延边地区65～108岁健康老人头发中锌、铜、铁、锰、镁的含量

用原子吸收光谱法测定延边地区317名65～108岁老人头发中锌、铜、铁、锰、镁含量，观察不同民族、性别、年龄老人这些元素的差异。结果表明：1.朝鲜旗发锌低于汉族，满族发铜低于汉族、朝鲜族，汉族发镁高于朝鲜族、满族，发铁、发锰在汉、朝、满民族之间无区别。2．汉族、朝鲜族男发锌高于女性，汉族女性发铜高于男性，发铁、发锰、发镁在性别之间无区别。3、90岁组朝鲜族发锰、发镁低于65岁、76岁组，朝鲜族发锌、发铜、发铁在65～108岁之间无统计学意义。     

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air and application to a survey on indoor air pollution in Fuji, Japan

An analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air. The method was applied to a survey of gaseous and particulate PAHs in household indoor air. The survey was performed in 21 houses in the summer of 1999 and in 20 houses in the winter of 1999-2000 in Fuji, Japan. Thirty-eight PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the summer, and 39 PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the winter. The concentrations of gaseous PAHs in indoor air tended to be higher than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. The concentrations of particulate PAHs in indoor air were the same as or lower than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. PAH profiles, correlations between PAH concentrations, and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the factors affecting the indoor PAH concentrations. These results showed that gaseous PAHs in indoor air were primarily from indoor emission sources, especially during the summer, and that indoor particulate PAH concentrations were significantly influenced by outdoor air pollution.     

Histological study of some Echium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis and Symphytum officinale populations

Plants living in different ecological habitats can show significant variability in their histological and phytochemical characters. The main histological features of various populations of three medicinal plants from the Boraginaceae family were studied. Stems, petioles and leaves were investigated by light microscopy in vertical and transverse sections. The outline of the epidermal cells, as well as the shape and cell number of trichomes was studied in leaf surface casts. Differences were measured among the populations of Echium vulgare in the width and height of epidermis cells in the stem, petiole and leaf, as well as in the size of palisade cells in the leaves. Among the populations of Pulmonaria officinalis significant differences were found in the length of trichomes and in the slightly or strongly wavy outline of epidermal radial cell walls. Populations of Symphytum officinale showed variance in the height of epidermal cells in leaves and stems, length of palisade cells and number of intercellular spaces in leaves, and the size of the central cavity in the stem. Boraginaceae bristles were found to be longer in plants in windy/shady habitats as opposed to sunny habitats, both in the leaves and stems ofP. officinalis and S. officinale, which might be connected to varying levels of exposure to wind. Longer epidermal cells were detected in the leaves and stems of both E. vulgare and S. officinale plants living in shady habitats, compared with shorter cells in sunny habitats. Leaf mesophyll cells were shorter in shady habitats as opposed to longer cells in sunny habitats, both in E. vulgare and S. officinale. This combination of histological characters may contribute to the plant's adaptation to various amounts of sunshine. The reported data prove the polymorphism of the studied taxa, as well as their ability to adapt to various ecological circumstances.     

Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.     

Crystal structure transformations in ammonium and alkali metal perchlorates

A comparative study of the polymorphic transformations in ammonium and the alkali metal perchlorates has been made using differential thermal analysis. Certain correlations have been attempted between the observed trends in the transformation temperatures and available crystallographic and thermodynamic data. The transformation in the case of sodium perchlorate shows pronounced second-order effects. Considerable hysteresis is observed in the transformations in ammonium, potassium, rubidium and caesium perchlorates. Doping of ammonium perchlorate with ammonium phosphate is seen to result in an upward shift in the transformation temperature and an increase in the thermal hysteresis. Prior mechanical and thermal treatment is also seen to result in a broadening of the hysteresis loops in the case of ammonium and potassium perchlorates. The results are explained in terms of contrapolarization effects and the production of strain in the material as a result of prior treatment.     

Voltammetric determination of platinum in perfusate and blood: Preliminary data on pharmacokinetic study of arterial infusion with oxaliplatin

Because Platinum Group Elements have found widespread use in catalytic converters in cars and as chemotherapeutic agent, interest in the development of reliable analytical methods is carried out in order to monitor these analita in humans to protect the citizen's health.Considering that information on the levels of many trace elements in biological matrices is scarce and for many non-essential elements, baseline levels in the population, and especially in those particularly exposed to the risk are lacking, in this paper we optimize an analytical method for biological matrices, using a voltammetric technique to measure the concentration of Pt in blood and perfusate.The amount of Pt recovered from the blood and perfusate samples spiked with analita was observed to be meanly of 95% with 5–6% of R.S.D. These results indicated that proposed method for the determination of platinum in biological materials is accurate and reproducible.The amounts of platinum found in the blood samples of common ranged citizen were similar to quantification limit while in the patients the concentration ranged from 1.5 to 360 μg/L, in perfusate ranged from 0.7 to 9700 μg/l. The concentrations of Pt of populace and in patients before of infusion are in agreement with the level measured in the blood of unexposed patients.The proposed analytical method permits to determine the amount of Pt in the perfusate and subsequently absorbed by the target organs in order to determine the dose and timing of treatment and to avoid overdoses with related undesired effects.     

近年国内固相萃取-色谱分析的进展

对近两年国内各个领域的学者在使用固相萃取做样品前处理的色谱分析方面的研究和应用作了综述, 这一综述包括10个部分: 1. 国内近两年有关固相萃取的综述报告;2. 固相萃取-色谱分析在水质分析中的应用;3. 固相萃取-色谱分析在奶制品和肉类食品分析中的应用;4. 固相萃取-色谱用于蔬菜和水果中有害物质分析的应用;5. 固相萃取-色谱用于粮食和其他食品中有害物质分析的应用;6. 固相萃取-色谱在血药浓度、体液及组织中有害物质分析中的应用;7. 固相萃取-色谱在药物分析中的应用;8. 固相萃取-色谱在其他使用色谱分析中的应用;9. 基质固相分散在色谱分析中的应用;10. 分子印迹SPE在样品前处理中的应用.     

Riboflavin and UV-Light Based Pathogen Reduction: Extent and Consequence of DNA Damage at the Molecular Level

We are developing a technology based on the combined application of riboflavin (RB) and light for inactivating pathogens in blood products while retaining the biological functions of the treated cells and proteins. Virus and bacteria reduction measured by tissue culture infectivity or colony formation with UV light alone and in combination with RB yield equivalent results. The effects of RB as a sensitizing agent on DNA in white cells, bacteria and viruses in combination with UV light exposure have been evaluated. UV-mediated DNA degradation in Jurkat T cells and leukocytes in plasma as measured by the FlowTACS assay was significantly increased in the presence of RB. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA in Escherichia coli and leukocytes in plasma demonstrated enhanced DNA degradation in the presence of RB. UV light in combination with RB prevented the reactivation of lambda phage compared with samples irradiated in the absence of RB. UV-mediated oxidative damage in calf thymus DNA was also enhanced in the presence of RB. These observations clearly demonstrate that the presence of RB and UV light selectively enhances damage to the guanine bases in DNA. These data also suggest that the type and extent of damage to DNA for virus in the presence of RB and light make it less likely to be repaired by normal repair pathways available in host cells.     

EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO LIGHT ON ENZYME ACTIVITIES and TRYPTOPHAN METABOLITES OF THE KYNURENINE PATHWAY IN WISTAR, IN HETEROZYGOUS and HOMOZYGOUS ADULT and NEWBORN GUNN RATS

Abstract— The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of phototherapy used in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in infants, on tryptophan metabolism and on enzyme activities involved along the kynurenine pathway in Wistar, icteric homozygous and nonicteric heterozygous Gunn rats after an intraperitoneal loading of 1.0 g/kg body weight L-tryptophan before and after exposure to visible light. The total mean 24-h excretion of the tryptophan metabolites in the groups of the Wistar and heterozygous Gunn rats was higher in females than in males and higher than in homozygous groups before phototherapy. Only after exposure to light did the groups of Wistar and heterozygous Gunn rats of both sexes show a decrease in the total excretion of the metabolites. The activities of tryptophan pyrrolase and kynureninase in liver and kynurenine aminotransferase in liver and kidneys were assayed in each group of rats. Male and female Wistar and heterozygous Gunn rats showed a higher activity of tryptophan pyrrolase than the groups of homozygotes in agreement with the data of the metabolites excreted. No difference in enzyme activities was found between the groups of heterozygous and homozygous neonates before and after phototherapy. Phototherapy did not seem to influence these enzyme activities.     

氨基苯磺酸和氨基萘磺酸在反相离子对色谱和离子色谱中分离行为的比较

本文考察了氨基苯磺酸和氨基萘磺酸染料中间体在反相离子对色谱和离子色谱中的分离行为，结果表明一些异构体在反相色谱中的保留顺序与离子色谱中的顺序发生颠倒。静电作用力在离子色谱中对保留值的贡献比在反相离子对色谱中对保留值的贡献要大，而疏水作用力在反相离子对色谱中对保留值的贡献却较在离子色谱中对保留值的贡献要大。离子对色谱更有利于有机离子的分离分析。     

Über die Herkunft der Lactatdehydrogenase und anderer Zellenzyme im normalen Blutserum

The origin of cell enzymes in normal blood serum is as yet unexplained. In a comparative study in man, marmoset monkey, rat and mouse we have investigated which of 10 major organs could be excluded as significant sources of LDH in normal serum. LDH-1, LDH-2 and LDH-3 are the strongest isoenzyme fractions in serum of man and marmoset. Based on the LDH isoenzyme patterns liver and skeleton muscle were excluded in man; liver, skeleton muscle, spleen, large intestine and leucocytes were excluded in the marmoset. LDH-5 is the predominat isoenzyme in the serum of the rat and of the mouse. Heart and kidney were excluded as LDH sources in the rat; heart, kidney and lung were excluded in the mouse. One must assume that the mechanism of cell enzyme release into the blood is identical in all species. Hence, if an organ is excluded as source of LDH in one species it is also to be excluded in all other species. Erythrocytes and thrombocytes were recognized as the sources of LDH in normal serum of the four species. Species differences of the LDH isoenzyme patterns in these organs are reflected in comparable differences of the isoenzyme patterns in serum. The major portion of LDH in normal serum is released during the physiological turnover of these cells. This hypothesis includes all enzymes which are present in erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Only few organ specific enzymes which are present in normal serum, originate from other tissues.     

State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is advancing rapidly around the world both in research and commercial applications. Despite the increasing number of studies and full-scale applications of MBR systems, directions and trends in academic research as well as commercial developments require further analysis. This paper aims to critically characterize and review worldwide academic research efforts in the area of MBRs as well as focus attention to commercial MBR applications in North America. A total of 339 research papers published in peer-reviewed international journals from 1991 to 2004 and a total of 258 full-scale MBR installations in North America were used as the database for the analysis provided in this paper. After a surge of MBR publications in 2002, research appears to have reached a plateau in the last 3 years using both submerged and external MBR units. Although much of the pioneering research occurred in Japan, France and the UK, countries such as South Korea, China and Germany have significantly contributed to the research pool in the last 5 years. The primary research focus has been on water filtration MBRs with limited growth in extractive and gas diffusion MBRs which still hold un-tapped potential. Fundamental aspects studied in academic research predominantly involve issues related to fouling, microbial characterization and optimizing operational performance. Research in North America presents a unique picture as a higher ratio of industrial wastewater treatment and side-stream MBR applications have been studied compared to other parts of the world. For MBR commercial application, the North America installations constitute about 11% of worldwide installations. Zenon occupies the majority of the MBR market in North America, whereas Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon have a larger number of installations in other parts of the world. Due to more stringent regulations and water reuse strategies, it is expected that a significant increase in MBR plant capacity and widening of application areas will occur in the future. Potential application areas include nitrate removal in drinking water treatment, removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from water and wastewater streams, enhancing bio-fuels production via membrane assisted fermentation and gas extraction and purification MBRs.     

Organization of mixed monomolecular layers formed with the xanthophyll pigments lutein or zeaxanthin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at the argon-water interface

Two-component monomolecular layers were formed with two xanthophyll pigments, lutein and zeaxanthin and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), at the argon-water interface. Analysis of the mean molecular area parameters versus molar fraction of the xanthophyll component shows large overadditivity (ca. 50 A2 in the case of zeaxanthin and 150 A2 in the case of lutein) in the region of low molar fractions of carotenoids (maximum at 5 mol% in the case of zeaxanthin and at 20 mol% in the case of lutein). The experimental values of a mean molecular area are in good agreement with the values expected, based on the additivity rule at high molar percentages of the xanthophylls. Absorption spectroscopy of a single monolayer at the argon-water interface in the UV-Vis region has also been applied to analyze the formation of molecular assemblies of lutein in monomolecular films. The differences in the organization of lutein-DPPC and zeaxanthin-DPPC monolayers are interpreted in terms of the aggregation of xanthophyll pigments in the layers and different orientation of both xanthophylls at the interface. The results are discussed in relation to possible physiological functions of lutein and zeaxanthin in the membranes of the retina of an eye.     

黄鸣龙——我国有机化学的一位先驱

黄鸣龙院士(1898-1979)1919年浙江医药专科学校毕业,1924年德国柏林大学有机药物化学博士;1924-1934年任浙江医专教授、主任,卫生署化学部主任;1934-1940年在欧洲先灵公司等从事研究工作;1940年回国在昆明任中研院化学所研究员,兼任西南联大教授;1945年赴美在哈佛大学,默克公司从事研究工作。1952年绕道欧洲回国,先后在中国人民解放军医学科学院化学系和中国科学院上海有机化学研究所任研究员。1955年当选为中国科学院学部委员(院士)。黄先生一生从事有机化学的教育和研究工作,他在有机化学的“结构与机理”以及“反应和合成”二大方面都作出了在国内外具有深远影响的工作。20世纪40年代黄先生发现了变质山道年4个立体异构体的循环转变,堪称立体化学的经典之作;1948年发表了黄鸣龙还原反应;1952年归国后引领和发展了我国的甾体化学研究,带领了我国甾体药物的生产发展,是我国甾体药物工业的奠基人。黄先生治学严谨,既重视应用研究,又强调基础研究;关注学习新知识、新概念,又更重视实验技术。黄先生教书育人,身体力行,是我国有机化学发展的先驱者和奠基人。     

Radiochemistry teaching and research activities in Brazil

Summary Much concern has been expressed lately about the decline of teaching and research activities in radiochemistry in many countries, as was discussed in an IAEA Technical Meeting in Antalya, Turkey, in 2002, and also at MTAA-11 in Guildford, UK. In the IAEA meeting, a survey was presented about the current situation in different regions of the world (Eastern Europe, East and West Asia, Africa, North America and Latin America) by experts of each region. In the case of Brazil, which has nuclear research reactors and also cyclotrons in operation, the teaching and research activities in radiochemistry are concentrated in the three main institutes of the Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, in the University of S?o Paulo and in other universities, in different regions of the country. In the present paper, a closer look is given to the radiochemistry teaching and research activities that are being conducted nowadays in Brazil, comprising: number of radiochemistry courses and students being formed, main research areas being conducted, as well as research and production of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine, using nuclear reactors and cyclotrons.     

Graves病患者经131I治疗后血浆和红细胞锌含量的变化及其临床意义

为研究Graves病(GD)患者经^131I治疗后血浆和红细胞锌(Zn)含量的变化及其临床意义，采用原子吸收分光光谱法(AAS)和放射免疫分析法(Rn)分别检测了40例GD患者、20例经^131I治疗后甲状腺功能恢复至正常水平GD患者与30名健康人血浆和红细胞Zn的含量以及血浆甲状腺激素水平。结果表明，GD组红细胞Zn含量明显低于对照组(P＜0．01)；血浆Zn含量虽略低于对照组，但无统计学意义(P＜0．05)；且Zn与FT4呈明显负相关(P＜0．01)、与TSH呈正相关(P＜0．05)。GD治疗缓解组红细胞Zn明显高于治疗前(P＜0．01)，血浆Zn明显低于治疗前(P＜0．05)；红细胞Zn检测GD的敏感性与特异性分别为95．0％与96．7％。提示GD患者存在红细胞Zn含量改变，甲状腺激素可能干扰红细胞Zn的代谢，同时测定红细胞Zn可作为GD的临床诊断、治疗以及疾病转归的参考指标。     

Biological Characterization of Ingredients in OPLC-BioArena-Greenhouse-System: Unique Reactions of Endogenous HCHO and O3 in In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions

In the case of two “old medicines”, the extension of the results from the in vitro BioArena studies was successfully solved for in vivo (greenhouse) conditions. These preliminary results of in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the unique role and function of HCHO and O₃ in the antibiotic effect of these two chemical substances, and in the basal and induced resistance. In the future, for the characterization of known and new active substances, in vitro and in vivo biological studies will be recommended in addition to chemical and physical characterization.

     

A study of the postnatal change in trace element levels in rat tissues by thermal neutron activation analysis

In order to obtain information about postnatal changes in trace element levels in rat tissues, the age-dependent variations in the concentrations of 6 elements (Fe, Zn, Co, Se, Rb and Cs) were investigated by thermal neutron activation analysis. Several variation patterns were revealed in their concentrations as a function of postnatal age, depending on the combination of an element and an organ: (1) A steady state without significant variations (Zn and Se in brain, Rb and Cs in liver), (2) accumulation till a steady level is attained in time (Se in liver and kidney, Co in kidney), (3) depletion till a steady level is attained in time (Fe and Co in brain, Zn in liver and kidney, Rb and Cs in kidney), (4) permanent depletion (Rb and Cs in brain), and 95) initial drop followed by gradual increase in concentration levels (Fe in liver and kidney, Co in liver)     

POLARIZED TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA OF PHYCOBILISOMES ISOLATED FROM Tolypothrix tenuis EMBEDDED IN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FILM

–Time-resolved fluorescence spectra in the ps time range were measured on phycobilisome (PBS) embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) films. The cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis was used as a source of PBS because the pigment composition and the structure of the PBS are well defined. Isotropic PBS in the unstretched film and PBS uniaxially oriented in the stretched film were investigated. Diameters of PBS hemidiscs were oriented parallel to the film-stretching direction. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the unstretched sample and of the two polarized components in the stretched samples showed several differences in the rise and decay. The delay time, estimated from the time span between the maximum laser pulse and maximal intensity of the phycocyanin and allophycocyanin fluorescence, was much longer than that reported in the aqueous media. This suggests occurrence of a higher thermal deactivation of PBS in polymer film than in aqueous media. The excitation energy transfer from excited phycocrythrin to allophycocyanin was more efficient in the unstretched than in the stretched samples, and it was greater in the parallel polarized component of the stretched sample than in the perpendicular component. The present results are in agreement with a previous suggestion which states that there are two independent pathways of excitation energy transfer in PBS and that there is more than one final emitter of fluorescence. The molecules taking part in various pathways of energy transfer differ in their orientation within PBS.     

γ-irradiation of polypropylene in vacuum and in air

Polypropylene films were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays in vacuum or in air and stored in air. Just after irradiation, the concentration of carbonyl group of the sample irradiated in air only increased with dose. The concentrations of both samples increased with storage time. The more the absorbed doses, the higher the increasing rates. The increasing rate of the concentration of carbonyl group during irradiation in air was higher than those during storage in air. Just after irradiation, the tensile strengths and the elongations of the both samples somewhat increased with dose at the doses less than 5 Mrad, but decreased at doses more than 13 Mrad. The tensile strength and the elongation of the sample irradiated in air decreased with storage time. Those of the sample irradiated in vacuum also decreased with storage time but the decreasing rates were much smaller than those in the sample irradiated in air. The gel fractions of the samples irradiated in vacuum and annealed in vacuum were somewhat higher than those irradiated in vacuum and not annealed. To elucidate high oxidation rate in the sample irradiated in air during and after irradiation, reaction mechanisms were discussed. To clarify the difference of mechanical properties between the samples irradiated in vacuum and in air, the effect of crosslink was considered, together with the oxidation.