Acoustic scattering by a three-dimensional elastic object near a rough surface

The ensemble-averaged field scattered by a smooth, bounded, elastic object near a penetrable surface with small-scale random roughness is formulated. The formulation consists of combining a perturbative solution for modeling propagation through the rough surface with a transition (T-) matrix solution for scattering by the object near a planar surface. All media bounding the rough surface are assumed to be fluids. By applying the results to a spherical steel shell buried within a rough sediment bottom, it is demonstrated that the ensemble-averaged "incoherent" intensity backscattered by buried objects illuminated with shallow-grazing-angle acoustic sources can be well enhanced at high frequencies over field predictions based on scattering models where all environmental surfaces are planar. However, this intensity must compete with the incoherent intensity scattered back from the interface itself, which can defeat detection attempts. The averaged "coherent" component of the field maintains the strong evanescent spectral decay exhibited by flat interface predictions of shallow-angle measurements but with small deviations. Nevertheless, bistatic calculations of the coherent field suggest useful strategies for improving long-range detection and identification of buried objects.     

Optical near field scattered by surface defects: Two-dimensional numerical analysis

Recently developed scanning near-field optical microscopy has drawn attention to the problem of describing the electromagnetic field in the close vicinity of a surface. In this work, we present a numerical simulation that solves rigorously the field equations for a dielectric-air-dielectric layer system with arbitrary one-dimensional structure at its interfaces. Our theory is applied to calculate the intensity of the near field transmitted at the center of the tip of a probe as it is moved at a constant height above a surface with two identical topographic defects. The effects on the optical image due to the separation of the objects, and the shape difference between the ridges and grooves are discussed. The resolution limit and the conditions for near field interaction are determined. This paper was originally presented at the first Asia-Pacific Workshop on Near Field Optics, which was held on August 17 and 18, 1996 at Seoul Education and Culture Center, Seoul, Korea, organized by Condensed Matter Research Institute, Seoul National University.     

Self-imaging by a volume grating

The self-image phenomenon by a volume grating is proposed and theoretically analyzed. A theoretical model based on a path integral formulation to describe wave propagation through the grating inhomogeneous medium is applied. A modified version of the scalar diffraction theory Fresnel propagator is obtained which allows calculating the diffracted field amplitude by the grating. The proposed model is applied to amplitude and/or phase volume gratings. Remarkable features appear, in particular at the fractional Talbot distance 0.125z_T. In this case, if an in-phase real and imaginary grating modulation is considered a self-image intensity profile is observed for determined values of the absorptive and refractive parameters. On the other hand, a spatial comb intensity profile for a near half period shift between the real and imaginary grating modulations is found.     

Light scattering by closely packed clusters: Shielding of particles by each other in the near field

Equations of the theory of light scattering by clusters (aggregates) of spherical particles are analyzed, and peculiarities of interaction of scatterers in the near field are discussed. It is shown that one of the manifestations of the near field is a mutual shielding of particles. For simple clusters consisting of two identical spherical particles (bisphere), the mutual shielding leads to a decrease in the intensity of light scattered along the axis of the bisphere. If the bispheres are small as compared to the wavelength, shielding is caused by electrostatic interaction of charges induced in the particles by the external field. Calculations of the intensity of light scattered by randomly oriented clusters of spherical particles show that for the model ignoring the near field the intensity is significantly larger than for the model with the near field taken into account.     

Quantum theory for plasmon-assisted local field enhancement

We applied quantum theory for nonlocal response and plasmon-assisted field enhancement near a small metallic nanoscale antenna in the limit of weak incoming fields. A simple asymmetric bio-inspired design of the nanoantenna for polarization-resolved measurement is proposed. The spatial field intensity distribution was calculated for different field frequencies and polarizations. We have shown that the proposed design the antenna allows us to resolve the polarization of incoming photons.     

固体浸没透镜出射光场偏振特性研究

在固体浸没透镜近场光存储中, 光的偏振对近场光场分布具有很大的影响. 采用三维时域有限差分法, 对聚焦线偏振高斯光束通过固体浸没透镜后焦平面上各分量场分布及距离焦平面不同位置光斑图样进行了模拟. 结果表明在焦平面上及距离焦平面较近的近场区域, 出射光场在与入射光偏振垂直方向出现显著的场增强现象, 从而使光斑图样呈近似椭圆分布; 而在距焦平面较远的远场区域光斑图样趋向圆形对称分布.     

静电场中电场强度的数值意义

“近场强远场弱”是静电场的普遍特点,宏观带电体的静电场是点电荷电场叠加的结果.本文以静电场中两个实际的电场强度问题为例,用相对数值比较了电荷分布对电场强度的贡献,阐述电场强度“近场强远场弱”的数值意义.     

Far-field detection of the dipole vortex

The energy flow lines (field lines of the Poynting vector) of electric dipole radiation exhibit a vortex structure in the near field when the dipole moment of the source is in circular rotation. The spatial extend of this vortex is smaller than a wavelength and may not be observable by a measurement in the near field. We show that the rotation of the field lines close to the source affects the image of the dipole in the far field, and this opens the possibility for observation of this vortex by a measurement in the far field.     

Computer-assisted design of surface coils used in magnetic resonance imaging. III. The design and construction of two long twin axial antennae for imaging of the whole human spine

Two modified folded dipole MRI surface coils were designed, constructed and tested. These antenna which are long twin axial lines use the effective distributive capacitance resulting from the distance between two longitudinal elements to provide tuning. The principal advantage of this type of antenna is the ability to image longer objects such as vertebrae, spinal cord, and longer portions of the extremities. This type of antenna shows less localized high intensity in the image due to a more evenly distributed current pickup from the sample.

The coils were designed by calculating theoretical magnetic field distribution for the twin axial coils. These were obtained by integrating the Biot-Savart equation. This gave excellent agreement with an MR image of a di-electrically uniform phantom. As antennae of this sort are nonlinear in response, giving rise to an image intensity nonuniformity, computer software for the MR image was developed to correct the image intensity profile over the experimental volume. The software significantly improved the image quality by reducing the saturated intensity of the region near the antenna, thereby revealing detailed structure of the tissue being imaged.     

小孔阵列衍射特性与应用

以单色标量波衍射理论为基础,研究了均匀平面波从不同角度入射小孔阵列的衍射特性。运用单孔衍射理论,同时考虑相邻小孔间衍射光强的相互影响,建立了小孔阵列衍射的理论模型和光强分布的数值积分式,小孔为硬边小孔。利用Matlab对500 nm波长的平面波入射微小方孔阵列衍射图样进行了计算机仿真,得到了不同几何参量下平面波从不同角度入射时的衍射图样的一维和二维光强分布图,并将仿真结果用于微型数字式太阳敏感器的光学系统中的结构参量设计和图像处理中的参量确定。太阳敏感器的成像实验结果表明,小孔阵列衍射光强分布图的仿真结果正确、太阳敏感器光学系统参量设计合理。小孔阵列衍射理论为太阳敏感器的光学系统设计和图像处理提供了可靠的理论基础。     

用于飞秒激光纳米加工的TiO_2粒子阵列诱导多种基底表面近场增强

利用纳米粒子辅助对飞秒激光能量进行空间局域化,使其在基底表面诱导产生纳米尺度的近场增强,这对超衍射极限微结构加工具有重要意义.目前对于粒子阵列诱导飞秒激光纳米孔加工的研究仅限于金属Au粒子及低折射率聚苯乙烯介电粒子等,本文提出并开展了应用高折射率TiO_2介电粒子阵列作为辅助诱导激光近场增强从而进行飞秒激光超衍射纳米孔加工的研究.对TiO_2介电粒子阵列在Si,Pt及SiO_2表面的近场强度分布进行了数值模拟,研究其基底表面近场增强的规律及物理过程.研究结果发现,使用硅基底时,阵列与单一TiO_2球形粒子相比其近场增强仅下降约30%;相对于入射激光强度而言,在直径约为100nm的空间范围内获得140倍的近场增强,这一现象可用于百纳米孔的激光加工.同时在其他典型基底的理论计算结果中也表明,几乎在所有金属及介电材料表面均可以实现良好的百纳米空间范围内的近场增强,并且具有近场随着基底折射率变大而增强的规律.这些现象的产生归因于TiO_2粒子中磁四极振荡产生的激光前向场增强及粒子与基底的耦合作用.进一步引入镜像电荷模型对基底光学参数对其表面近场增强的影响规律进行了分析和解释.本文的模拟结果对飞秒激光近场超衍射极限纳米加工的应用有着重要的意义.     

高功率固体激光装置光学元件"缺陷"分布与光束近场质量的定量关系研究

基于光传输理论,获得了弱调制情况下光学元件"缺陷"分布功率谱密度 (power spectral density, PSD)与光束近场强度分布PSD之间的定量关系;通过数值模拟的方法,针对高功率固体激光装置的基本单元(线性介质、非线性介质以及空间滤波器)对获得的理论关系进行了具体的验证和讨论.研究结果表明,弱调制下,只存在振幅型或位相型"缺陷"分布时,光学元件"缺陷"分布PSD与光束近场强度分布PSD通过近场强度分布PSD的系统传输因子联系,传输因子与系统的构型和运行状态有关.研究结果为光学元件"缺陷"分布指标的获得提供了理论基础,对高功率固体激光装置负载能力的提升起到了一定的指导作用. 关键词： 缺陷分布 功率谱密度 光学元件 光束质量     

Multiplicative intrinsic component optimization (MICO) for MRI bias field estimation and tissue segmentation

This paper proposes a new energy minimization method called multiplicative intrinsic component optimization (MICO) for joint bias field estimation and segmentation of magnetic resonance (MR) images. The proposed method takes full advantage of the decomposition of MR images into two multiplicative components, namely, the true image that characterizes a physical property of the tissues and the bias field that accounts for the intensity inhomogeneity, and their respective spatial properties. Bias field estimation and tissue segmentation are simultaneously achieved by an energy minimization process aimed to optimize the estimates of the two multiplicative components of an MR image. The bias field is iteratively optimized by using efficient matrix computations, which are verified to be numerically stable by matrix analysis. More importantly, the energy in our formulation is convex in each of its variables, which leads to the robustness of the proposed energy minimization algorithm. The MICO formulation can be naturally extended to 3D/4D tissue segmentation with spatial/sptatiotemporal regularization. Quantitative evaluations and comparisons with some popular softwares have demonstrated superior performance of MICO in terms of robustness and accuracy.     

“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜原理与系统

扫描近场光学显微术是８０年代后期发展起来的一种分辨率超过衍射极限的新型光学显微镜技术。本文介绍了国外最近出现的“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜系统的工作原理及结构。透射式ＳＮＯＭ中部分光沿着光轴向前传播；部分光沿着大于全内反射临界角的方向传播。前者称为允许光；后者称为禁戒光。应用“禁戒光”近场光学显微镜可同时获得三幅图像，即允许光像、禁戒光像和反映样品表面形貌的剪切力图像。禁戒光图像能够提供很好的对比度和分辨率。     

Transmission of an obliquely incident beam of light through small apertures in a metal film

We recently found that the intensity of the electric near field of a triangular aperture in a metal film is strongly localized at one edge of the aperture for incident light polarized perpendicular to this edge. Previous numerical calculations of the near field of a triangular aperture in a planar metal film, using the field susceptibility technique, yielded a nearly quantitative agreement with the experiments. Using this numerical technique, we have investigated the influence of an obliquely incident plane wave on the near field of small circular and triangular apertures. An interpretation of the numerical results leads to a deeper understanding of the way in which light transmission through the aperture is excited. The data suggest that after excitation of currents in the metal film by the incident light, a scattering of these currents by the aperture generates the near field of the aperture. We found that the excitation of small apertures (size <100 nm) is due to a tangential magnetic field whereas the perpendicular electric field plays no role. The excitation of a small aperture can thus be described exclusively by a magnetic polarizability. We found that for thin metal films an interference of the scattered field with the field transmitted through the metal film changes the near field pattern. PACS 41.20.-q; 42.79.Ag; 68.37.Uv; 78.67.-n     

Dispersion effect in optical microscopy systems with a supersphere solid immersion lens

This paper studies the dispersion effect of the supersphere solid immersion lens (SIL) on a near field optical microscopy system by using the vector diffraction theory. Results show that when a real non-monochromatic beam illuminates a supersphere SIL microscopy, the dispersion effect of the SIL has an important influence on the image quality. As the wavelength bandwidth of the non-monochromatic beam increases, the size of the focused spot increases and its intensity decreases in near-field microscopy systems with a supersphere SIL.     

On the far field in the Lorenz-Mie theory and T-matrix formulation

The far field within the context of the Lorenz-Mie theory and the T-matrix formulation is usually expressed on the basis of the asymptotic properties of vector spherical waves. The radiation condition is taken into account by employing proper vector spherical functions as the expansion basis of the scattered field. The asymptotic behavior of the Hankel function is obtained from differential equations. The asymptotic far field can also be obtained from the Kirchhoff surface integral equation, in which the radiation condition has been implemented when it is derived from the Maxwell equations. This note is to present an explicit establishment of the relationship between the asymptotic far field and the near field in the Lorenz-Mie theory and the T-matrix formulation through the Kirchhoff surface integral.