相干声线跟踪理论中的周期界面迭代散射 仿真方法*

界面声反射模拟是室内复杂声学现象仿真的关键。针对传统声学仿真方法对于周期散射结构存在条件下声场仿真精度较低的问题,本文发展了一种基于迭代散射模型的室内相干声线跟踪法。此方法以经典的相干声线跟踪法为基础,将室内中常见的周期散射结构进行几何形状上的简化处理,然后依据周期散射定理给出声波在界面上的散射方向及能量,并将原始声线迭代分裂为相应的散射子声线,继续对其跟踪处理,此迭代散射模型对周期散射结构上的界面散射现象进行了准确的模拟。数值验证结果表明,本文方法可以有效地在低频段提高室内声场仿真精度,可为具有复杂散射现象的室内仿真提供新思路。     

边界积分方程法求解目标的声散射T矩阵

提出了计算任意表面形状刚性边界目标散射的基于边界积分方程的T矩阵方法(TMM-BIE).利用Helmholtz积分方程法(HIEM)计算目标表面声场,替代扩展边界法(EBCM)计算中对目标表面声场的近似处理,解决了扩展边界法不能计算任意形状目标的散射T矩阵问题.文中计算了刚性边界的球目标、有限长圆柱目标以及非对称的三维散射体-猫眼(cat's-eye)模型的散射指向性和T矩阵.通过与解析解和HIEM结果比较,证明该方法的有效性.     

适用于任意形状封闭空间的声场预测相干模型

针对现有几何声学的方法对封闭空间内声场进行预测时在中低频段出现较大误差的问题,该文提出一种近似圆锥声束追踪法和相干反射场理论相结合的声场预测新模型。在近似圆锥声束追踪法基础上,考虑声束轴线在边界多次反射时声压和相位的改变,最后计算不同声波之间的干涉效应,建立一种适用于任意形状封闭空间的声场预测相干模型。利用该模型对某一矩形封闭空间进行声场预测,通过对边界元法、Raynoise软件相干和非相干算法的预测结果和本模型的数值模拟结果对比。结果表明,文中提出的方法和边界元法的计算结果在中低频段非常吻合,两者的计算结果平均绝对误差为1.1 d B。本模型在中低频率下与同样考虑了相位的Raynoise相干算法相比有更好的准确性,在较高频率上,本模型计算结果与Raynoise相干算法计算结果非常吻合。     

任意声场中非规则形状Rayleigh散射体的声辐射力研究

为满足声辐射力更广泛的应用,克服传统辐射力理论仅适合简单理想声场及规则形状散射体的局限性,建立了任意入射声场中非规则形状Rayleigh散射体的声辐射力计算理论.针对任意声场中流体质点沿曲线轨迹振动以及非规则散射体空间姿态随机取向的特点,在散射场计算中同时计入散射体质心甲移与姿态转动的影响,得到了更为普适性的散射场速度势函数.在此基础上,推导出适于任意声场中非规则散射体的声辐射力计算公式.实例研究表明,本文方法不仅完全满足简单声场规则散射体的辐射力计算,而且还适合于任意声场非规则散射体辐射力的应用,规则散射体的计算结果与传统方法完全一致,而对于非规则散射体证实了其旋转角速度不为零,且声辐射力随姿态不同而变化.     

浅海波导中目标散射的边界元方法

提出了一种计算三维散射体在声速剖面随深度变化、距离无关浅海波导中散射声场的数值方法波导边界元方法。当散射体不十分靠近波导界面因而边界多次散射可以忽略时,在边界元计算中可以用自由场格林函数近似波导格林函数。应用镜像法和球波函数加法定理推导了理想波导中球体散射声场的解析解,用来验证波导边界元方法的计算精度,证明该数值方法是准确的。对浅海波导中水下潜器散射声场数值模拟的结果表明,浅海波导海面、海底界面反射、声速剖面等对目标散射声场的幅值和方向性都有很大的影响。      

基于递归T矩阵的离散随机散射体散射特性研究

本文根据电磁场矢量球波函数多极点展开原理及矢量叠加定理提出了递归T矩阵算法的矢量形式,并且基于矢量递归T矩阵算法建立了多散射球模拟离散随机散射体散射的三维电磁散射模型.通过计算不同尺寸、随机分布散射球的散射以及分析散射球间的高阶散射效应,结果表明:矢量递归T矩阵算法具有很高的计算精度,算法中包含多散射体间的高阶散射效应,因此能够精确计算多散射体总的散射效应.本文所建模型可应用于土壤湿度探测工程中评估地表下掩埋离散随机散射体散射对雷达回波信号产生的影响.     

固体中带状裂缝对脉冲超声波散射的理论分析——普适解

研究各种形状散射体,特别是具有尖锐稜边散射体的散射声场,是无损检测中关键性的基础工作。本文研究了固体内部具有自由表面的无限长带状裂缝对平面纵波或平面sv横波超声脉冲的散射,采用拉氏变换和广义Wiener-Hopf方法,给出了散射声场在拉氏域的表达式。当裂缝较宽时,本文给出了上述表达式的一种近似。这个近似式,可以采用 Cagniard-de Hoop方法反演,而获得在时空域中的解析解。这个解在散射的初始阶段较准确地描述了散射近场的一些特性。我们曾用光弹方法,对玻璃内带状裂缝的散射进行了一些实验验证,实验情况将另文报道。     

空间声场全息重建的波叠加方法研究

提出了基于波叠加法的近场声场全息技术，并将其用于任意形状物体的声辐射分析.在声辐射计算问题中，边界元法是通过离散边界面上的声学和位置变量来实现，而波叠加方法则通过叠加辐射体内部若干个简单源产生的声场来完成.因而，基于波叠加法的声全息就不存在边界面上的参数插值和奇异积分等问题，而这些问题是基于边界元法的声全息所固有的.与基于边界元法的声全息相比较，基于波叠加法的声全息在原理上更易于理解，在计算机上更容易实现.实验结果表明：该种全息技术在重建声场时，具有令人满意的重建精度. 关键词： 声全息 逆问题 波叠加方法 正则化方法     

水下双层加肋圆柱壳全空间收发分置散射声场快速预报方法

针对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的全空间收发分置散射声场求解,提出了一种快速预报方法。该方法将散射声场表示为声散射传递函数与声源密度函数的乘积,以目标表面网格信息、少量的仿真或测试多基地散射声压数据作为已知信息,借助数值积分、矩阵理论、最小二乘法对其他收发分置散射声场进行预报。分别以有限元仿真和试验测试的散射声压数据作为输入,对水下双层加肋圆柱壳的多基地散射声场进行了计算,并与完全采用有限元方法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明:该方法在目标表面结构和部分散射声场数据已知条件下能对目标的全空间收发分置散射声场进行预报;已知散射声压数据量越多,计算频率越低,预报精度越高。     

边界元法循环平稳近场声全息理论研究

循环平稳声场是工程中经常遇到的一种特殊非平稳声场,声压信号受到调制作用,导致频谱出现边带现象,经典的近场声全息技术重建得到的声场无法反映声场的调制特性.在平面循环平稳近场声全息基础上,提出一种边界元法的循环平稳近场声全息技术,用二阶循环统计量理论代替传统的傅里叶分析,并以声压的循环谱密度取代其频谱及功率谱密度作为重建量,可用于循环平稳声场中具有复杂表面声源的辐射声场.由于循环谱密度对循环平稳信号具有解调功能,用该方法重建得到的循环谱密度能有效地反映调制和载波信号的信息.仿真分析与实验表明了本理论的有效性和精度能满足工程要求.     

周期结构声散射系数的无网格数值计算方法

将无网格思想引入周期结构声散射系数的数值计算,提出两种无网格数值计算模型:边界无网格模型(Boundary Meshless Model,BMM)及无网格平面波分解模型(Meshless Plane Wave Decomposition Model,MPDM),两种模型均可对任意形状周期结构的声散射系数进行计算,其中BMM适用于尺寸有限大的周期结构,而MPDM适用于尺寸无限大的周期结构.详细介绍两种无网格数值计算模型的推导过程,利用两种模型对正弦型周期结构的散射系数进行计算,并与测量实验结果进行对比分析,结果显示两种模型都具有良好的准确性,但BMM相比于MPDM误差更小.最后对两种模型的特点和适用性进行分析.     

掩埋目标声散射特性及其实验

基于变分原理建立2D-FE弱形式解模型,针对轴对称掩埋目标进行散射远场的快速、高精度数值计算。入射波垂直于对称轴,给出:掩埋深度不变,以1°为间隔,改变掠射角所得到目标散射声压级相对于垂直海底照射获得结果的差值随频率、掠射角变化的表达式;掠射角不变,以0.1m为间隔,改变掩埋深度得到的散射声压级相对于浅掩埋条件下获得结果的差值随频率、深度变化的表达式。实验结果表明:在回波最强的正横方向,掩埋弹性目标表现出的共振散射特性与在自由场空间中具有相似性,表明了掩埋条件下目标内填充的透射和表面环绕波理论的适用性,验证了大掠射角入射得到散射声压级差值的变化规律。研究成果对宽带、高频入射声波探测更深掩埋目标提供思路。      

Efficient wave scattering analysis for damaged cylindrical waveguides

This paper addresses scattering effects at arbitrarily shaped defects in waveguides with finite cross-sections. The main subject is to predict scattered wavefields induced by an incident wavefield in order to localize and characterize damages. The numerical approach involves the solution of a boundary value problem in combination with a decomposition method of scattered wavefields. In order to investigate mode conversion phenomena at defects, a boundary element model of the damaged waveguide section is built up. Implementation of the Boundary Element Method based on the elastodynamic boundary integral equation and the Waveguide Finite Element Method allows for a numerically efficient calculation of scattering coefficients. For defect characterization and mode sensitivity analysis, various types of surface opening defects as well as shear fractures are considered. Numerical results are presented for cylindrical waveguides and are verified experimentally.     

海面冰层对声波的反射和散射特性

北极海面冰层复杂多变,其对声波的反射和散射严重影响冰下水声信道的传输特性,建立海面冰层的声波反射和散射模型对冰下水声通信研究具有重要意义.假设海面冰层为多层固体弹性介质且冰-水界面粗糙,满足微扰边界条件,导出声波从海水介质入射到海面冰层时相干反射系数满足的线性方程组.对相干反射系数随声波频率、掠射角、冰层厚度的变化进行数值分析.进一步引入根据散射声场功率谱密度计算散射系数的方法,改变掠射角,对冰层厚度、散射掠角对散射系数的影响进行研究.     

Ternary and quadriphase sequence diffusers

A room acoustic diffuser breaks up reflected wavefronts, and this can be achieved by presenting a spatially varying surface impedance. In hybrid surfaces, varying impedance is achieved by patches of absorption and reflection, giving reflection coefficients nominally of 0 and 1. These surfaces are hybrids, absorbing some of the incident sound while diffusing any reflected energy. A problem with planar hybrid surfaces is that specular energy is only removed by absorption. By exploiting interference, by reflecting waves out-of-phase with the specular energy, it is possible to diminish the specular energy further. This can be achieved by using a diffuser based on a ternary sequence that nominally has reflection coefficients of 0, -1, and +1. Ternary sequences are therefore a way of forming hybrid absorber-diffusers that achieve better scattering performance without additional absorption. This paper discusses methods for making ternary sequence diffusers, including giving sequence generation methods. It presents prediction results based on Fourier and boundary element method models to examine the performance. While ternary diffusers have better performance than unipolar binary diffusers at most frequencies, there are frequencies at which the performances are the same. This can be overcome by forming diffusers from four-level, quadriphase sequences.     

Sound field separating on arbitrary surfaces enclosing a sound scatterer based on combined integral equations

To eliminate the limitations of the conventional sound field separation methods which are only applicable to regular surfaces, a sound field separation method based on combined integral equations is proposed to separate sound fields directly in the spatial domain. In virtue of the Helmholtz integral equations for the incident and scattering fields outside a sound scatterer, combined integral equations are derived for sound field separation, which build the quantitative relationship between the sound fields on two arbitrary separation surfaces enclosing the sound scatterer. Through boundary element discretization of the two surfaces, corresponding systems of linear equations are obtained for practical application. Numerical simulations are performed for sound field separation on different shaped surfaces. The influences induced by the aspect ratio of the separation surfaces and the signal noise in the measurement data are also investigated. The separated incident and scattering sound fields agree well with the original corresponding fields described by analytical expressions, which validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the combined integral equations based separation method.     

Finite difference computation of acoustic scattering by small surface inhomogeneities and discontinuities

The use of finite difference schemes to compute the scattering of acoustic waves by surfaces made up of different materials with sharp surface discontinuities at the joints would, invariably, result in the generations of spurious reflected waves of numerical origin. Spurious scattered waves are produced even if a high-order scheme capable of resolving and supporting the propagation of the incident wave is used. This problem is of practical importance in jet engine duct acoustic computation. In this work, the basic reason for the generation of spurious numerical waves is first examined. It is known that when the governing partial differential equations of acoustics are discretized, one should only use the long waves of the computational scheme to represent or simulate the physical waves. The short waves of the computational scheme have entirely different propagation characteristics. They are the spurious numerical waves. A method by which high wave number components (short waves) in the wave scattering process is intentionally removed so as to minimize the scattering of spurious numerical waves is proposed. This method is implemented in several examples from computational aeroacoustics to illustrate its effectiveness, accuracy and efficiency. This method is also employed to compute the scattering of acoustic waves by scatterers, such as rigid wall acoustic liner splices, with width smaller than the computational mesh size. Good results are obtained when comparing with computed results using much smaller mesh size. The method is further extended for applications to computations of acoustic wave reflection and scattering by very small surface inhomogeneities with simple geometries.     

随机起伏冰面三维声散射的Kirchhoff近似数值计算模型

针对随机起伏冰面的声散射问题,建立了随机起伏冰面三维声散射的Kirchhoff近似数值计算模型。利用Delaunay三角剖分方法对随机起伏冰面进行三角面元剖分,然后采用Z-buffer算法进行面元的遮挡消隐,得到处于声波照射亮区的面元,最后采用Gordon面元积分的板块元方法计算得到随机起伏冰面的散射强度。数值计算模型中,将冰面认为是局部阻抗表面,直接代入起伏冰面局部反射系数进行散射声场的计算,避免了解析计算模型中对反射系数的近似处理。对比分析了数值和解析计算模型在小粗糙起伏冰面、大粗糙起伏冰面及不同声波入射角和不同声波频率时的散射强度。相比解析模型计算结果,数值模型计算结果与实测结果更吻合。      

Spectral and perturbation analysis for ultrasonic guided waves

The influence of damage on waves propagating in complex geometry waveguides is investigated through a numerical model formulated by combining the Spectral Finite Element Method and Perturbation Techniques. The resulting numerical tool allows efficient computation of the wave propagation response and the analysis of the effects of damages of various extent and location. The dynamic behavior of the damaged waveguides is described through a general higher order model which couples different waves thus allowing the prediction of mode conversion phenomena. Arbitrary cross-section can be considered through Finite Element (FE) discretization according to well-established Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) procedures. Two types of damages which allow the application of perturbation theory are considered: a small localized reduction of the thickness and a reduction of material stiffness and density. A validation by comparison with a Finite Element Model as well as numerical examples are presented to illustrate the model capabilities.     

Study of apodizing holographic gratings using Boundary Integral Method

Apodizing holographic gratings are studied using Boundary Integral Method (BIM). Such integrals are solved by using Boundary Element Method (BEM). Profile shape of diffracted beams of different orders and diffraction efficiency in normal and Littrow configurations have been obtained employing this method. It is shown that diffracted beams of +1 and −1 orders have smooth profile shapes. Zero-order beam is affected by ripples, which can be decreased by limiting the width of incident beam.