Numerical simulation of rock fragmentation during cutting by conical picks under confining pressure

In this article, the effect of confining pressure on rock fragmentation process during cutting was investigated by numerical simulation with a discrete element method (DEM). Four kinds of sandstones with different physical properties were simulated in the rock cutting models under different confining pressures. The rock fragmentation process, the cutting force, and the specific energy under different confining pressures were analyzed. With the increase in confining pressure and rock strength, the vertical propagation of cracks was restrained. Rock samples were compacted and strengthened by confining pressure resulting in the increase of the cutting force. The specific energy of rock cutting linearly increased with the increase of the confining pressure ratio.     

Impact cutting property of rock material using a point attack bit

The objective of this research was to investigate the impact cutting properties of several rock and cement mortar materials using a point attack bit. To clarify the fundamental impact property of rock material, several impact shear and bending tests were conducted by means of a falling weight method. The fracture probability of rock material at various falling heights was found to depend on Weibull's distribution. The critical impact shear energy corresponding to the fracture probability of 99% was found to increase linearly with the unconfined compressive strength and the shear strength of rock material. The critical impact bending energy increased linearly with the radial compressive strength. To investigate the cutting capacity by a point attack bit, a new rotary impact cutting test machine was constructed. Several relationships between cutting torque, acceleration, cutting volume per unit work and cutting pitch were investigated. The cutting mechanism of rock material using the point attack bit was analysed theoretically from the fundamental impact properties of a cement mortar material, i.e. the critical impact shear energy. It is clarified, experimentally and theoretically, that the cutting torque, the acceleration, and the cutting volume per unit work increased almost linearly with the cutting pitch.     

岩石力学中的Fuzzy数学方法

鉴于岩石力学问题中的许多因素具有强烈的“模糊性”,本文利用Fuzzy数学来研究工程中的岩体力学问题;并针对露天矿山岩体变形破坏问题,应用Fuzzy概率测度理论导出了岩体变形破坏的Fuzzy概率公式,且给出了数值方法,实例计算表明,本方法适用于分析和研究岩石力学尤其是矿山岩体力学问题。     

UNSTEADY HYDROELASTICITY OF FLOATING PLATES

Asymptotic and numerical analyses of unsteady hydroelastic behaviour of a floating plate due to given external loads are presented. The main parameters are the plate length and duration of the external loads. For very long plates (VLFS) the problem is decoupled and its approximate solution is given by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. For a short duration of the external loads and small length of the plate (impact onto a floating plate) the problem is coupled, but gravity effects can be neglected in determining the maximum of both the plate deflection and bending stresses in the plate. In this case, the problem is solved numerically by the method of normal modes. If the plate is short but the load duration is moderate, the rigid-body motion of the plate and its elastic vibrations can be approximately separated. In the general case, it is suggested that the coupled problem can be treated numerically by the method of normal modes. In order to construct an appropriate numerical algorithm, ideas inspired by the asymptotic analysis are used.     

冲击扰动下泥页岩块剪切蠕变损伤特性研究

矿体爆破是大多数露天矿山开采作业中的必要环节,然而持续爆破作业产生的冲击扰动作用会降低露天边坡的长期稳定性,甚至促使滑坡灾害的发生。为研究冲击扰动效应对边坡岩体蠕变特性的影响,以露天石灰石矿山二叠系软弱夹层中的炭质泥页岩为研究对象,利用自主研发的岩石冲击-剪切蠕变试验系统开展了不同冲击能量扰动下的剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明：（1）冲击扰动对软岩剪切蠕变破坏具有明显的促进作用,随着冲击扰动能量的增加,软岩进入加速蠕变历时缩短,蠕变破坏总时长与剪切蠕变破坏强度亦随之降低。（2）冲击能量可改变泥页岩剪切破坏面的发育特征,冲击扰动能量越大,剪切面裂隙发育越充分且岩样结构形态越破碎。（3）岩样总体变形量与冲击能量呈正相关关系,随着冲击能量的增加,其造成的总变形中塑性永久变形占比越大而弹性变形占比约小,当冲击能量为7.09J时两次冲击后的塑形永久变形占比均不小于73.1%。根据试验结果,引入基于冲击能量的损伤因子D,建立了考虑冲击扰动效应的软岩剪切蠕变损伤模型。采用BFGS算法和1stOpt通用全局优化数学软件进行了模型参数辨识,采用损伤模型对试验结果进行拟合后发现,所建立模型能够较好地描述冲击扰动下泥页岩剪切蠕变变形的全过程,可为爆破扰动效应下的矿山边坡长期稳定性研究提供一定的理论基础。     

Chaos suppression of rotational machine systems via finite-time control method

This paper introduces an adaptive control scheme for chaos suppression of non-autonomous chaotic rotational machine systems with fully unknown parameters in finite time. To estimate the system unknown parameters, some adaptation laws are proposed. Using the adaptation laws and Lyapunov control theory, an adaptive robust controller is derived to suppress the chaos of non-autonomous centrifugal flywheel governor systems in a given finite time. Some mathematical approaches are presented to prove the finite-time stability and convergence of the proposed method. The exact value of the convergence time is also given. A numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the introduced algorithm and to verify the theoretical results of the paper.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the contact between a solid-rubber tire and a chassis dynamometer

We consider the problem of modeling the test where a solid-rubber tire runs on a chassis dynamometer for determining the tire rolling resistance characteristics.We state the problem of free steady-state rolling of the tire along the test drum with the energy scattering in the rubber in the course of cyclic deformation taken into account. The viscoelastic behavior of the rubber is described by the Bergströ m–Boyce model whose numerical parameters are experimentally determined from the results of compression tests with specimens. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the three-dimensional viscoelasticity problem. To estimate the adequacy of the constructed model, we compare the numerical results with the results obtained in the solid-rubber tire tests on the Hasbach stand from the values of the rolling resistance forces for various loads on the tire.     

Experimental evaluation of cutting dynamic models in soil bin facility

Computer Aided Engineering methods in earthmoving machines design and their automation require the development of soil-cutting models. These models both in two or three dimensions, static or dynamic, fitted for frictional or cohesive soils, must be mutually compatible and must function with soil transportation models and with machine locomotion characteristic models. In this work two different methods of soil cutting have been evaluated, both of them based on the classical wedge method, in order to verify their applicability to test conditions in the new soil bin facility of CEMOTER. From experimental results the possibility of using dynamic models of soil cutting in the frequency domain is discussed, to improve earthmoving machinery performance by automation and implementation of open and closed-loop control. After a preliminary analysis of a plane blade under different test conditions in sandy soil, soil cutting theoretical models of a simple implement are compared with respective scale models by tests performed in a soil bin facility at various operating speeds and depths, in order to investigate their applicability and the dynamic behaviour of the soil cutting force.     

部分输入未知条件下结构动力复合反演的分解算法

在充分利用部分输入已确知而部分输入未知的激励特性的基础上，提出了结构动力复合反演的分解算法，该算法从源头上消除了迭代过程中参数识别与荷载反演的相互影响，降低了问题的计算规模。对于线性参数系统，该算法不经过任何迭代计算即可一次性完成结构参数识别及荷载反演。将其与松弛法结合，可解决非线性参数系统的识别问题，与文献[4]的方法比较，其收敛速度有显著提高。     

Experimental investigation on using the piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibration absorbers in milling

The paper presents an active control system that counteracts the development of chatter vibration. The vibration amplitude depends on the dynamic properties of the machine tool, cutting tool and work-piece. In the paper we analyze the case when the loss of machining stability is caused by the work-piece. The proposed active control system employs electromagnet or piezoelectric actuator to suppress vibration during milling. The active control introduces damping into the system, thereby raising the critical depth of cut and reducing forced vibration amplitude. It enables stable cutting under a much wider range of cutting parameters that for the uncontrolled system. Cutting tests are performed on JAFO FYN-50 machine with mill DIN 845 B-25 K-N HSS to demonstrate an effectiveness of the proposed systems.     

A parallel unstructured dynamic mesh adaptation algorithm for 3‐D unsteady flows

An unstructured dynamic mesh adaptation and load balancing algorithm has been developed for the efficient simulation of three‐dimensional unsteady inviscid flows on parallel machines. The numerical scheme was based on a cell‐centred finite‐volume method and the Roe's flux‐difference splitting. Second‐order accuracy was achieved in time by using an implicit Jacobi/Gauss–Seidel iteration. The resolution of time‐dependent solutions was enhanced by adopting an h‐refinement/coarsening algorithm. Parallelization and load balancing were concurrently achieved on the adaptive dynamic meshes for computational speed‐up and efficient memory redistribution. A new tree data structure for boundary faces was developed for the continuous transfer of the communication data across the parallel subdomain boundary. The parallel efficiency was validated by applying the present method to an unsteady shock‐tube problem. The flows around oscillating NACA0012 wing and F‐5 wing were also calculated for the numerical verification of the present dynamic mesh adaptation and load balancing algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of underplatform dampers on the forced response of bladed disks by a coupled static/dynamic harmonic balance method

Friction contacts are often used in turbomachinery design as passive damping systems. In particular, underplatform dampers are mechanical devices used to decrease the vibration amplitudes of bladed disks.Numerical codes are used to optimize during designing the underplatform damper effectiveness in order to limit the resonant stress level of the blades. In such codes, the contact model plays the most relevant role in calculation of the dissipated energy at friction interfaces. One of the most important contact parameters to consider in order to calculate the forced response of blades assembly is the static normal load acting at the contact, since its value strongly affects the area of the hysteresis loop of the tangential force, and therefore the amount of dissipation.A common procedure to estimate the static normal loads acting on underplatform dampers consists in decoupling the static and the dynamic balance of the damper. A preliminary static analysis of the contact is performed in order to get the static contact/gap status to use in the calculation, assuming that it does not change when vibration occurs.In this paper, a novel approach is proposed. The static and the dynamic displacements of the system (bladed disk+underplatform dampers) are coupled together during the forced response calculation. Static loads acting at the contacts follow from static displacements and no preliminary static analysis of the system is necessary.The proposed method is applied to a numerical test case representing a simplified bladed disk with underplatform dampers. Results are compared with those obtained with the classical approach.     

混凝土搅拌车搅拌筒磨损数值分析

混凝土运输过程中搅拌筒的磨损一直是一种常见潜在危害,磨损严重时会导致叶片失效,对搅拌的质量和出料匀质性产生影响。通过实验获取搅拌筒内部的磨损费时费力,因此有必要采取一种数值分析方法对搅拌筒的磨损进行预测并提出改进。本文采用摩擦磨损实验的方法来标定颗粒与搅拌筒之间的Archard磨损常数,采用JKR接触模型表征混凝土的流动性能,采用离散元方法(DEM)对搅拌筒筒体及叶片磨损进行预测分析。通过法向接触能量与切向接触能量的对比,证明搅拌筒中的磨损主要为伴有冲击作用的磨粒磨损,搅拌车搅拌筒中搅拌叶片顶部的磨损较为严重。针对磨损比较严重的叶片顶部进行改进,采用T型耐磨结构等改进叶片结构,叶片顶部结构改进后搅拌筒使用寿命能得到明显提升。     

不同采深煤(岩)体岩爆过程模拟分析

为了研究不同采深条件下诱发的岩体变形、岩爆、凸出和塌落特征,对采深120m~820m,间隔100m的8种工况开采后岩体破坏进行模拟。结合能量守恒理论和ΔU=Ue-U0来确定岩爆后由弹性势能转化为动能的ΔU。使用三维岩体爆破颗粒流模型将ΔU按照一定规则转化为岩爆飞石动能。模拟了各工况下开采后岩体变化情况,结果表明,采深为120m,220m和320m三种工况下不发生岩爆;420m开始发生岩爆;520m和620m在发生岩爆的同时也伴随开采面岩体凸出;720m和820m时具有岩爆、凸出和塌落现象。同时总结了岩爆特点,特别是提出岩爆是岩体系统为了保持自身能量平衡而向系统之外释放能量的过程。     

A modified adaptive control method for synchronization of some fractional chaotic systems with unknown parameters

A modified adaptive control method is developed in this article and the parameters identification method is then applied in fractional order systems with unknown parameters. The new modified control method based on Lyapunov stability theory is successfully applied to investigate the synchronization of pair of fractional order systems amongst Genesio–Tesi, Qi and Chen systems. By means of the Adams–Bosford–Moulton method, the numerical results show that the modified method is easy to implement and reliable for synchronizing the two different fractional order chaotic systems.     

A Theoretical Model for Estimating the Peak Cutting Force of Conical Picks

The peak cutting force (PCF) estimation plays an important role in the design of cutting tools for mining excavators. In most of the existing theoretical models for cutting force prediction, the PCF is often modeled as the force on the cutting tool at the moment when the rock fragment is formed. However, according to the theory of fracture mechanics, the PCF is supposed to occur during the crack initiation phase. Consequently, this paper attempts to add to the existing literature by proposing a fracture mechanics-based theoretical model for PCF prediction. The proposed PCF prediction model distinguishes itself from existing models by determining the PCF during initiation of the rock crack. The PCF is determined using the energy and stress criteria of Griffith’s fracture mechanics theory. In this new model, the PCF is positively related to the fracture toughness of the rock and the cutting depth. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of the proposed model. The proposed model performs well in predicting the PCF in terms of reliability and accuracy. Besides, the PCF prediction capability of the proposed model was compared with those of the other rock cutting models existing in the literature.     

Specific energy based rippability classification system for coal measure rock

Specific energy is simply defined as the work done per unit volume of rock excavated. Specific energy is an important performance parameter as it relates cutting force to the amount of rock excavated. In this paper the development of a new rippability classification system for coal measure rock based on specific energy is presented. Extensive field and laboratory studies were conducted at six different lignite open pit mines and rock mechanics laboratory. Since both ground and machine properties are incorporated, the rippability classes of rocks and the approximate hourly ripper productions of different dozer types can be assessed by using the developed system.     

深海采矿柔性立管系统非线性有限元模拟

在海洋环境载荷及集矿机牵引作用下,深海采矿柔性立管系统的动力学响应涉及几何非线性和非保守载荷的双重非线性源.基于三维固体有限变形理论建立数学模型,在完全拉格朗日格式下推导了系统运动平衡方程,针对非保守载荷的等效计算、非线性切线刚度矩阵及非线性方程的数值求解等关键问题提出了有效处理方案.根据处理方案开发了数值计算程序,并...     

刨削参数对刨刀载荷特性影响研究及其强度分析

为研究刨刀刨削煤岩过程中刨削参数对刨刀载荷的影响,建立了基于碰撞接触模型的刨刀刨削煤岩动力学模型。采用软件模拟、现场试验的手段,对不同工况条件下的刨刀载荷进行了分析,得到刨削速度、刨削深度及煤岩硬度等刨削参数对刀头载荷的影响规律;并基于仿真结果,对刨刀强度进行了分析和预测。研究结果表明:随着刨削深度的增加,刨刀载荷特征值均有较大幅度的增加,刨削速度、煤岩硬度等刨削参数与刨刀载荷特征值也呈正相关关系,但变化幅度较小。根据仿真结果选取一组最恶劣工况条件进行刨刀强度分析,发现除焊缝局部在接触载荷作用下产生强度失效外,其余大部分区域仍可以满足材料强度使用需求,并不会产生失效;在极限测试载荷条件下刨刀焊缝部位也可能发生强度失效,且有较小概率引发刀头、刀体部分发生断裂失效。研究结果可为刨煤机关键零部件设计优化提供一定的理论基础。     

爆炸荷载下岩石破坏的数值流形方法模拟

为了更好地利用数值流形方法对动力学问题进行分析,在对原数值流形方法中的动力学问题求解思想进行分析的基础上,采用动力有限元方法中的Newmark法对该算法进行了改进。改进后的数值流形方法与原来相比具有三个明显的优势:（1）当选择合适的参数后,该方法能够保证解的无条件收敛;（2）可以采用比原算法大得多的时间步长;（3）充分考虑了动力学问题中的阻尼效应。最后通过一个算例说明了改进后的数值流形方法能够很好地模拟岩石在冲击载荷作用下破坏的全过程,克服了有限元法不能模拟岩石破坏后块体运动情况的不足。