Fungal terpene metabolites: biosynthetic relationships and the control of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea

The structures and biosynthesis of the sesquiterpenoid metabolites of Botrytis cinerea and their relationship to the presilphiperfolanes are reviewed. The development of a novel strategy for the control of this phytopathogenic fungus based on analogues of these metabolites is described. There are 75 references.     

烟草与尿样中的代谢标记物

卷烟烟气进入人体后会对人体的代谢物产生影响,目前研究较多的是稠环芳烃类、烟草特有亚硝胺类和尼古丁的代谢物。文章分别介绍了稠环芳烃类代谢物1-羟基芘,烟草特有亚硝胺类代谢物NNAL和NNAL-Gluc,尼古丁的代谢物可天宁,对这些代谢物的检测方法、体内的含量水平、各种条件的影响进行了综述。     

Metabolites from Eutypa species that are pathogens on grapes

Structural and synthetic studies of the metabolites isolated from Eutypa lata are reviewed. This fungus is the causative agent of Eutypa dieback disease, also known as eutyposis or dying-arm disease, a perennial canker that affects grapevines and many other woody fruit plants. The review, which encompasses all the literature in this field up to the present and in which 76 references are cited, also includes a detailed study of the biological activity of the metabolites, especially the role of toxins in the development of the plant disease. Some aspects of the synthesis and biosynthesis of these metabolites and related compounds are discussed.     

生物医学样品中路易氏剂代谢产物分析检测方法研究进展

综述生物医学样品中路易氏剂代谢产物分析方法的研究现状,主要总结了路易氏剂染毒生物医学样品中标志物、样品制备和仪器分析方法的研究进展。路易氏剂染毒生物标志物主要包括游离和加合代谢产物两种,分析过程主要是对选定的生物标志物进行巯基化衍生和富集纯化,之后采用气相色谱–质谱、液相色谱–质谱等仪器对目标物进行检测鉴定。     

三类南海海洋真菌次级代谢产物的合成研究进展

综述了三类南海海洋真菌次级代谢产物, 即Xyloketal化合物、1893A和天然4H-5,6-二氢-1,2-噁嗪类化合物的合成研究进展.     

多环芳烃暴露的生物标志物——尿中羟基多环芳烃

多环芳烃(PAHs) 是典型的持久性有机污染物,在职业高PAHs 暴露环境下,容易诱发肺癌、皮肤癌等癌症。对PAHs 的暴露评价可为流行病学研究和污染物风险评价等提供有效的数据。由于暴露途径的复杂化,采用尿样中PAHs 的代谢产物———羟基多环芳烃作为标志物来综合评价人体对PAHs 的内暴露情况已经成为研究的热点。本文系统介绍了多环芳烃的吸收、代谢、尿中PAHs 代谢产物的主要存在形式、主要的生物标志物以及它们的主要影响因素。     

Dual Electrochemical Detection of Biogenic Amine Metabolites in Micro High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The dual electrochemical detectors for ordinary and micro high-performance liquid chromatography were briefly reviewed.

The electrochemical behaviors of biogenic amine metabolites were studied by cyclic semi-differential and semi-integral voltammetry with a glassy carbon working electrode. It was found that the electrochemical reactions of many biogenic amine metabolites are quasi-reversible. The dual electrochemical detector based on thin-layer electrolytic cell with two working electrodes (anode and cathode) in series configuration was tested for selective detection of biogenic amine metabolites on their electrochemical quasi-reversibility. The detector was successfully utilized for the simultaneous determination of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in human urine directly injected by micro high-performance liquid chromatography.     

Actinomycetes in submerged culture

The range of morphological forms of actinomycetes in shaken flask culture and fermenters is reviewed. Some of the factors that influence pellet formation and its prevention are discussed. The relationship between morphology and production of antibiotics and other metabolites is also examined.     

Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites in human blood and urine.

Methods for the biological monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites in the human blood and urine are reviewed. For the determination of the unchanged aromatic hydrocarbon in blood, gas chromatographic head-space analysis is recommended. The metabolites can be monitored by photometric, thin-layer chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods. For the assessment of health risks caused by aromatic hydrocarbons, reference values and occupational limit values, expressed as biological tolerance values and biological exposure indices, have to be considered.     

Multiphoton excited fluorescence spectroscopy of biomolecular systems

Recent work on the emerging application of multiphoton excitation to fluorescence studies of biomolecular dynamics and structure is reviewed. The fundamental principles and experimental techniques of multiphoton excitation are outlined, fluorescence lifetimes, anisotropy and spectra in membranes, proteins, hydrocarbons, skin, tissue and metabolites are featured, and future opportunities are highlighted.     

Ansamycine,eine neuartige Klasse von mikrobiellen Stoffwechselprodukten

Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological properties of a novel class of microbial metabolites, ansamycins, are reviewed as background for the following papers. Structural similarities and differences of ansamycins (rifamycins, tolypomycin, streptovaricins, and geldanamycin) relevant to the common steps in their biogenesis are discussed.     

Metabolic activation of chemicals: in-silico simulation

The role of metabolism in prioritising chemicals according to their potential adverse health effects is extremely important given the fact that innocuous parents can be transformed into toxic metabolites. Our recent efforts in simulating metabolic activation of chemicals are reviewed in this work. The application of metabolic simulators to predict biodegradation (microbial degradation pathways), bioaccumulation (fish liver metabolism), skin sensitisation (skin metabolism), mutagenicity (rat liver S-9 metabolism) are discussed. The ability of OASIS approach to predict metabolism (toxicokinetics) and toxicity (toxicodynamics) of chemicals resulting from their metabolic activation in a single modelling platform is an important advantage of the method. It allows prioritisation of chemicals due to predicted toxicity of their metabolites.     

Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies

The study of the metabolic fate of drugs is an essential and important part of the drug development process. The analysis of metabolites is a challenging task and several different analytical methods have been used in these studies. However, after the introduction of the atmospheric pressure ionization (API) technique, electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has become an important and widely used method in the analysis of metabolites owing to its superior specificity, sensitivity and efficiency. In this paper the feasibility of LC/API-MS techniques in the identification, structure characterization and quantitation of drug metabolites is reviewed. Sample preparation, LC techniques, isotope labeling, suitability of different MS techniques, such as tandem mass spectrometry, and high-resolution MS in drug metabolite analysis, are summarized and discussed. Automation of data acquisition and interpretation, special techniques and possible future trends are also the topics of the review.     

Metabolic activation of chemicals: in-silico simulation†

The role of metabolism in prioritising chemicals according to their potential adverse health effects is extremely important given the fact that innocuous parents can be transformed into toxic metabolites. Our recent efforts in simulating metabolic activation of chemicals are reviewed in this work. The application of metabolic simulators to predict biodegradation (microbial degradation pathways), bioaccumulation (fish liver metabolism), skin sensitisation (skin metabolism), mutagenicity (rat liver S-9 metabolism) are discussed. The ability of OASIS approach to predict metabolism (toxicokinetics) and toxicity (toxicodynamics) of chemicals resulting from their metabolic activation in a single modelling platform is an important advantage of the method. It allows prioritisation of chemicals due to predicted toxicity of their metabolites.

     

Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse,including doping agents

This paper reviews scientific contributions on the identification and/or quantification of metabolites of drugs of abuse in in vitro assays or various body samples using hyphenated mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approaches are considered and discussed if they have been reported in the last five years and are relevant to clinical and forensic toxicology or doping control. Workup and artifact formation are discussed, and typical examples of studies of the metabolism of designer drugs, doping agents, herbal drugs, and synthetic cannabinoids are provided. Procedures for quantifying metabolites in body samples for pharmacokinetic studies or in enzyme incubations for enzyme kinetic studies are also reviewed. In conclusion, the reviewed papers showed that both GC-MS and LC-MS still have important roles to play in research into the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents.     

Structures and Bioactivities of Steroidal Saponins Isolated from the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria

The species Dracaena and Sansevieria, that are well-known for different uses in traditional medicines and as indoor ornamental plants with air purifying property, are rich sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. In fact, a wide variety of phytochemical constituents have been isolated so far from about seventeen species. This paper has reviewed the literature of about 180 steroidal saponins, isolated from Dracaena and Sansevieria species, as a basis for further studies. Saponins are among the most characteristic metabolites isolated from the two genera. They show a great variety in structural motifs and a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative effects and, in most case, remarkable cytotoxic properties.     

Analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: bioanalysis, degradation and metabolism

Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease. Its symptoms are attributed to a deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmission. The drugs of choice for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Starting in the 1980's from non-specific AChE inhibitors, the first-generation drugs such as physostigmine, a second generation of more selective and better tolerated products has been developed. Methods to detect and quantify these drugs and their metabolites in biological samples have been developed for analysis in plasma, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Diverse detection techniques have been used, such as ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectrometry. In this review, the methods applied to the analysis of these drugs and their metabolites in different biological matrices are reviewed and discussed. The stability of these drugs in biological matrices and under stress-conditions is also included in the discussion.     

海绵生理活性物质研究新进展

本文综述了海绵中大环内酯、生物碱、肽类、萜类、甾醇等五类具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗爱滋病以及心血管活性等作用的生理活性物质的研究新进展     

Biochemical reactions in metabolite-protein interaction

An update on the recently developed chemical proteomics called activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) has been reviewed. ABPP is able to identify proteins interacted either covalently or non-covalently with metabolites significantly, which will facilitate the characterization of specific metabolite regulating proteins in human disease progression.