考虑两种晶界的各向异性双晶和三晶体晶界附近弹塑性应力场分析

采用率相关的晶体滑移有限元程序对具有不同晶体取向的双晶体晶界附近及三晶体三晶粒交汇处的弹塑性应力场进行了计算,考虑了几何晶界和物理晶界的影响.计算结果表明:双晶体及三晶体考虑几何晶界和物理晶界时,这两种晶界具有相同的应力分布趋势,只是物理晶界比几何晶界的应力集中程度小,双晶体晶界附近有较大的应力梯度,存在应力集中现象.三晶体三晶粒交汇处可能是应力集中之地也可能不造成应力集中,这主要取决于晶粒晶体取向及加载方向.由此可见,要准确理解金属材料的断裂过程,还需要从细观的角度对晶界的力学响应进行细致和深入的研究.     

各向异性双晶和三晶体弹塑性应力场分析

用三维弹塑性晶体滑移有限元程序对不同晶体取向的双昌和三晶体在昌界和三晶交点处的应力集中科技司和滑激活规律进行了计算分析。双晶体在计算时考虑取向的影响,计算结果表明,晶界处应力有较大的出现复杂的变化规律,这种规律与晶体取向相关;三晶交点和晶界使得三晶体应力重新分布,三晶交点可能是应力集中之地,但也可能不造成应力集中,这主要与三个晶体取向相关。本文计算表明,只有仔细地研究细观过程,才能准确理解金属材料     

晶粒的取向和变形性质对双晶体循环变形影响的模拟研究

应用晶体细观力学方法，分析了双晶体循环变形过程中组元晶粒取向及其变形性质（Ｂａｕｓｃｈｉｎｇｅｒ效应和循环硬化）的影响，发现双晶体的反向屈服及循环硬化行为为主要由组元晶粒性质支配，晶间内应力的影响是次要的，晶粒取向对宏微观应力应变行为有重要的影响，取向对称性较弱或罗硬差别较大的双晶体晶界影响较大。     

Simulation of cyclic deformation of bicrystals: Effects of orientation and deformation properties of constituent grains

The cyclic deformation of aluminium bicrystals was numerically simulated by using a crystalline micromechanical approach to study the effects of crystallographic orientation and deformation properties of constituent grains. Both the macro-and micro-stress-strain responses were analyzed. It was shown that the whole Bauschinger effect and cyclic hardening behavior of bicrystals is primarily controlled by the corresponding properties of the constituent grains, and that the effects of internal stresses induced by the grain boundary and the interaction between grains are secondary. The crystallographic orientation of constituent grains was also shown to have significant influence on the macro-and micro-mechanical behavior of the bicrystals. There were smaller symmetry in the orientation or greater difference in the strength between grains and more remarkable GB effects.     

含与不含晶界空穴的双晶体蠕变行为研究

基于晶体滑移理论,建立了各向异性镍基合金双晶体的蠕变本构模型和蠕变寿命预测模型,通过MARC用户子程序CRPLAW将上述本构模型进行了有限元实现,并对双晶体蠕变行为进行了计算分析,考虑了:(1)晶体取向的影响;(2)垂直、倾斜和平行于外载方向的三种位向晶界情况;(3)晶界处引进空间空穴的影响。结果表明,双晶体上特别是微空穴和晶界附近区域的蠕变应力应变呈现不同的变化规律,对此晶粒晶体取向和晶界位向有较大的影响;微空穴的存在削弱了双晶体的承载能力,显著地影响了双晶体蠕变持久寿命;相同条件下,垂直晶界对双晶体模型的蠕变损伤影响最为强烈,倾斜晶界次之,平行晶界最小;微空穴的生长与晶界位向和晶体取向有强烈的依赖关系,其中垂直晶界更有利于晶体滑移和微空穴生长。     

铜双晶体的循环应力-应变响应

比较了铜单晶体和多晶体疲劳行为的异同,提出了研究双晶体疲劳行为的必要性．总结了具有不同晶体取向和晶界的铜双晶体的疲劳行为的最新进展．利用平行晶界铜双晶体的取向因子和晶界影响区,总结了在循环载荷作用下的晶界强化模型．分析了垂直晶界铜双晶体循环塑性变形行为的特点,讨论了组元晶体取向对垂直晶界铜双晶体循环应力－应变曲线的影响．提出了提高单晶体和双晶体疲劳强度的控制因素．     

纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金超弹性的晶粒取向依赖性相场研究

本文基于Ginzburg-Landau理论,建立了一个反映纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金取向依赖性的二维多晶相场模型,研究了晶粒取向对其超弹性性能的影响。结果表明,纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金的超弹性行为依赖于晶粒取向分布,即：多晶模型中在所研究的参数变化范围内,晶粒取向分布范围越广、晶粒间取向差越大（无明显织构）,超弹性性能越差;而晶粒取向分布范围越窄、晶粒间取向差越小（织构越强）,超弹性性能越好。该晶粒取向依赖性可解释为：由于晶粒取向的不同,马氏体相变过程中相邻晶粒间的变形不匹配程度不同,因此,多晶模型中在所研究的参数变化范围内,晶粒间取向差异越大,晶界处的变形失配越严重,由此而产生的局部内应力将阻碍其附近马氏体相变的扩展,进而导致纳米多晶NiTi形状记忆合金超弹性性能下降。     

Evaluation of creep damage behavior of nickel-base directionally solidified superalloys with different crystallographic orientations

A crystallographic creep damage constitutive model is developed for nickel-base directionally solidified superalloys. The rates of material degradation and grain boundary void growth are considered. The governing parameters are determined from the creep test data of single crystals and directionally solidified superalloys with a crystallographic orientation. A finite element program is used to analyze the creep damage behavior of nickel-base directionally solidified superalloys for different crystallographic orientations. The results depend on the number of grains modelled and compare well with the experimental data.     

基于晶体塑性理论的孔洞生长行为研究

采用率相关晶体塑性模型,建立三维胞元计算模型,研究了晶粒取向和晶界对孔洞生长和聚合的影响.比较了不同晶粒取向的单晶和双晶体中孔洞的生长趋势,发现晶粒取向对孔洞生长方向,孔洞形状等有着显著的影响.     

Stress Measurement Using EBSD Analysis of Grains in Copper Foil

A cyclic biaxial stress measurement method using electrodeposited copper foil was examined. The crystallographic orientations of individual grains that undergo grain growth in copper foil subjected to cyclic loading were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). One of the slip directions in most of the grains corresponded to the direction of maximum shear stress when the biaxial stress ratio was negative. However, the number of grains with other orientations gradually increased as the biaxial stress ratio approached zero. On the basis of these features, we propose biaxial stress measurement using EBSD analysis of grown grains in copper foil. Our new method has excellent resolution compared with other stress-strain measurement methods since it can measure the average biaxial stress ratios in an area of 500 μm × 500 μm.     

Lithium Diffusion and Stress in a Polycrystalline Film Electrode

In the present work, the two-dimensional analytical solution for Li diffusion in grains and grain boundaries of a polycrystalline film electrode is established with consideration of Li-segregation at the grain boundary. The stress field induced by the inhomogeneity of Li concentration, called chemical stress here for brevity, is analyzed via the finite element simulation.The effects of the grain boundary including its size, its diffusion coefficient as well as the segregation phenomenon on the solute concentration and the chemical stress are examined. It shows that grain boundaries can assist fast diffusion and significantly affect the stress profile in the whole film. It proves that tailoring the grain boundary size or other grain boundary-related parameters may provide an alternative strategy for improving the overall diffusivity and mechanical stability of battery electrodes.     

FCC晶体中不均匀变形对空洞长大的影响

通过编制率相关有限元用户子程序,采用一个单胞模型研究了FCC晶体中孔洞在单晶及晶界的长大行为,分析了由于晶体取向及变形失配对孔洞长大和聚合的影响。研究结果表明：孔洞的形状和长大方向与晶体取向密切相关;晶界上孔洞的长大速度大于单晶中孔洞的长大速度;晶粒间的变形失配加速了晶界上孔洞的长大趋势,因而使材料易发生沿晶断裂,随着晶粒间取向因子差异的增加,孔洞越易沿着晶界长大。     

Crystal plasticity model with enhanced hardening by geometrically necessary dislocation accumulation

A strain gradient dependent crystal plasticity approach is used to model the constitutive behaviour of polycrystal FCC metals under large plastic deformation. Material points are considered as aggregates of grains, subdivided into several fictitious grain fractions: a single crystal volume element stands for the grain interior whereas grain boundaries are represented by bi-crystal volume elements, each having the crystallographic lattice orientations of its adjacent crystals. A relaxed Taylor-like interaction law is used for the transition from the local to the global scale. It is relaxed with respect to the bi-crystals, providing compatibility and stress equilibrium at their internal interface. During loading, the bi-crystal boundaries deform dissimilar to the associated grain interior. Arising from this heterogeneity, a geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density can be computed, which is required to restore compatibility of the crystallographic lattice. This effect provides a physically based method to account for the additional hardening as introduced by the GNDs, the magnitude of which is related to the grain size. Hence, a scale-dependent response is obtained, for which the numerical simulations predict a mechanical behaviour corresponding to the Hall-Petch effect. Compared to a full-scale finite element model reported in the literature, the present polycrystalline crystal plasticity model is of equal quality yet much more efficient from a computational point of view for simulating uniaxial tension experiments with various grain sizes.     

镍基双晶体晶界断裂特性研究

对单晶体以及晶界平行晶粒裂纹和晶界垂直晶粒裂纹的双晶体的断韧性进行了实验研究,设计了三种三点弯曲试件,得到了单晶体和晶界的断裂韧性值,在晶界垂直晶粒裂纹的双晶体试验中,揭示了晶界对晶粒断裂的屏蔽效应;当裂纹距晶界某一特定长度时,断裂韧性值最大,理论分析和晶体滑移有限元数值分析揭示了这种屏蔽效应的机理,双晶晶界处的变表相容性导致了理解纹尖端应国和场的重新分布,并由此产生了晶界屏蔽效应。     

晶体取向对单晶体断裂特征影响的模拟分析

结合Ni基单晶合金制三种不同晶体取向的紧凑拉伸试样试验,本文利用考虑有限变形和品格转动效应的晶体滑移有限元程序对单晶体三维断裂特征进行了模拟计算分析,详细考察了裂纹尖端三维应力场特征和断裂特征,结果表明:晶体取向对裂纹尖端应力场有较大影响,但应力沿试样厚度方向明显分成两个部分,在试样心部,应力沿厚度方向变化不大,在试样外表面则明显变化。裂纹尖端张开位移(CTDD)沿厚度方向类似分成两个部分。垂直于滑移面的应力分量致单晶体的准解理断裂,即裂纹的起裂和扩展途径均与该应力分量有关。     

一种镍基双晶材料疲劳裂纹扩展效应

对晶界平行裂纹和晶界垂直裂纹的双晶体进行三点弯曲疲劳实验，研究了双晶材料的疲劳裂纹扩展规律，测定了双晶的疲劳扩展速率，揭示了晶界对晶粒疲劳裂纹扩展的屏蔽效应：当裂纹距晶界某一特定长度时，裂纹扩展速率最快；而裂纹顶端交于晶界时，裂纹扩展速率最侵．进一步的晶体滑移有限元数值分析揭示了这种屏蔽效应的机理：晶界附近不协调的塑性变形，导致了裂纹尖端应力场的重新分布．     

含球形孔洞双晶铜单向拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了在单向拉伸载荷作用下含孔洞双晶铜晶体的力学行为,研究了晶粒内部孔洞和晶界孔洞对晶体力学行为的影响。结果表明,孔洞可以显著降低双晶体的弹性模量和屈服应力。对于晶粒内部关于晶界对称的孔洞,随着孔间距的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力都有明显的提高;当保持孔间距不变而改变孔半径时,随着孔体积的不断增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力又都呈现出递减趋势。对于晶界上的孔洞,孔洞形状对晶体拉伸性能有显著影响,并且随着孔半径的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力呈现出递减趋势,如果保持孔洞总体积恒定而依次增加孔洞数量,则晶体弹性模量和屈服应力逐渐减小。     

Grain boundary interface mechanics in strain gradient crystal plasticity

Interactions between dislocations and grain boundaries play an important role in the plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals. Capturing accurately the behaviour of these internal interfaces is particularly important for applications where the relative grain boundary fraction is significant, such as ultra fine-grained metals, thin films and micro-devices. Incorporating these micro-scale interactions (which are sensitive to a number of dislocation, interface and crystallographic parameters) within a macro-scale crystal plasticity model poses a challenge. The innovative features in the present paper include (i) the formulation of a thermodynamically consistent grain boundary interface model within a microstructurally motivated strain gradient crystal plasticity framework, (ii) the presence of intra-grain slip system coupling through a microstructurally derived internal stress, (iii) the incorporation of inter-grain slip system coupling via an interface energy accounting for both the magnitude and direction of contributions to the residual defect from all slip systems in the two neighbouring grains, and (iv) the numerical implementation of the grain boundary model to directly investigate the influence of the interface constitutive parameters on plastic deformation. The model problem of a bicrystal deforming in plane strain is analysed. The influence of dissipative and energetic interface hardening, grain misorientation, asymmetry in the grain orientations and the grain size are systematically investigated. In each case, the crystal response is compared with reference calculations with grain boundaries that are either ‘microhard’ (impenetrable to dislocations) or ‘microfree’ (an infinite dislocation sink).     

Meso approaches for the creep damage behavior of nickel-base directionally solidified superalloys

IntroductionNickel-basehightemperatureresistancesuperalloysarsewidelyusedingasturbinesandjetengines.DireetionallysolidificationwasintroducedtoenhancecreepsbengthbyelindnahnggrainboundariesnormaltotheappliedstresswherevoidsarelikelytOoccurundercreepload.Inpractice,however,theappliedstressmaynotbeuniaxialnordirectedparalleltOthegrainboundaries.Singlecrystalswerethusdeveloped.CongregationoflowtempefAnremeltingelementsongrainboundaries,grainboundaryoxidation)etc.,areadditionalfactorsthatwoulddeg…     

Coupled effects of grain size distributions and crystallographic textures on the plastic behaviour of IF steels

Micro-macro scale transition theories were developed to model the inelastic behaviour of polycrystals starting from the local behaviour of the grains. The anisotropy of the plastic behaviour of polycrystalline metals was essentially explained by taking into account the crystallographic textures. Issues like plastic heterogeneities due to grain size dispersion, involving the Hall-Petch mechanism at the grain scale, were often not taken into account, and, only the role of a mean grain size was investigated in the literature. Here, both sources of plastic heterogeneities are studied using: (i) experimental data from EBSD measurements and tensile tests, and, (ii) a self-consistent model devoted to elastic-viscoplastic heterogeneous materials. The results of the model are applied to two different industrial IF steels with similar global orientation distributions functions but different mean grain sizes and grain size distributions. The coupled role of grain size distributions and crystallographic textures on the overall tensile behaviour, local stresses and strains, stored energy and overall plastic anisotropy (Lankford coefficients) is deeply analyzed by considering different other possible correlations between crystallographic orientations and grain sizes from the measured data.