高分辨连续光源原子吸收光谱仪的改造及功能拓展

以高分辨连续光源原子吸收光谱仪为基础，通过对仪器硬件系统的改造、相关附件的安装以及软件的升级更新，实现砷、汞等重金属元素，铝、钛、锡等高温元素以及高盐样品的准确测定，从而实现了仪器的升级改造及功能拓展，应用范围得到提升，为研究工作提供更全面的无机元素分析.     

进口微波样品处理仪器的性能及选用

国际上先进的分析实验室都极为重视样品前处理工作 ,采样和样品前处理投入约占全部分析和数据处理投入的 67%。样品前处理设备应该是独立的工作系统 ,而非分析仪器的一个附件。因为分析仪器如 ICP光谱仪的性能好坏 ,主要影响到分析结果。而样品前处理的情况则不仅会影响分析结果 ,还会影响到工作效率和操作的安全性。因此选用时应该非常慎重。鉴于目前市场上微波样品处理仪器品种繁多 ,鱼龙混杂 ,为便于一般用户选购相应仪器时做到心中有数 ,本文仅对进口的微波样品处理仪器作一些必要的研讨。1　评估微波样品处理仪器的主要原则微波样品…     

激光诱导击穿光谱:从实验平台到现场仪器

激光诱导击穿光谱(Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)技术利用激光实现对分析样品的快速原位剥蚀和光谱激发,是一种具有广阔应用前景的分析手段,尤其是在现场、原位分析中优势明显,快速原位的分析特点符合未来分析仪器的发展方向.近年来基于该技术开展各类仪器研发的相关工作,引起广大研究者的极大关注.本文综述了激光诱导击穿光谱仪器中关键部件的组成及发展,从便携式、手持式及远程系统三个方面综述了各类现场应用仪器的研发进展,并对未来发展方向进行了展望.     

高校公共仪器平台信息化综合管理系统的开发与实现

北京大学分析测试中心信息化综合管理系统(网址:http://aic.pku.edu.cn/)是一个用于仪器预约与管理的系统,系统集网站管理、送样预约、上机预约、培训管理、财务管理、耗材领取、统计等子系统于一体,系统功能全面强大,运行稳定,操作便捷,界面友好。大大改善了分析测试中心的信息化建设,并极大提高了工作效率和管理水平。     

仪器分析实验教学内容改革与实践

针对现行的仪器分析实验教学内容中存在的验证性实验偏多、缺少条件实验、忽视样品的预处理等问题,提出了改革方案。以提高学生的实践能力为出发点,从筛选与生产、生活联系密切的实验,重视样品的预处理和实验条件的选择,加强综合性、设计性实验,开设开放性和创新性实验,吸引学生参与教师的科研工作等方面对仪器分析实验教学内容改革进行了探讨。     

生活垃圾释放挥发性有机化合物的仪器分析方法研究进展

综述了国内外生活垃圾样品的采集及仪器分析方法,比较了各种方法的优劣,同时列举了现场仪器检测的应用,以期对我国城市生活垃圾产生的恶臭污染控制提供技术支持.     

强化评价考核，推动科研设施与仪器开放共享

科研设施与仪器开放共享是我国科技体制改革的重要任务之一,评价考核是推动科研设施与仪器开放共享的重要抓手. 通过对当前中央级管理单位科研设施与仪器开放共享评价考核工作情况的分析,总结了评价考核呈现的特点:信息化手段、评价考核关键指标的引导作用及通过奖惩手段形成倒逼机制. 在此基础上,探讨了评价考核工作常态化、制度化的发展路径,针对评价考核的目标和当前存在的问题提出了对策建议,为科研设施与仪器开放共享评价考核可持续发展提供参考.     

仪器分析中的定量方法

在目前国内使用的仪器分析教材中,当介绍每一种仪器分析方法的应用时,均要涉及到它的定量分析方法。与经典的化学分析不同,除少数仪器方法(如:库仑分析、电重法、热分析等)外,一般都需要有与待测物质相同的标准样品,并以如下关系式为基础进行定量分析:     

离子色谱仪器的不确定度比对

随着仪器的自动化程度越来越高,在仪器分析过程中,人工操作部分越来越少。所以仪器所处的实际状态水平,将对检测结果产生较大的影响。研究了不同离子色谱仪在相同色谱条件下,对同一样品的分离分析,并对测量过程中产生不确定度的影响因素:标准溶液浓度产生的不确定度、样品重复测定产生的不确定度、标准曲线线性拟合产生的不确定度、温度变化产生的不确定度等进行了分析,并对检测结果进行对比。     

X射线荧光光谱分析

本文评述了我国在2005年至2006年X射线荧光光谱,包括粒子激发的X射线光谱的发展和应用,内容包括仪器研制、激发源、探测器、软件、仪器改造、仪器维护和维修、样品制备技术、分析方法研究和应用.     

The ExoMars Raman spectrometer and the identification of biogeological spectroscopic signatures using a flight-like prototype

The molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for the analytical interrogation of mineralogical and many biological specimens. The Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) is a compact Raman spectrometer under development for deployment on the Martian surface as part of the forthcoming ESA ExoMars mission. This will be the first Raman instrument deployed in space. The scientific interpretation of the data emerging from such an instrument not only addresses the geological and mineral composition of the specimens but also enables an assessment to be made of organic biomaterials that may be preserved in the planetary geological record. The latter evidence centres on the residual and distinctive chemistry relating to the biological adaptation of the geological matrix that has occurred as a result of extremophilic organisms colonizing suitable geological niches for their survival in environmentally stressed habitats on Mars. These biogeological modifications have been studied terrestrially for Mars analogue sites and consist of both a geological component and residual key organic biomarkers, the recognition of which would be a prime factor in life detection surveys of a planetary surface and subsurface. In this paper, the protocols required for the Raman spectral discrimination of key biogeological features that may be detectable on the Martian planetary surface or subsurface are developed using the UK breadboard (UKBB) instrument. This instrument has been constructed to be functionally equivalent to the RLS flight instrument design in order to evaluate the feasible science return of the instrument which will finally be delivered to Mars. Initial Raman measurements using the UKBB are presented and compared with the performance of a commercial laboratory Raman microscope. The initial measurements reported here demonstrate this flight-like prototype achieves straightforward detection of biological signatures contained in geological matrices with Raman band signal to noise ratios high enough to determine sample composition by inspection and without the need for deconvolution or further processing.     

The nuclear microprobe as an analytical tool

The nuclear microprobe is a spatially sensitive analytical instrument which exploits measurement of the particles or other radiations emitted when specimens are irradiated with beams of energetic charged-particles, most often having energies lying the range 0.5–4 MeV. Factors affecting the analytical and technical performance are discussed and examples given of application of the instrument to the fields of nuclear science and metallurgy, biology and geology.     

Development of high-resolution optical scanning fluorescence microscopy

Instrumentation of a high-resolution optical scanning fluorescence microscope is presented. This instrument provides a fluorescent image of the structural surface of various kinds of thin membrane samples with high resolution on the molecular scale. For this instrument, a new excitation optical tip and a three-dimensional scanning unit have been designed. The optical tip consists of a sharpened optical fibre covered with evaporated aluminium in vacuo, on which the top has a pinhole. The optical tip is mounted in the centre of a crosslinked piezoelectric scanning head. On thez-axis, a piezoelectric positioner is equipped with a differential micrometer mechanism. All operations are controlled with a micro-computer system.The scanning area in this instrument is 4000*4000 nm₂ for measurements of biological specimens. Several optical scanning microscopic images as well as the STM image are presented.     

扫描电子显微镜运行和管理的实践与探索

扫描电子显微镜常用于观察样品的内部结构以及化学组成,是材料学领域不可缺少的现代分析测试仪器. 绍兴文理学院使用扫描电子显微镜已十多年,年平均运行有效机时在1 000 h以上,是学校利用率最高的仪器设备之一. 结合大型仪器设备管理运行中的经验以及目前存在的一些问题,从检测技术提升、仪器共享、评价体系等方面对仪器的管理制度进行探讨.     

大型仪器科学管理(204~208)从管理学角度看生命科学机构的仪器平台管理

当前, 生命科学机构的仪器平台管理均以经验为主, 在实际管理过程中产生了一些问题, 需要从管理学角度进行分析和解决.首先借鉴互联网平台的概念, 对仪器平台的组织构架进行分析, 再对仪器平台与科研团队的关系进行经济学分析, 指出生命科学学科思维框架下, 仪器平台工作人员需要了解管理活动自身的特点, 最后建议在研究机构的组织构架中给予仪器平台独立并与科研团队平行的定位.同时, 提出仪器使用价格应采取浮动机制, 仪器平台工作人员和管理者的培养、选择必须以提高管理能力为出发点, 并给出相关措施.     

Progress in aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy using hardware aberration correction.

The design and construction of a double-hexapole aberration corrector has made it possible to build the prototype of a spherical-aberration corrected transmission electron microscope dedicated to high-resolution imaging on the atomic scale. The corrected instrument, a Philips CM200 FEG ST, has an information limit of better than 0.13 nm, and the spherical aberration can be varied within wide limits, even to negative values. The aberration measurement and the corrector control provide instrument alignments stable enough for materials science investigations. Analysis of the contrast transfer with the possibility of tunable spherical aberration has revealed new imaging modes: high-resolution amplitude contrast, extension of the point resolution to the information limit, and enhanced image intensity modulation for negative phase contrast. In particular, through the combination of small negative spherical aberration and small overfocus, the latter mode provides the high-resolution imaging of weakly scattering atom columns, such as oxygen, in the vicinity of strongly scattering atom columns. This article reviews further lens aberration theory, the principle of aberration correction through multipole lenses, aspects for practical work, and materials science applications.     

以机为本与人的主观能动性相结合的精密贵重仪器的高效管理模式

以一线管理人员切身体会及精密贵重仪器的自身特点出发,提出了以机为本的精密贵重仪器的全新管理模式,即以精密贵重仪器为根本或标的,以最小化的维护运行成本,实现全年全天候全方位的高效开放,充分发挥出精密贵重仪器本身应有的价值.并提出把仪器管理的好坏作为考核仪器管理人员最重要的指标,从而提高管理人员的主观能动性,实现精密贵重仪器的高效管理,为科教兴国、建设创新型国家做贡献.     

充分发挥分析电镜的作用

作者积多年电子显微工作之经验，总结出熟悉仪器、不断改进实验方法和能够自行进行常规维修是做好电子显微工作的关键。广泛宣传，和用户深入地讨论并教会更多人操作仪器，使他们的科研与生产少走弯路，分析工作才能取得明显的社会和经济效益。     

An integrated instrument control and informatics system for combinatorial materials research

The use of high-throughput synthesis and characterization techniques is increasingly prevalent in materials science research. We describe the London University Search Instrument, a research apparatus designed for the high-throughput synthesis and characterization of thick-film sample libraries of ceramic compounds. The instrument is constructed largely from commodity components, which pose particular engineering challenges for achieving the automated operation required for efficient high-throughput experimentation. This paper describes the architecture and implementation of the software system that provides integrated instrument control and data management functions.     

A combined differential scanning calorimeter-optical video microscope for crystallization studies

A simultaneous differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)-optical video microscope instrument has been developed. The instrument development included slight modifications to the sample head of a Perkin-Elmer DSC-7, along with the use of a CCD camera and magnifying lenses. The instrument permitted simultaneous following of optical and thermal events during isothermal and non-isothermal DSC experiments. The DSC curves were almost identical to those given by a standard DSC-7. The operational temperature range of the instrument is between –160 to 600°C. The capabilities of the DSC-video microscope are illustrated by examples of ice crystallization data in aqueous solutions of glycerol and dimethyl sulphoxide.Naval Medical Research and Development Command, Work Unit No. 61153 N. MRO 4120.001-1462 NM R&D. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the writers and are not to be construed as official nor as representing those of Defense or of the Navy.