联二萘酚印迹的电色谱整体柱的制备

讨论了分子印迹毛细管电色谱整体柱的制备.联二蔡酚作为印迹分子在热引发条件下聚合,其中甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯为交联剂,甲苯和异辛烷为致孔剂.考察了聚合参数对整体柱通透性及手性分离的影响.联二萘酚对映体在印迹整体柱上得到了基线分离,Rs值可达1.8.     

电色谱模式下四肽印迹整体柱分子识别机理的研究

本文采用原位聚合法制备了以四肽YPLG为模板的毛细管分子印迹整体柱,在毛细管电色谱模式下以模板分子和它的结构类似物YPGL为样品,对分子印迹聚合物的识别机理进行了研究。这两种四肽由于化学结构相似且等电点非常相近,普通的电色谱和毛细管电泳方法分离非常困难。但我们的实验表明,印迹整体柱对模板分子具有特异性识别能力,因此YPLG与YPGL之间的分离因子为1.73,分离度达3.72。实验中系统地研究了流动相中有机溶剂的含量、缓冲溶液的pH值、缓冲溶液的盐浓度以及柱温对四肽识别的影响。实验中我们观察到模板在印迹柱上具有非线性的Van’t Hoff行为,揭示可能存在多重保留机理。本研究结果表明,在毛细管电色谱模式下,分子印迹整体柱的分子识别主要决定于样品与印迹聚合物之间的氢键作用以及印迹孔穴的三维结构。     

分子印迹整体柱在高效液相色谱和电色谱手性分离中的应用

在常规不锈钢色谱管中以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,采用原位聚合法制备了(5S,11S)-特罗格尔碱(S-TB)的印迹整体柱。考察了流动相中添加不同量的醋酸和水对分离的影响,结合台阶梯度洗脱模式在S-TB整体柱上实现了对TB消旋体的快速分离。另外,以碱性单体2-二甲基乙基胺甲基丙烯酸酯(DAMA)为功能单体,在毛细管中采用原位聚合法制备了毛细管分子印迹整体柱,用于在毛细管电色谱（CEC）中对消旋体1,1′-联-2-萘酚(BNL)进行手性分离。结果表明,以AMA为功能单体可以制备其他酸性模板的分子印迹聚合物,从而扩大了分子印迹聚合物MIP）在CEC分离中的应用范围。     

分子印迹整体柱在高校液相色谱和电色谱手性分离中的应用

在常规不锈钢色谱管中以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,采用原位聚合法制备了(5S,11S)-特罗格尔碱(S-TB)的印迹整体柱.考察了流动相中添加不同量的醋酸和水对分离的影响,结合台阶梯度洗脱模式在S-TB整体柱上实现了对TB消旋体的快速分离.另外,以碱性单体2-二甲基乙基胺甲基丙烯酸酯(DAMA)为功能单体,在毛细管中采用原位聚合法制备了毛细管分子印迹整体柱,用于在毛细管电色谱(CEC)中对消旋体1,1'-联-2-萘酚(BNL)进行手性分离.结果表明,以DAMA为功能单体可以制备其他酸性模板的分子印迹聚合物,从而扩大了分子印迹聚合物(MIP)在CEC分离中的应用范围.     

微波聚合快速制备分子印迹毛细管电色谱整体柱

以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体、己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂、 对羟基苯甲酸为模板分子, 采用微波辐射聚合的方式快速制备了分子印迹毛细管电色谱整体柱, 并取得了较好的印迹效果. 分子印迹材料的原位制备5 min即可完成, 大大快于国内外传统的方法.     

对羟基苯甲酸分子印迹毛细管电色谱整体柱的制备与评价

<正>分子印迹(MIP)是合成预定选择性固定相的新兴技术[1-3],毛细管电色谱(CEC)是一种新型高效微分离技术[4-5],CEC和MIP相结合是当前的前沿课题之一。以对羟基苯甲酸为模板分子,采用在线热聚合制备毛细管电色谱整体柱的研究取得了满意的效果[6-7];以布洛芬为模板分子,以2-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体制备分子印迹毛细管电色谱整体柱,成功用于分离布洛芬同分异构体[8],以(S)-腺苷蛋氨酸为模板分子,采用热引发一步法制备分子印迹毛细     

分子印迹毛细管整体柱液相色谱法测定咖啡因

建立了一种新型高选择性分离测定咖啡因的微柱液相色谱法。在该方法中,以咖啡因为模板分子,经紫外光引发原位聚合制备了分子印迹毛细管整体柱。考察了柱制备过程中影响柱性能的主要因素,优化了色谱分离条件。结果显示所制备的分子印迹整体柱对咖啡因具有高度选择性,咖啡因与其结构相似物的最高分离度为2．57。将这一方法用于测定绿茶饮料、百事可乐和复方药片中咖啡因含量,获得满意结果。     

4-氨基吡啶印迹聚合物毛细管整体柱的电色谱识别机理

在石英毛细管中原位聚合制备了4-氨基吡啶印迹聚合物毛细管整体柱，通过考察流动相中乙腈比例对4-氨基吡啶、2-氨基吡啶和硫脲在分子印迹聚合物毛细管整体柱、空白聚合物毛细管整体柱和硅烷化衍生的开管柱上迁移时间和分离情况的影响，研究了4-氨基吡啶分子印迹聚合物毛细管整体柱的CEC识别机理。发现有机添加剂的含量对印迹聚合物的印迹识别能力影响很大，甚至能改变混合物的流出顺序。根据随乙腈含量改变混合物迁移时间和流出顺序的变化规律，可以推测：随着乙腈含量的提高，色谱保留对迁移的影响越来越大；随着乙腈含量的降低，电泳对迁移的影响越来越大。     

氨基安替比林MIP-CEC整体柱的制备及电色谱性能研究

以氨基安替比林为模板分子,在内径100 μm的石英毛细管内采用原位聚合法制备了分子印迹毛细管整体柱,以电色谱模式分离了氨基安替比林及其结构类似物安替比林,在乙腈(体积分数15%)-磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(5 mmol/L)作为流动相(pH 7.0)条件下,18 min内完成分离,分离因子为1.37.考察了缓冲液中乙腈含量、pH值、离子强度对电渗流、溶质保留时间及分离因子的影响,探讨了整体柱识别机理.     

表面分子印迹高分子膜修饰硅胶用于血清中茶碱的固相萃取

采用表面引发可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合反应,在硅胶表面修饰了分子印迹高分子膜(MIP-silica)。以元素分析和氮吸附分析对修饰的分子印迹高分子膜进行了表征。与传统采用本体聚合合成的分子印迹高分子相比,MIP-silica具有更好的传质能力。本文合成的茶碱印迹MIP-silica可以作为选择性固相萃取材料从血清中富集、检测微量的茶碱,该法合成的MIP-silica还可用于高效液相色谱和毛细管电色谱等领域。     

Life-time studies with capillary electrochromatography columns operated under different conditions

A test system has been established to permit the monitoring of the life-time performance of several reversed- phase capillary electrochromatography (CEC) columns. The retention factors, k(cec), peak symmetry coefficients, lambda(sym), and column efficiencies, N, of three neutral n-alkylbenzene analytes, namely ethyl-, n-butyl- and n-pentylbenzenes, were determined for Hypersil 3 microm n-octylsilica and n-octadecylsilica packed into CEC capillary columns of 100 microm I.D., with a packed length of 250 mm, and a total length of 335 mm. The performances of these CEC capillary columns were examined for a variety of eluents with pH values ranging between pH 2.0 - 8.0, similar to those employed to study the retention behaviour of peptides that we have previously reported. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the retention factors (k(cec) values) of these n-alkylbenzenes, acquired with an eluent of (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0,)-acetonitrile (1:4, v/v), when the CEC capillary columns were used for the first time (virgin values), were 4% (based on data acquired with 4 CEC capillary columns) for the n-octyl bonded silica capillary columns, and 6% (based on 8 columns) for n-octadecyl bonded silica capillary columns. The RSD values of the k(cec) values of the n-alkylbenzenes for one set of replicates (n=6) with one CEC capillary column was < 0.5%. The theoretical plate numbers, N, for the virgin CEC capillary columns were ca. 60,000, whilst the observed N values for all new CEC capillary columns were > or = 40,000 for n-octyl bonded silica capillary columns and > or = 50,000 for n-octadecyl bonded silica capillary columns. The peak symmetry coefficients, lambda(sym), of the n-alkylbenzenes for virgin CEC capillary columns and for CEC capillary columns used for more than 1,000 injections were always in the range 0.95-1.05. The experimental results clearly document that the life-time performance of the CEC capillary columns depends on the eluent composition, as well as the nature of the analytes to which the CEC capillary columns are exposed.     

Preparation of capillary columns coated with linear polymer containing hydrophobic and charged groups for capillary electrochromatography

A linear polymer-coated capillary was prepared by in-capillary copolymerization of N-tert-butylacrylamide (TBAAm) with a charged monomer, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), after the capillary pretreatment with a bifunctional reagent. The coated capillaries were applied in capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) separation of small neutral compounds. Hydrophobic groups in the linear polymer, which were immobilized onto the capillary surface, functioned as the stationary phase in reversed-phase CEC separation, and charged groups in the linear polymer generated electroosmotic flow (EOF) along the column. The coated capillaries were prepared by a simple procedure. Moreover, the reproducibility with respect to EOF rate and migration times of the solutes was excellent. The results for CEC separation of small molecules using the linear polymer-coated capillaries are presented.     

Capillary electrochromatography of peptides on a neutral porous monolith with annular electroosmotic flow generation

A new kind of monolithic capillary column was prepared for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) with a positively charged polymer layer on the inner wall of a fused-silica capillary and a neutral monolithic packing as the bulk stationary phase. The fused-silica capillary was first silanized with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS). Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was then covalently bonded to the GPTMS coating to form an annular positively charged polymer layer for the generation of electroosmotic flow (EOF). A neutral bulk monolithic stationary phase was then prepared by in situ copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of 1-propanol and formamide as porogens. Benzyl chloride functionalities on the monolith were subsequently hydrolyzed to benzyl alcohol groups. Effects of pH on the EOF mobility of the column were measured to monitor the completion of reactions. Using a column with this design, we expected general problems in CEC such as irreversible adsorption and electrostatic interaction between stationary phase and analytes to be reduced. A peptide mixture was successfully separated in counter-directional mode CEC. Comparison of peptide separations in isocratic monolithic CEC, gradient HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) indicated that the separation in CEC is governed by a dual mechanism that involves a complex interplay between selective chromatographic retention and differential electrophoretic migration.     

Separation and identification of etodolac and its urinary phase I metabolites using capillary electrochromatography and on-line capillary electrochromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry coupling

Capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (capillary HPLC), pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography (pCEC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) were performed in the same capillary packed with 5 microm octadecylsilica (C18) as stationary phase. These three separation modes were compared from the viewpoint of peak efficiency and separation selectivity in order to critically evaluate the advantages which CEC may offer compared to capillary HPLC for the solution of practical biomedical problems. The separation of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etodolac (ET, 1) and its phase I metabolites, 6-hydroxy etodolac (6-OH-ET, 2), 7-hydroxy etodolac (7-OH-ET, 3) and 8-(1'-hydroxyethyl) etodolac (8-OH-ET, 4) was selected as an example. Baseline separation of all compounds was achieved in different modes and conditions. The effect of pure electrophoretic separation mechanism on the overall separation selectivity observed in CEC has been shown. A high electroosmotic flow (EOF) was observed in C18 packed capillary even at pH 2.5 in various buffers. Furthermore, these separations were coupled on-line with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and the parent drug and its metabolites were identified in urine. For the coupling of CEC with ESI-MS a laboratory-made electrophoretic device was used in order to overcome some technical disadvantages of commercial instrumentation.     

Enantioseparation of α-amino acids on an 18-crown-6-tetracarboxylic acid-bonded silica by capillary electrochromatography

(−)-(18-Crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid-bonded silica was used as the chiral stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) for enantioseparation of some α-amino acids. Separation data in CEC were measured in mobile phases of varying pH, and composition of methanol and buffer, and compared with those in capillary liquid chromatography (CLC). In CEC better enantioseparation was generally obtained in the eluent of lower pH, higher buffer concentration and intermediate MeOH content, usually at the expense of analysis time. CEC showed generally better enantioselectivity and resolutions than CLC for the amino acids investigated.     

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography versus capillary electrochromatography-UV-mass spectrometry for the analysis of flunitrazepam and its major metabolites

Benzodiazepines, namely flunitrazepam and its three major metabolites, were successfully separated by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Separation was achieved using an untreated fused-silica capillary (48 cm (effective length 40 cm) x 50 num) at 25 kV; detection was performed by UV at 220 nm. The microemulsion system consisted of 70 mM octane, 800 mM 1-butanol, 80 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10 mM borate buffer, pH 9. Very high efficiencies (up to 400 000 plates) and resolution better than 3 were achieved. Since this technique is not compatible with mass spectrometry (MS) detection, a capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) method was developed to separate flunitrazepam and its metabolites. The effects of mobile phase composition and pH as well as voltage and temperature were systematically investigated. The optimized CEC method allowed the baseline separation of the investigated compounds. For the on-line coupling of CEC with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, the column was connected to a void fused-silica capillary using a Teflon connection. This configuration was found efficient and suitable for hyphenation of commercial CEC and MS instrumentation using commercially available CEC columns.     

Enantioseparations in nonaqueous capillary liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography using cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) as chiral stationary phase

The potential of the widely used chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) enantioseparations, cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC, sold under the trade name Chiralcel OD) was evaluated under the conditions of nonaqueous capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The effect of the particle size of the silica gel, the loading of CDMPC on the silica gel and nature of the organic solvent, as well as electrolyte salts on the separation characteristics were investigated. This study illustrates the applicability of CDMPC for obtaining highly efficient enantioseparations under the conditions of nonaqueous CEC. Comparative study of enantioseparations in capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) and CEC indicated the significant advantages of CEC such as higher plate number at the similar linear flow rates of the mobile phase as well as better tolerance of higher linear flow rates.     

Capillary electrochromatography with physically and dynamically absorbed stationary phases

Adsorption is always considered a troublesome effect in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). However, the adsorption effect can also be exploited to prepare or optimize the stationary phase in CEC. Compared with the chemical synthesis of new stationary phase materials for CEC, this method is simpler and more convenient. This review is focused on CEC with physically and dynamically adsorbed stationary phases. Separation of some acidic, basic and neutral solutes as well as enantiomers in CEC with dynamically adsorbed stationary phases are presented. The theory for the migration of charged solutes and the stationary phases currently used in CEC are also briefly reviewed.     

Enantiomer separations by capillary electrochromatography using chiral stationary phases

The applicability of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) using packed capillary column to enantiomer separations was investigated. As chiral stationary phases, OD type packing materials of 5 and 3 microm particle diameters, originally designed for conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed. The chiral packing materials were packed by a pressurized method into a 100 microm I.D. fused-silica capillary. Several racemic enantiomers, such as acidic, neutral and basic drug components, were successfully resolved, typically by using acidic or basic solutions containing acetonitrile as mobile phases. The separation efficiencies for some enantiomers in the chiral CEC system using the 5 microm OD type packing were superior to those obtained in HPLC using chiral packings. The plate heights obtained for several enantiomers were 8-13 microm or the reduced plate height of 1.6-2.6, which indicates the high efficiency of this chiral CEC system.     

Succinyl methacrylate polymerized in porous-layered phases for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography: Comparison with silica hydride monolayered phases

A polymer phase, which was constructed with butyl methacrylate (BMA), an ionizable monomer (mono-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) succinate (MES)), and a crosslinking agent (ethylene dimethacrylate), was first formed in a porous-layered open-tubular (PLOT) capillary. The PLOT capillary was characterized with SEM and electrophoretic flow as the pH level, ionic strength and addition of organic modifiers in the running buffers changed. In addition, a bare capillary and a silica hydride based capillary (SiH-MES), which bore a monolayered MES phase on it, were used to compared with the BMA-MES capillary. Besides optimizing the capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) conditions for each group of analytes, which were a mixture of nucleosides and thymine, flavonoids, and phenolic acids,comparison of the separation selectivity among analytes between the BMA-MES and SiH-MES capillaries was done according to the velocity and retention factors obtained from the CEC data. Overall, the polymeric phase formed in the PLOT mode was capable of preventing blockage of the columns and was superior to the monolayered phase bonding with the same ionizable ligands for application in CEC as well as to the bare silica phase in CE.