固化物质导数与标架旋率

本文提出了固化物质导数的概念,导出了标架旋率的一般公式,阐述了标架单位矢量的固化物质导数与一般物质导数的区别,以变形率标架为例讨论了两种导数的差异,并论述了标架旋率与其相应的变形张量率的关系。     

关于应力张量分量和应力物理分量间的转换问题

本文提出了理想物理标架的新概念；在此基础上，导出由任意坐标系到理想物理标架的变换关系，得到从应力张量分量到应力物理分量的转换公式；并给出一个算例说明其正确性．     

关于应力张量分量和应力物理分量间的转换问题

本文提出了理想物理标架的新概念；在此基础上，导出由任意坐标系到理想物理标架的变换关系，得到从应力张量分量到应力物理分量的转换公式；并给出一个算例说明其正确性．     

平地机牵引架等效加载分析

为研究平地机牵引架的作业负载,分析了平地机最大牵引力及平地机铲刀作用阻力．通过研究工作装置各部件间的运动幅关系,构建了工作装置机构运动简图,建立了工作装置运动坐标系．利用空间坐标系变换理论,将等效铲刀工作负载施加于牵引架上．基于Mechanical APDL及有限元分析理论,对牵引架的Pro/E实体模型进行网格划分．以平地机受最大牵引力作用时的铲刀斜向刮土为例,进行了牵引架静力强度分析．结果表明,牵引架强度在许用强度范围内,经等效加载后的牵引架应力分布与工程实际相符．该工作负载等效方法有效并可简化复杂工况的牵引架受载分析．     

基于SE(3)群局部标架的5/6 Dofs CB壳单元

基于李群局部标架(local frame of Lie group,LFLG)的多柔体系统动力学建模方法可自然消除刚体运动带来的几何非线性,使系统的广义弹性力、广义惯性力及其雅可比矩阵满足刚体运动的不变性.本文融合李群局部标架思想和基于连续体(continuum-based,CB)的壳理论,提出基于SE(3)群局部标架...     

形状记忆合金的热力学本构方程

利用形状记忆因子,直观地描述了形状记忆合金(SMA)实现其超弹性与形状记忆效应的热力学宏观过程.根据热力学基本原理并假设SMA为各向同性材料,建立了描述复杂应力状态下SMA热力学行为的三维本构方程.该本构方程具有直观的表述形式且所含材料常数均可以通过宏观实验测定,克服了现存SMA三维本构方程由于表述形式复杂和材料参数不...     

GENERALIZATION OF KIRCHHOFF KINETIC ANALOGY TO THIN ELASTIC SHELLS 1)

将弹性细杆的"Kirchhoff动力学比拟"方法推广到弹性薄壳,使弹性薄壳的变形在物理概念上和刚体的运动对应, 在数学表述上等同,从而可以用刚体动力学的理论和方法研究弹性薄壳的变形,为连续的弹性薄壳提供新的离散化方法. 在直法线假设下,在弹性中面上构筑空间正交轴系, 此轴系沿坐标线"运动"的角速度构成两自变量的弯扭度. 沿两个坐标线的弯扭度表达了弹性薄壳的变形和位形,证明了弯扭度之间以及弯扭度与中面切矢间的相容关系. 用Euler角和Lam$\acute{e}$系数表达了非完整约束和中面位形的微分方程,用弯扭度和Lam$\acute{e}$系数表达了应变和应力以及内力及其本构方程.导出了用分布内力集度表达的弹性薄壳在变形后位形上的平衡偏微分方程组,方程的形式与刚体动力学的Euler方程和弹性细杆的Kirchhoff方程具有相似性,实现了Kirchhoff动力学比拟对弹性薄壳的推广.总结了弹性薄壳静力学和刚体动力学以及弹性细杆静力学在概念上的比拟关系.最后给出了一个算例. 为研究弹性薄壳的变形和运动提供新的建模方法和研究思路.也可进一步推广到弹性薄壳动力学.     

有限变形塑性理论中的本构不等式和正交法则

本文系统地介绍了率无关材料的有限变形塑性本构理论中的本构不等式和正交法则,并对正交法则成立的条件,正交法则成立时的材料本构形式及其对参考构形和应变度量的依赖关系等基本问题作了必要的讨论.     

平面运动刚体两类瞬心轨迹之间关系的探讨

首先阐述了刚体运动的列阵-矩阵描述方法,然后在阐明刚体瞬心及两类瞬心轨迹等概念的基础上,经过简洁的数学推演,给出了平面运动刚体的动瞬心轨迹与定瞬心轨迹在固定坐标系中投影的运动方程.通过分析二者的运动方程,证明了结论:平面运动刚体任一时刻的动瞬心轨迹在定瞬心轨迹上作纯滚动,接触点即为刚体在该时刻的瞬心固连点.然后通过一个具体算例展示了瞬心轨迹运动方程的求解方法,并讨论了运动方程的物理意义.最后对一般运动刚体的情形进行了简要讨论.     

各向同性率无关材料本构关系的不变性表示

在内变量理论的框架下,针对各向同性率无关材料,使用张量函数表示理论建立了塑性应变全量及增量本构关系的最一般的张量不变性表示. 它们均由3个完备不可约的基张量组合构成,这3个基张量分别是应力的零次幂、一次幂和二次幂. 因此得出,塑性应变、塑性应变增量与应力三者共主轴. 通过对基张量的正交化,给出了本构关系式在主应力空间中的几何解释. 进一步,全量(或增量)本构关系中3个组合因子被表达为应力、塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的不变量的函数. 当塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的3个不变量之间满足一定关系时,所给出的本构关系将退化为经典的形变理论(或塑性势理论).最后,还讨论它与奇异屈服面理论的关系,当满足一定条件时,两者是一致的.      

Biquaternion solution of the kinematic control problem for the motion of a rigid body and its application to the solution of inverse problems of robot-manipulator kinematics

The problem of reducing the body-attached coordinate system to the reference (programmed) coordinate system moving relative to the fixed coordinate system with a given instantaneous velocity screw along a given trajectory is considered in the kinematic statement. The biquaternion kinematic equations of motion of a rigid body in normalized and unnormalized finite displacement biquaternions are used as the mathematical model of motion, and the dual orthogonal projections of the instantaneous velocity screw of the body motion onto the body coordinate axes are used as the control. Various types of correction (stabilization), which are biquaternion analogs of position and integral corrections, are proposed. It is shown that the linear (obtained without linearization) and stationary biquaternion error equations that are invariant under any chosen programmed motion of the reference coordinate system can be obtained for the proposed types of correction and the use of unnormalized finite displacement biquaternions and four-dimensional dual controls allows one to construct globally regular control laws. The general solution of the error equation is constructed, and conditions for asymptotic stability of the programmed motion are obtained. The constructed theory of kinematic control of motion is used to solve inverse problems of robot-manipulator kinematics. The control problem under study is a generalization of the kinematic problem [1, 2] of reducing the body-attached coordinate system to the reference coordinate system rotating at a given (programmed) absolute angular velocity, and the presentedmethod for solving inverse problems of robotmanipulator kinematics is a development of the method proposed in [3–5].     

计及热应变的空间曲梁的刚-柔耦合动力学

研究带中心刚体的作大范围运动的空间曲梁的刚-柔耦合动力学.结合混合坐标法和绝对坐标法的特点,取与中心刚体大范围运动有关的变量和柔性梁各单元节点相对中心刚体连体基的位移和斜率作为广义坐标,建立了一种新的柔性梁的刚柔耦合模型.基于精确的应变和位移的关系式,根据Jourdian速度变分原理,建立了带中心刚体柔性曲梁的有限元离散的动力学方程.数值对比了空间曲梁系统和空间直梁系统的刚柔耦合动力学性质,用能量守恒规律验证了文中曲梁模型的合理性.在此基础上,在应变能中计及热应变,研究温度增高引起的曲梁的热膨胀对系统的动力学性态的影响.     

A Simple Method for the Determination of Angular Velocity and Acceleration of a Spherical Motion Through Quaternions

Given a quaternion representation of a spherical motion of a rigid body with respect to another body, acting as a reference frame, this contribution presents a simple and straightforward method for determining both the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the moving body with respect to the reference frame. Instead of employing orthogonal matrices or their linear invariants, this contribution makes use of quaternions avoiding, in this way, the series of matrix identities or theorems that are required in a pair of previous approaches.     

Taking into account the influence of elastic elements of a free structure on the accuracy of its stabilization under a bang-bang control

We consider the problem of stabilization with respect to a prescribed position for the translational motion of a rigid body with interior material points connected with each other and with the exterior body by linear viscoelastic constraints. The motion occurs under the action of a constant exterior perturbation and a bang-bang control force that are directed along the line of motion. We assume that the bang-bang force control channel has a fixed delay, so that arbitrarily frequent switchings are impossible. We suggest a positional control ensuring the solution of this problem. We estimate the amplitude of the rigid body vibrations about the center of mass of the entire structure and the accuracy of stabilization of the prescribed position of the rigid body depending on the mechanical characteristics of the system and the control force magnitude. We also consider the problem of maximizing the stabilization accuracy depending on the control parameters. By way of example, we consider the controlled motion of a two-mass oscillatory system. This work is closely related to [1–3] and continues the studies of the guaranteed optimal bang-bang controllers with delay in the control channel [4–9]. The dynamics of a rigid body with elastic and dissipative elements was studied in [10] under the assumption that the period of natural vibrations and their decay time are small compared with the characteristic time of motion.     

Some Primitive Concepts in Continuum Mechanics Regarded in Terms of Objective Space-Time Molecular Averaging: The Key Rôle Played by Inertial Observers

In Continuum Mechanics the notions of body, material point, and motion, are primitive. Here these concepts are derived for any (possibly time-dependent) material system via mass and momentum densities whose values are local spacetime averages of molecular quantities. The averaging procedure necessary to ensure molecular-based densities can be agreed upon by all observers (that is, are objective) has implications for constitutive relations. Specifically, such relations should first be expressed in terms of Galilean-invariant functions of the motion relative to an inertial frame. Thereafter such relations can be re-phrased for general observers, thereby yielding general-frame constitutive relations compatible with material frame-indifference. Two postulates concerning observer agreement (which together constitute a statement of material frame-indifference) are shown to imply that any stress response function which is assumed to depend upon the motion in an inertial (general) frame must be Galilean-invariant (invariant under superposed rigid body motions). Accordingly, invariance under superposed rigid body motions is not a fundamental tenet of continuum physics, but rather a consequence of material frame-indifference whenever constitutive dependence upon motion in a general observer frame is postulated.     

A chassis-based kinematic formulation for flexible multi-body vehicle dynamics

This research proposed an efficient implicit integration method for the real-time simulation of flexible multi-body vehicle dynamics models. The equations of motion for the flexible bodies were formulated with respect to the moving chassis-body reference frame instead of the fixed inertial reference frame. The proposed approach does not require evaluation of system Jacobian and its LU-decomposition in time loof of simulation. This is one of the key aspects that enable high computational efficiency of the proposed method. The numerical simulation results of the proposed approach were matched up with those of the conventional approach but the computation time can be reduced by applying the proposed method. The joint constraint and generalized force equations are the same as the equations for rigid vehicle dynamics models because the joints and forces between flexible bodies are connected by the RBE (rigid body element). On the various driving conditions, the numerical simulation results show that the proposed approach yields almost exact solutions compared to the conventional approach. And the proposed approach spends only 22.9% of conventional approach on computation time under CPU 3.2 GHz personal computer.     

Investigation on the choice of boundary conditions and shape functions for flexible multi-body system

The objective of this investigation is to examine the correctness and efficiency of the choice of boundary conditions when using assumed mode approach to simulate flexible multi-body systems. The displacement field due to deformation is approximated by the Rayleigh-Ritz assumed modes in floating frame of reference (FFR) formulation. The deformations obtained by the absolute nodal coordinate (ANC) formulation which are transformed by two sets of reference coordinates are introduced as a criterion to verify the accuracy of the simulation results by using the FFR formulation. The relationship between the deformations obtained from different boundary conditions is revealed. Numerical simulation examples demonstrate that the assumed modes with cantilevered-free, simply-supported and freefree boundary conditions without inclusion of rigid body modes are suitable for simulation of flexible multi-body system with large over all motion, and the same physical deformation can be obtained using those mode functions, differ only by a coordinate transformation. It is also shown that when using mode shapes with statically indeterminate boundary conditions, significant error may occur. Furthermore, the slider crank mechanism with rigid crank is accurate enough for investigating boundary condition problem of flexible multi-body system, which cost significant less simulating time.     

Dynamic analysis on generalized linear elastic body subjected to large scale rigid rotations

The dynamic analysis of a generalized linear elastic body undergoing large rigid rotations is investigated. The generalized linear elastic body is described in kine- matics through translational and rotational deformations, and a modified constitutive relation for the rotational deformation is proposed between the couple stress and the curvature tensor. Thus, the balance equations of momentum and moment are used for the motion equations of the body. The floating frame of reference formulation is applied to the elastic body that conducts rotations about a fixed axis. The motion-deformation coupled model is developed in which three types of inertia forces along with their incre- ments are elucidated. The finite element governing equations for the dynamic analysis of the elastic body under large rotations are subsequently formulated with the aid of the constrained variational principle. A penalty parameter is introduced, and the rotational angles at element nodes are treated as independent variables to meet the requirement of C1 continuity. The elastic body is discretized through the isoparametric element with 8 nodes and 48 degrees-of-freedom. As an example with an application of the motion- deformation coupled model, the dynamic analysis on a rotating cantilever with two spatial layouts relative to the rotational axis is numerically implemented. Dynamic frequencies of the rotating cantilever are presented at prescribed constant spin velocities. The maximal rigid rotational velocity is extended for ensuring the applicability of the linear model. A complete set of dynamical response of the rotating cantilever in the case of spin-up maneuver is examined, it is shown that, under the ultimate rigid rotational velocities less than the maximal rigid rotational velocity, the stress strength may exceed the material strength tolerance even though the displacement and rotational angle responses are both convergent. The influence of the cantilever layouts on their responses and the multiple displacement trajectories observed in the floating frame is simultaneously investigated. The motion-deformation coupled model is surely expected to be applicable for a broad range of practical applications.     

刚柔耦合约束多体系统的动力分析

本文提出了描述多体系统的牵连坐标轴系统。该坐标轴系统由惯性参考系、牵连坐标系、物体坐标系及单元坐标系组成，从而实现了对刚体平动、刚体转动及弹性运动的分解，较好地消除了由于刚体大角度转动而产生的刚弹耦合非线性特性，以有限元方法为基础，应用拉格朗日方程建立了在该坐标系下的刚弹耦合约束多体系统的动力方程。该方程具有形式简洁、易于推导和编程等优点，本文并对方程的数值解法进行了研究，提出求解的广义坐标分块法，最后给出了一个典型多体系统的数值算例。