilanes at elevated temperatures. At higher temperature, the dehydrogenation pathway competes with cleavage of the C?N bond and defunctionalization is obtained. This can be turned into a useful methodology for the transition‐metal‐free reductive deamination of a broad range of amines as well as heterocumulenes such as an isocyanate and an isothiocyanate.     

Aerobic oxidative transformation of primary alcohols and amines to amides promoted by a hydroxyapatite-supported gold catalyst in water

In the presence of an easily prepared hydroxyapatite-supported gold catalyst, namely Au/HAP, various kinds of structurally diverse primary alcohols including benzylic and aliphatic ones, and amines involving aromatic and secondary ones could be converted into the corresponding amides in water with up to 99% yield. Meanwhile, on the basis of experimental observations and literatures, a plausible reaction pathway was described to elucidate the reaction mechanism.     

Heterogeneous Rhodium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling: Nonsymmetrical Biaryl Amines

The first heterogeneously catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenative cross‐coupling of aryl amines is reported herein. 2‐Naphthylamine analogues were reacted with various electron‐rich arenes using a heterogeneous Rh/C catalyst under mild aerobic conditions, thus affording nonsymmetrical biaryl amines in excellent yields with high selectivities. This reaction provides a mild, operationally simple, and efficient approach for the synthesis of biaryls which are important to pharmaceutical and materials chemistry.     

The ruthenium-catalyzed reduction and reductive N-alkylation of secondary amides with hydrosilanes: practical synthesis of secondary and tertiary amines by judicious choice of hydrosilanes

A triruthenium cluster, (mu3,eta2,eta3,eta5-acenaphthylene)Ru3(CO)7 (1) catalyzes the reaction of secondary amides with hydrosilanes, yielding a mixture of secondary amines, tertiary amines, and silyl enamines. Production of secondary amines with complete selectivity is achieved by the use of higher concentration of the catalyst (3 mol %) and the use of bifunctional hydrosilanes such as 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. Acidic workup of the reaction mixture affords the corresponding ammonium salts, which can be treated with a base, providing a facile method for isolation of secondary amines with high purity. In contrast, tertiary amines are formed with high selectivity by using lower concentration of the catalyst (1 mol %) and polymeric hydrosiloxanes (PMHS) as reducing agent. Reduction with PMHS encapsulates the ruthenium catalyst and organic byproducts to the insoluble silicone resin. The two reaction manifolds are applicable to various secondary amides and are practical in that the procedures provide the desired secondary or tertiary amine as a single product. The product contaminated with only minimal amounts of ruthenium and silicon residues. On the basis of the products and observed side products as well as NMR studies a mechanistic scenario for the reaction is also described.     

Effective Formylation of Amines with Carbon Dioxide and Diphenylsilane Catalyzed by Chelating bis(tzNHC) Rhodium Complexes

The reductive formylation of amines using CO₂ and hydrosilanes is an attractive method for incorporating CO₂ into valuable organic compounds. However, previous systems required either high catalyst loadings or high temperatures to achieve high efficiency, and the substrate scope was mostly limited to simple amines. To address these problems, a series of alkyl bridged chelating bis(NHC) rhodium complexes (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) have been synthesized and applied to the reductive formylation of amines using CO₂ and Ph₂SiH₂. A rhodium‐based bis(tzNHC) complex (tz=1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) was identified to be highly effective at a low catalyst loading and ambient temperature, and a wide substrate scope, including amines with reducible functional groups, were compatible.     

Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联-转移加氢反应制备酮类化合物

由简单小分子通过 C–C键偶联来构筑复杂多样的大分子是有机合成的重要方向.传统的 C–C键偶联反应一般使用卤代烃和金属有机化合物为底物,具有原子效率低、有害废弃物排放等缺点.因此,迫切需要发展一种绿色高效的 C–C键偶联方法.其中,以醇类化合物作为底物通过“氢转移”(脱氢/aldol缩合/加氢)实现 C–C键偶联的途径受到广泛关注.该方法具有诸多优点：(1)醇类化合物来源广泛、价格低廉、相对安全;(2)只产生 H2和 H2O,没有其它副产物.但由于醇类化合物(特别是仲醇)脱氢困难,该偶联反应条件一般比较苛刻.我们使用 O2来辅助仲醇脱氢,采用离子交换树脂负载的 Au6Pd纳米颗粒为催化剂,实现了温和条件下伯醇和仲醇的偶联反应.而且发现在氧化气氛下,反应过程中发生了“氢转移”现象,产物为饱和酮类化合物.通过设计对照实验并结合 XAFS(X–射线吸收光谱)表征结果,我们揭示了在 Au6Pd/resin催化剂上发生“氢转移”反应的机理. AuPd/resin催化剂采用离子交换–NaBH4还原法制备. TEM照片显示 Au, Pd以及双金属 AuPd纳米颗粒均匀分散在载体上,平均粒径为2–4 nm,而且随着 Au/Pd比例减小, AuPd纳米颗粒的粒径逐渐减小. XRD谱图显示,随着 Au/Pd比例减小, Au(111)衍射峰逐渐向高角度发生偏移,说明 AuPd形成了合金.我们以苯甲醇和(±)-1-苯乙醇氧化偶联为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,产物为不饱和酮.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,转化率显著提高,说明 AuPd之间存在明显的协同作用.而且随着 Au/Pd比例增加,产物逐渐由不饱和酮转变为饱和酮,当 Au/Pd≥6时,产物完全为饱和酮,说明反应过程中发生了“氢转移”.为验证这一推测,我们以苯甲醇和查尔酮为底物在相同条件下反应.结果显示,以 Au/resin和 Pd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮没有转化.而以 AuPd/resin为催化剂时,查尔酮大部分转化为饱和酮(转化率为91%),验证了反应中发生了“氢转移”的推测.为研究“氢转移”发生的机理,我们采用 XAFS对催化剂价态进行了表征. Pd元素 K边 X射线吸收谱图显示,随着催化剂中 Au/Pd比例的增加,E0值逐渐减小,说明 Pd价态逐渐降低. EXAFS拟合数据表明,随催化剂中 Au/Pd比例增加, Pd–O配位数逐渐减小.基于以上结果推断,在 AuPd/resin催化剂中,随着 Au/Pd比例的增加, Pd的抗氧化能力显著增强,更多的 Pd以 Pd(0)形式存在.结合文献报道结果,我们认为正是催化剂中的 Pd(0)夺取了醇的βC–H后生成了 Pd–H,而 Pd–H是“氢转移”反应的催化剂.另一方面,有文献报道,在氧化气氛下, O2也可以辅助脱除醇的βC–H.为区分 Pd(0)和 O2在脱除醇βC–H中的作用,我们对 Au6Pd/resin在惰性气氛下对伯醇(苯甲醇)或仲醇((±)-1–苯乙醇)转化的催化性能进行了考察.结果显示,苯甲醇可以转化为苯甲酸(收率为23%),而(±)-1–苯乙醇则完全没有转化.这说明伯醇可以直接被催化剂(Pd(0))活化,而仲醇的活化则必须有 O2参与.综上,我们提出伯醇和仲醇氧化偶联反应的机理： Au6Pd/resin催化伯醇转化为醛(同时产生 Pd–H物种),而 O2辅助活化仲醇转化为酮.醛和酮发生 aldol缩合生成α,β不饱和酮,该中间物种被 Pd–H加氢生成饱和产物.     

Oxidative Amide Coupling from Functionally Diverse Alcohols and Amines Using Aerobic Copper/Nitroxyl Catalysis

The aerobic Cu/ABNO catalyzed oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines is highlighted in the synthesis of amide bonds in diverse drug‐like molecules (ABNO=9‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane N‐oxyl). The robust method leverages the privileged reactivity of alcohols bearing electronegative hetero‐ atoms (O, F, N, Cl) in the β‐position. The reaction tolerates over 20 unique functional groups and is demonstrated on a 15 mmol scale under air. Steric constraints of the catalyst allow for chemoselective amidation of primary amines in the presence of secondary amines. All catalyst components are commercially available, and the reaction proceeds under mild conditions with retention of stereocenters in both reaction partners, while producing only water as a by‐product.     

Heterobimetallic Catalysis: Platinum‐Gold‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization/C−X Coupling Reaction of (Hetero)Arylallenes with Nucleophiles

Heterobimetallic catalysis offers new opportunities for reactivity and selectivity but still presents challenges, and only a few metal combinations have been explored so far. Reported here is a Pt‐Au heterobimetallic catalyst system for the synthesis of a family of multi‐heteroaromatic structures through tandem cyclization/C?X coupling reaction. Au‐catalyzed 6‐endo‐cyclization takes place as the first fast step. Pt‐Au clusters are proposed to be responsible for the increased reactivity in the second step, that is, the intermolecular nucleophilic addition which occurs through an outer‐sphere mechanism by hybrid homogeneous‐heterogeneous catalysis.     

Nano ceria catalyzed Ullmann type coupling reactions

Ullmann type intermolecular coupling of aryl halide with hetero-aromatic compounds, such as phenols, amines, and thiophenols are key reactions for the formation of carbon-heteroatom bond in organic synthesis. We report a robust and novel method that provides an efficient and economic route for the synthesis of O, N, and S-arylation via Ullman coupling by using nano cerium oxide (ceria, CeO₂). CeO₂ is a cheaper catalyst compared to related copper based catalysts. This method provides a wide range of substrate applicability in the case of phenols and amines. Less reactive chlorobenzene substituted with strong electron withdrawing groups such as 4-nitrochlorobenzene and 4-cyanochlorobenzene favor the reaction. This protocol avoids the use of ligand and gives arylated product in satisfactory yields.     

Polymer‐anchored copper(II) complex: an efficient reusable catalyst for the synthesis of propargylamines

A new, heterogeneous, polymer‐supported copper(II) complex was prepared and characterized using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. This heterogeneous copper catalyst is efficient for the synthesis of propargylamines via a three‐component coupling reaction of aldehydes, amines and alkynes. The effect of solvent on the coupling reactions was investigated. Further, the catalyst can be easily recovered quantitatively by simple filtration and reused for a minimum number of cycles without significant loss of its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reductive amination of furfural toward furfurylamine with aqueous ammonia under hydrogen over Ru-supported catalyst

Poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-capped ruthenium-supported hydroxyapatite (Ru-PVP/HAP) shows significant activity for the synthesis of furfurylamine (FAM) via the reductive amination of furfural. As-prepared 5 wt% Ru-PVP/HAP affords 50 % yield of FAM in 25 % NH₃ aqueous solution under pressurized H₂ gas (2.5 atm), and the highest yield approaches 60 % at 4.0 H₂ atm. Comparison between the activities over four Ru-supported HAP catalysts prepared with different methods and the results of X-ray absorption spectroscopy suggested that the metallic Ru cluster is the active center for the reductive amination of furfural. Transmission electron microscope and inductively-coupled plasma analysis indicated that the as-prepared 5 wt% Ru-PVP/HAP catalyst possessed 4.0 wt% PVP-capped Ru clusters with average diameter of 1.7 ± 0.3 nm on HAP support. It was also demonstrated that the reductive amination approach with Ru-PVP/HAP catalyst, NH₃ aq. and pressurized H₂ gas has capability for transformation of aromatic aldehydes to the corresponding aromatic amines. According to these results, it is concluded that Ru(0) cluster supported on HAP will represent a suitable catalyst for widely-usable reductive amination to convert an aldehyde functionality towards an amine.     

Selective hydroaminomethylation of olefins using simple and efficient Rh–phosphinite complex catalyst

Hydroaminomethylation of various olefins with primary and secondary amines was carried out using a simple and efficient rhodium–phosphinite complex catalyst. The influence of various reaction parameters including the effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst loading, time and solvents has been investigated. The present protocol is general with wider substrate applicability for the synthesis of an important class of aliphatic amines and arylethylamines. High activity and selectivity for amines was achieved with a very good substrate/catalyst molar ratio (turnover number 2500) under mild reaction conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of amines with alkenyl bromides: a new method for the synthesis of enamines and imines

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of alkenyl bromides with secondary and primary amines gives rise to enamines and imines, respectively. This new transformation expands the applicability of palladium-catalyzed C-N bond forming reactions (the Buchwald-Hartwig amination), which have mostly been applied to aryl halides. After screening of different ligands, bases, and solvents, the catalytic combination [Pd(2)(dba)(3)]/BINAP in the presence of NaOtBu in toluene gave the best results in the cross-coupling of secondary amines with 1-bromostyrene (dba=dibenzylideneacetone, BINAP=2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl). The corresponding enamines are obtained cleanly and in nearly quantitative yields. However, steric hindrance seems to be a limitation of the reaction, as amines carrying large substituents are not well converted. The same methodology can be applied to the coupling of secondary amines with 2-bromostyrene. Moreover, the reaction with substituted 2-bromopropenes allows regioselective synthesis of isomerizable terminal enamines without isomerization of the double bond. The best catalytic conditions for the cross-coupling of 1-bromostyrene with primary amines include again the use of the Pd(0)/BINAP/NaOtBu system. The reaction gives rise to the expected imines in very short times and with low catalyst loadings. A set of structurally diverse imines can be prepared by this methodology through variations in the structure of both coupling partners. However, 2-bromostyrene failed to give good results in this coupling reaction, probably due to product inhibition of the catalytic cycle. Competition experiments of vinyl versus aryl amination reveal that the reaction occurs preferentially on vinyl bromides.     

A Resin-Supported Formate Catalyst for the Transformative Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Hydrosilanes

A heterogeneous formate anion catalyst for the transformative reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) based on a polystyrene and divinylbenzene copolymer modified with alkylammonium formate was prepared from a widely available anion exchange resin. The catalyst preparation was easy and the characterization was carried out by using elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and solid-state ¹³C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy. The catalyst displayed good catalytic activity for the direct reduction of CO₂ with hydrosilanes, tunably yielding silylformate or methoxysilane products depending on the hydrosilanes used. The catalyst was also active for the reductive insertion of CO₂ into both primary and secondary amines. The catalytic activity of the resin-supported formate can be predicted from the FTIR spectra of the catalyst, probably because of the difference in the ionic interaction strength between the supported alkylammonium cations and formate anions. The ion pair density is thought to influence the catalytic activity, as shown by the elemental and solid-state ¹³C NMR analyses.     

氧化铜修饰羟基磷灰石负载金对醇类需氧氧化的双金属协同催化

采用均匀沉积-沉淀法制备了氧化铜修饰羟基磷灰石负载金催化剂(Au/CuO-HAP),并用原子吸收光谱、N2吸附脱附、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂结构和形貌进行了表征.考察了催化剂对醇类液相需氧氧化的催化性能.与单金属Au/HAP或CuO-HAP相比较,双金属Au/CuO-HAP对苯甲醇氧化的催化活性和苯甲醛的选择性有显著提高,120 oC反应1.5 h,苯甲醇的转化率和苯甲醛的选择性分别达到99.7%和98.4%.在Au/CuO-HAP的催化下,其它类型的芳香醇均可高选择性转化为相应的醛或酮. Au/CuO-HAP催化剂有很好的稳定性和可回收性,4次回收后,其催化活性没有明显变化.