Efficient ray-tracing for free-form reflectors

Efficient ray-tracing is the basis for computer-aided design and analysis of illumination optical systems, which requires the sampling of hundreds of thousands of rays to achieve accurate results of illumination analysis. One type of most widely used illumination systems is free-form segmented reflectors with B-spline surfaces. An iterative method is used to calculate the coordinates of the intersection point of an incident ray with a B-spline surface in 3D space. Formulae are given to calculate the direction cosines of the surface normal at the intersection point, so that the direction cosines of the reflected ray can be obtained. For segmented reflectors, a method is presented to rapidly determine the segment with which the incident ray strikes. Experimental results show that the scheme proposed in this paper can perform ray-tracing through free-form reflectors with excellent efficiency, and is suitable for use in CAD software for vehicle headlights, for example.     

红外连续激光反射镜热畸变的有限元分析

 基于热传导方程和热弹方程，利用有限元分析方法，就光斑尺寸远大于或接近于基底材料热扩散长度的情况以及反射镜在固定或自由的边界条件下，分别计算了硅和石英两种基底材料多层膜红外连续激光反射镜的最大温升、最大形变及最大热应力，并探讨了它们随光斑尺寸的变化规律。结果表明：在自由边界条件下，反射镜表面的最大轴向位移与光斑半径之间近似为线性关系；而在固定边界条件下，反射镜的最大热应力与光斑半径之间近似为线性关系；反射镜的夹持状态对最大轴向位移及最大热应力的影响随着光斑尺寸的增加而增强；在相同的入射激光光源及相同的边界条件下，硅镜具有较低的温升值或较高的抗热损伤阈值，而石英镜具有较好的抗热畸变特性。     

角反射器耦合的InGaAs应变层量子阱锁相列阵激光器的模式特性

采用反应离子刻蚀技术，设计、制备了一种角反射器耦合的１０单元ＩｎＧａＡｓ应变层单量子阱镇相列阵激光器。在高达４×Ｉｔｈ的工作电流范围内，获得了主单瓣远场输出，单瓣束宽最低达０．６４°，接近衍射极限。考虑了角反射器引入的纵模与侧模之间的耦合，及载流子注入引起的反折射率导引，用微扰理论作了模拟计算，表明角反射器耦合是锁相列阵的一种新的耦合机制；主瓣对应于同相锁定，支瓣是由周期性微扰引入的高阶本征模。     

A low-finesse Fabry–Pérot interferometer for use in displacement measurements with applications in absolute gravimetry

A low-finesse Fabry–Pérot interferometer is used to determine long and fast displacements. Two corner cube reflectors form the traveling-wave cavity and one beam splitter couples the input collimated laser beam. Given the retro-directive property of corner cube reflectors, the cavity operates at the edge of stability over an extended scanning range. The in-line scheme with a single fixed optical component makes the proposed interferometer robust and easy to align and use. These characteristics are particularly useful in applications running in noisy environments, such as in on-field absolute gravimetry. Experimental data showing the performances reached in a transportable ballistic gravimeter are also presented.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪干涉仪系统的设计

设计了一种基于立体角镜与固定平面镜组合的干涉仪系统,以解决传统傅里叶变换红外光谱仪中干涉仪系统由于动镜的倾斜与横移影响光谱质量的问题。系统包含一对立体角镜,两面相互垂直的固定平面镜,以及分束器。通过对立体角镜的倾斜与横移、立体角镜垂直度误差以及两固定平面镜的倾斜与垂直度误差对干涉信号初相位与调制度的影响进行分析,表明立体角镜的倾斜与横移、固定平面镜的垂直度误差等因素不会影响干涉信号的初相位与调制度;通过对干涉仪进行实际测试表明,仪器具有结构简单紧凑、密封性好、分辨率高以及抗震性强等优点。     

多曲面反射体的计算机辅助设计及优化

研究了自由曲面反射式照明系统的设计理论和方法.根据反射器的尺寸、位置以及配光要求按点光源设计得到曲面型值点初始坐标后,将双三次B样条曲面引入照明系统的设计,反算出控制顶点.给出了空间任意一条入射光线与反射器区块的交点及其曲面法线向量的求法,为了提高光路追迹的效率,针对多曲面反射体给出了一种快速判断相交区块的算法.探讨了用阻尼最小二乘法对B样条曲面反射器进行优化设计的方法,通过优化运算修正控制顶点Z轴坐标,使得曲面在使用扩展光源时光形分布尽可能满足设计要求.     

Cross section measurements of scale-model tactical targets by using 0.1 THz compact radar system

We present a new compact radar system to measure a terahertz radar cross section(RCS) of metal plates,trihedral corner reflectors,and an aircraft scaled model with a 0.1 THz continuous wave.We both numerically and experimentally investigate the terahertz RCS of the metal plates and trihedral corner reflectors.The numerical simulations are obtained by using commercial software,i.e.,computer simulation technology,which agree well with the experimental results.Then,the RCS of an aircraft scaled model is measured,and the experimental results are in good agreement with the physical characteristics of the scaled model.The effectiveness of our compact radar system is verified to get the RCS of complex targets,such as the scaled models of the tactical targets.     

The embedding method applied to Y-junctions in electron waveguides

The transport properties of a Y-junction have been analysed using a method derived from the embedding method for confined quantum systems. The method is used to calculate the eigenstates and Green function, which are expanded in any convenient basis set and then used to calculate the transmission and reflection coefficients. Results have been obtained for the Y-junction with and without the presence of an external electric field. Current flow studies have been carried out to interpret the transmission results. Vortices appear in the current flow which correspond to nodes in the associated wavefunctions. It has been shown that by carefully selecting the applied electric field and electron energies, the Y-junction can operate as a bistable (flip-flop) device or a simple switch.     

自由曲面反射器的计算机辅助设计

多曲面反射体车灯是目前高档轿车前照灯普遍采用形式。这种车灯具有很多优点,但其设计难度很大,必须依赖计算机辅助设计的手段,目前我国车灯企业不具备自主开发设计能力。为此研究了自由曲面反射式照明系统的设计理论和算法,采用多块均匀B样条曲面拼和构成的多曲面反射体,根据使用者提出的测试屏上不同位置的光型分布要求,从几何光学出发通过光路追迹确定曲面型值点的坐标,然后反算出控制顶点,得到满足复杂配光要求的自由曲面的结构参量,通过设置边界条件解决了分块式自由曲面反射器设计中棘手的区块间光滑连接的问题。研制的软件已能够从点光源出发自动设计出满足照明光型的多曲面反射体面型。     

Relative energies of surface and defect states: ab initio calculations for the MgO (001) surface

We present the results of calculations of the energy levels of defects at the (001) surface of MgO relative to the top of the valence band and values of defect ionisation potentials and electron affinities. The calculations were made using an embedded cluster method in which a cluster of several tens of ions treated quantum mechanically is embedded in a finite array of polarisable and point ions modelling the crystalline potential and the classical polarisation of the host lattice. The calculated ionisation potential of the ideal surface, which fixes the position of the top of the valence band with respect to the vacuum level, is about 6.7 eV. This value is used as a reference for positioning the energy levels of three charge states of a surface anion vacancy, which are also calculated as ionisation energies with respect to the vacuum level. The surface and vacancy electron affinities are calculated using the same method. As a prototype low-coordinated surface site, we have considered a cube corner. Our calculations predict the splitting of the corner states from the top of the surface valence band by about 1.0 eV. Both unrelaxed and relaxed holes are strongly localised at the corner oxygen ion. The ionisation energies and electron affinities of the corner anion vacancy are calculated. The electrons in the F and F⁺ centres at the corner are shown to be significantly delocalised over surrounding Mg ions.     

Output polarization states of a corner cube reflector irradiated at non-normal incidence

A method has been developed for determining the polarization state of the retro-reflected beam from a corner cube irradiated with an input beam of arbitrary polarization state and of arbitrary tilt angle to the cube. Experimentally, the output beam consists of six distinct beamlets of different polarization states that are focused into six non-overlapping regions in the active area of the detector. The overall polarization state of the beam as measured by the photodetector can thus be represented by the incoherent superposition of the polarization states of the six beamlets. Experiments have been performed that verify the theory for a linearly polarized input beam irradiating the corner cube.     

Optical bistability in defective photonic multilayers doped by graphene

We study the optical bistability (OB) in photonic multilayers doped by graphene sheets, stacking two Bragg reflectors with a defect layer between the reflectors. OB stems from the nonlinear effect of graphene, so the local field of defect mode (DM) could enhance the nonlinearity and reduce the thresholds of bistability. The structure achieves the tunability of bistability due to that the DM frequency and transmittance could be modulated by the chemical potential. Bistability thresholds and interval of the two stable states could be remarkably reduced by decreasing the chemical potential. A lager Bragg periodic number could increase the localizing of field, but the graphene loss may decrease the intensity of transmission light. We have concluded an appropriate periodic number to achieve OB. The study suggests that the tunable bistability of the structure could be used for all-optical switches in optical communication systems.     

New version of seven wavelengths demultiplexer based on the microcavities in a two-dimensional photonic crystal

A new two dimensional photonic crystal demultiplexer of wavelength (WDM) is designed by exploiting two Fabry–Pérot reflectors at the end of the bus waveguides. The results show that the light with different wavelengths can be successfully filtered to different ports by setting different radius of the center defect rods in the drop waveguides and high drop efficiency can be achieved by means of reflection feedbacks. The proposed filter has a cross section equal to 9.7 μm × 5.8 μm. In the designed filter, an improvement of the number of channels has been achieved. The normalized transmission spectra of this component have been studied using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The important parameters consider for this studies are radius of rods used in Fabry–Pérot reflectors, and radius of center defect rods in the drop waveguides. The demultiplexer we designed can easily separate the light with seven different wavelengths simultaneously. The scope of this paper lies on demultiplexer for communication systems around 1.55-μm wavelength.     

机载角反射器阵列设计

 低轨目标目前流行的类半球状布阵方式的远程角偏小,测距盲区较大。对角锥棱镜进行研究分析,依据角反射器光束入射角度允许变化范围,合理分布角反射器,设计了一机载激光反射器装置,外形尺寸为119 mm×88.8 mm,共有15个角锥棱镜,底面切割成正六边形,底面边长为15.5 mm,底面对边距为26.87 mm,有效通光口径为25 mm,高为19 mm。考虑到角反射器的速差效应及其补偿要求,角锥棱镜最大角误差为5″,面形最大误差为5″。通过合理设计,比较单层角反射器,增加了入射光允许的角度范围,大大减小了低轨目标的测试盲区。     

Theoretical Calculations of Rydberg Stark Effect of Hydrogen Atom

The Stark shifts and widths of the highly excited states near the classical ionization threshold of a hydrogen atom are calculated by the B spline technique plus complex scaling method. The Lanczos method has been used in our calculations and is proved to be powerful. Our results are in agreement with the experimental results and theoretical ones obtained by other methods. The method can also be used to calculate the same problem for atoms in parallel and cross electric and magnetic fields.     

Diffraction polarization optical elements with radial symmetry

Diffraction polarization optics elements with radial symmetry are considered by an example of corner cube reflectors. Diffraction patterns in the far zone of the radiation that is reflected from the angle reflectors with different coatings of their faces are studied. It is shown that the optimal choice of the coating can significantly change the form of the diffraction pattern and, hence, optimize the pattern for various navigation problems.     

Semi-Analytical Calculation of Terahertz Signal Generated from Photocurrent Radiation in Traveling-Wave Photonic Mixers

A semi-analytical method based on distributed source transmission line model is proposed to analyze a traveling-wave terahertz photomixer integrated with a coplanar stripline waveguide. Multilayer spectral domain method along with complex image technique have been applied to calculate the distributed voltage source element in the transmission line representation. To find the coupled terahertz signal along the coplanar stripline, the transmission line equations are solved. The results obtained from the proposed method are verified by the full wave analysis.     

Hydrogenic impurity in a quantum dot: Comparison between the variational and strong perturbation methods

A comparison is given between the variational and strong perturbation techniques. It has been shown that the variational method gives, in general, better results. Also, a new formulation is presented for the strong perturbation technique that depends on a simpler equivalent form of the perturbed part of the Hamiltonian. Moreover, common expressions which are valid for both treatments have been obtained. The results are applied to calculate the binding energy for a hydrogenic impurity placed in a finite confining potential spherical quantum dot in the states (1s), (2p) and (2s). The results obtained hitherto for a central impurity by using the strong perturbation technique are deduced in a much simpler way. As regards the off-central impurity some new expressions have been derived in both treatments. The numerical results for the two states (1s) and (2p) have also been investigated.     

A new ultrasonic technique for the measurement of liquid level

A new design of pulse-echo ultrasonic liquid level gauge is described in which the ultrasonic pulse (here a Rayleigh or a Lamb wave) travels down a metal bar or strip towards the liquid surface, where, through a double mode-conversion process and a special reflecting structure, a strong echo is generated which travels back up the bar to the receiving transducer.The geometry of the special reflecting structure is outlined, and it is shown how this affects the basic accuracy of measurement. Inaccuracies arising from other effects like temperature variation, viscosity and poor signal-to-noise ratio are also discussed. Some mechanical variants, like using the wall of the tank in place of the metal bar carrying the ultrasonic wave and the use of corner reflectors as part of the reflecting structure, are also considered.A note in the Appendix briefly describes one method which has been used successfully for the generation of Rayleigh and Lamb waves.     

基于改进Harris角点算法的摄像机标定技术研究

针对传统的Harris焦点提取算法对噪声敏感,执行效率低等不足,提出了一种改进的Harris焦点提取方法。以Harris焦点提取算法为基础,通过优化角点响应函数,消除系数 K,提高焦点提取算法的执行效率。采用改进的 Harris 算法对黑白棋盘表格进行内角点提取,利用张正友摄像机标定法计算USB摄像机的内外参数。实验结果证明了该方法可以有效的对黑白棋盘格内角点进行提取,准确高效,提高了摄像机的标定精度和准确性,是一种可行的摄像机标定方法。