Design of NRAs having higher aperture opening ratio and autocorrelation compression ratio by means of a global optimization method

When noises considerations are made, nonredundant arrays (NRAs) are endowed with many advantages which other arrays e.g., uniformly redundant arrays (URAs) do not possess in applications of coded aperture imaging. However, lower aperture opening ratio limits the applications of NRA in practice. In this paper, we present a computer searching method based on a global optimization algorithm named DIRECT to design NRAs. Compared with the existing NRAs e.g., Golay's NRAs, which are well known and widely used in various applications, NRAs found by our method have higher aperture opening ratio and auto correlation compression ratio. These advantages make our aperture arrays be very useful for practical applications especially for which of aperture size are limited. Here, we also present some aperture arrays we found. These aperture arrays have an interesting property that they belong to both NRA and URA.     

菲涅耳编码孔成象研究

编码孔成象(CAI)是一种高分辨率、高信噪比、高集光效率和大视场的成象技术。可适用的技术领域有:脉冲射线成象、实时图象跟踪、层析摄影术(tomography)等高技术领域本文探讨了CAI技术的一般理论,重点讨论了菲涅耳波带片的编码成象及解码复原的原理、方法、实验及处理结果并指出了实验难点及结果误差。     

应用分割矩阵全局优化算法设计用于编码孔径成像的二维阵列

二维编码阵列是编码孔径成像的关键部件,它直接决定着再现的层析图像的质量。目前仍没有一种理想的二维阵列既具有较高的量子收集率,又具有良好的层析成像特性。采用一种新的方法———分割矩阵(DIRECT)全局优化算法,设计二维阵列,该算法适用于多变量“黑盒”问题的求解,并且具有比其他优化算法更快的收敛速度。其目的是设计一类自相关函数旁瓣最大值为1,同时具有最大填充率的二维编码阵列。理论分析及实验结果表明:用该算法搜索得到的二维阵列既具有较高的量子收集率,又具有良好的层析成像特性。     

Imaging Simulation for MMW Synthetic Aperture Radiometer

A synthetic aperture radiometer is a new type of passive remote sensing instrument that can reach high spatial resolution. Restricted by antenna element size and operating wavelength, however, the system design is difficult at MMW band. In this paper, main technical parameters optimization of a synthetic aperture radiometer is discussed. Based on low-redundancy linear arrays, a millimeter wave synthetic aperture radiometric imaging scheme is presented. The simulation experimental results show that the system imaging effect depends on the synthetic aperture antenna pattern.     

Micron-Sized Imaging System Based on Multimode Waveguides

The design and analysis of an extremely compact micron-sized imaging system consisting of a multimode rectangular waveguide is presented, and both the on- and off-axis imaging characteristics in the far field are studied. The imaging capabilities of this system are comparable to that of a high numerical aperture lens system with the advantage that it is extremely compact, simple to be fabricated and can be extended to arrays.     

二维圆周光综合孔径阵的优化排列及其成像特性研究

光综合孔径成像的原理是应用干涉原理在空间频率域中进行采样,并通过傅里叶反变换或其他数值变换方法得到空间分辨力远高于单个孔径成像系统的目标图像。由若干个相同的小孔径在二维圆周上优化排列组成的综合孔径成像系统可以在二维空间频率域中实现较为均匀分布的、具有无冗余度的采样点覆盖,为高质量实时成像提供了一个有效的途径。运用模拟退火算法对由7～16个子孔径组成的二维圆周综合孔径阵列进行优化排列。并依据光学衍射成像原理,从空域和频域两个方面详细分析了二维圆周上优化排列与均匀排列光综合孔径阵的成像特性。对7～16个子孔径组成的光综合孔径的仿真结果表明：无论是在空域还是频域上,子孔径直径增大、孔径数目增多以及综合孔径阵的优化排列都是有利于提高成像质量的。但综合后的子孔径的直径的增大,虽然能获得极高的角分辨力,却并不利于成像质量的提高。     

A row–column addressed micromachined ultrasonic transducer array for surface scanning applications

Row–column addressed arrays for ultrasonic non-destructive testing (NDT) applications are analyzed and demonstrated in this paper. Simulation and experimental results of a row–column addressed 32 by 32 capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array are presented. The CMUT array, which was designed for medical imaging applications, has a center frequency of 5.3 MHz. The CMUT array was used to perform C-scans on test objects with holes that have diameters of 1.0 mm and 0.5 mm. The array transducer has an aperture size of 4.8 mm by 4.8 mm, and it was used to scan an area of 4.0 mm by 4.0 mm. Compared to an N by N fully addressed 2-D array, a row–column addressed array of the same number of elements requires fewer (N instead of N²) pairs of interconnection and supporting electronic components such as pulsers and amplifiers. Even though the resulting field of view is limit by the aperture size, row–column addressed arrays and the row–column addressing scheme can be an alternative option of 2-D arrays for NDT applications.     

压缩感知光谱成像技术的编码孔径与探测器匹配优化

编码孔径光谱成像仪在实际应用中存在着编码模板与探测器分辨率不匹配从而降低系统分辨率的问题。针对该问题进行了两种情况分析,并通过数学理论建模给出了相应的解决方案。对于编码模板分辨率高于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出引入邻域嵌入超分辨技术的方法,实现了基于压缩感知的超分辨光谱成像。对于编码模板分辨率低于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出区块阈值划分的编码孔径,将编码微元按照区块阈值重新划分并进行灰度分级,从而实现低分辨率编码模板的高分辨率编码孔径。利用梯度投影稀疏重构(GPSR)算法进行数据立方体重建,实验结果表明:运用基于超分辨理论的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统所测得的光谱图像更精准,内容更丰富;采用基于区块阈值划分的编码孔径的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统具有更高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。结果证实优化后的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统,其分辨率和成像质量大幅度提升,并实现了高分辨率元件的100%利用。     

Wideband RELAX and wideband CLEAN for aeroacoustic imaging

Microphone arrays can be used for acoustic source localization and characterization in wind tunnel testing. In this paper, the wideband RELAX (WB-RELAX) and the wideband CLEAN (WB-CLEAN) algorithms are presented for aeroacoustic imaging using an acoustic array. WB-RELAX is a parametric approach that can be used efficiently for point source imaging without the sidelobe problems suffered by the delay-and-sum beamforming approaches. WB-CLEAN does not have sidelobe problems either, but it behaves more like a nonparametric approach and can be used for both point source and distributed source imaging. Moreover, neither of the algorithms suffers from the severe performance degradations encountered by the adaptive beamforming methods when the number of snapshots is small and/or the sources are highly correlated or coherent with each other. A two-step optimization procedure is used to implement the WB-RELAX and WB-CLEAN algorithms efficiently. The performance of WB-RELAX and WB-CLEAN is demonstrated by applying them to measured data obtained at the NASA Langley Quiet Flow Facility using a small aperture directional array (SADA). Somewhat surprisingly, using these approaches, not only were the parameters of the dominant source accurately determined, but a highly correlated multipath of the dominant source was also discovered.     

Hybrid division of aperture/division of a focal-plane polarimeter for real-time polarization imagery without an instantaneous field-of-view error

The direct, instantaneous measurement of the Stokes parameters of optical radiation is not possible using only a single detector. To infer the Stokes parameters in an image, the optical intensity must be modulated in time, space, or spectral characteristics and multiple measurements must be made on a pixel-by-pixel basis across the scene. Most existing imaging polarimetry strategies generally suffer from either spatial or temporal misregistration. Those strategies that do not suffer from misregistration have severe restrictions placed on the spectral properties of the illumination and/or optical system. A hybrid polarimeter is proposed that can be used for broadband imaging applications that, in principle, can be made without any temporal or spatial misalignment and that does not require detailed knowledge of the spectral properties of the radiation. The strategy uses arrays of microlenses and micropolarizers to create a high-resolution spatial array of nonimaging division of aperture polarimeters.     

An Umbrella Converse for Data Exchange: Applied to Caching,Computing, and Shuffling

The problem of data exchange between multiple nodes with storage and communication capabilities models several current multi-user communication problems like Coded Caching, Data Shuffling, Coded Computing, etc. The goal in such problems is to design communication schemes which accomplish the desired data exchange between the nodes with the optimal (minimum) amount of communication load. In this work, we present a converse to such a general data exchange problem. The expression of the converse depends only on the number of bits to be moved between different subsets of nodes, and does not assume anything further specific about the parameters in the problem. Specific problem formulations, such as those in Coded Caching, Coded Data Shuffling, and Coded Distributed Computing, can be seen as instances of this generic data exchange problem. Applying our generic converse, we can efficiently recover known important converses in these formulations. Further, for a generic coded caching problem with heterogeneous cache sizes at the clients with or without a central server, we obtain a new general converse, which subsumes some existing results. Finally we relate a “centralized” version of our bound to the known generalized independence number bound in index coding and discuss our bound’s tightness in this context.     

RGB三通道衍射望远镜光学成像系统设计

基于目前研究较热的大口径衍射望远镜技术，提出一种在可见光范围内进行成像的衍射望远镜光学系统方案。该方案解决了目前衍射望远镜存在的成像频谱范围较窄的问题，可以在可见光范围内获取彩色图像，设计方法是将衍射元件沿径向分为3个通道，分别对R、G、B三个颜色通道进行成像，每个通道的成像带宽为40 nm，通过控制系统参数使3个通道的像在像面处重合，获取彩色图像。设计了基于25 m口径衍射主镜的三通道望远镜光学系统，并对该系统进行建模仿真，仿真结果与设计理论相符。该方案可以增加成像的频谱范围，其像面光斑具有与单通道系统像面光斑近乎相同的主瓣宽度。     

Improved traveling-wave efficiency in 7 T human MRI using passive local loop and dipole arrays

Traveling-wave MRI, which uses relatively small and simple RF antennae, has robust matching performance and capability for large field-of-view (FOV) imaging. However, the power efficiency of traveling-wave MRI is much lower than conventional methods, which limits its application. One simple approach to improve the power efficiency is to place passive resonators around the subject being imaged. The feasibility of this approach has been demonstrated in previous works using a single small resonant loop. In this work, we aim to explore how much the improvements can be maintained in human imaging using an array design, and whether electric dipoles can be used as local elements. First, a series of electromagnetic (EM) simulations were performed on a human model. Then RF coils were constructed and the simulation results using the best setup for head imaging were validated in MR experiments. By using the passive local loop and transverse dipole arrays, respectively, the transmit efficiency (B₁⁺) of traveling-wave MRI can be improved by 3-fold in the brain and 2-fold in the knee. The types of passive elements (loops or dipoles) should be carefully chosen for brain or knee imaging to maximize the improvement, and the enhancement depends on the local body configuration.     

Piecewise spectrally band-pass for compressive coded aperture spectral imaging

Coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging(CASSI) has been discussed in recent years. It has the remarkable advantages of high optical throughput, snapshot imaging, etc. The entire spatial-spectral data-cube can be reconstructed with just a single two-dimensional(2D) compressive sensing measurement. On the other hand, for less spectrally sparse scenes,the insufficiency of sparse sampling and aliasing in spatial-spectral images reduce the accuracy of reconstructed threedimensional(3D) spectral cube. To solve this problem, this paper extends the improved CASSI. A band-pass filter array is mounted on the coded mask, and then the first image plane is divided into some continuous spectral sub-band areas. The entire 3D spectral cube could be captured by the relative movement between the object and the instrument. The principle analysis and imaging simulation are presented. Compared with peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR) and the information entropy of the reconstructed images at different numbers of spectral sub-band areas, the reconstructed 3D spectral cube reveals an observable improvement in the reconstruction fidelity, with an increase in the number of the sub-bands and a simultaneous decrease in the number of spectral channels of each sub-band.     

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16° field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses (DLs) can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size. Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations, which significantly limits their practical applications. Although many achromatic methods have been proposed, most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs, which have low diffraction efficiencies. In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses, increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues. Here, a novel phase-coded diffractive lens (PCDL) for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally, and it also possesses wide field-of-view (FOV) imaging at the same time. The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens (DL) is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL. The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm, a focal length of 100 mm, and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π. Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16° with over 8% focusing efficiency, which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic, wide FOV, and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.     

一种获得大视角彩虹全息图的新方法：全息共轭法

提出一种利用全息相位共轭法获得大视角彩虹全息图的新方法,和全息聚光屏的概念.与一般彩虹全息法相比,全息相位共轭法所得彩虹全息图的视场不受透镜孔径的限制.简述了全息共轭法的基本原理,从理论上和实验上证明了该方法的可行性.     

An optimization method for designing SENSE imaging RF coil arrays

An optimization method in RF coil array design for SENSE imaging is described. Using this method the optimized RF coil geometries can be calculated numerically given the required SENSE imaging performance. Although this method can be applied to optimize the RF coil arrays for both 1D and 2D SENSE imaging, to demonstrate the potential applications of this method, we designed RF coil arrays for 2D SENSE imaging and compared their performance by simulation. An optimized 4-channel receive-only RF coil array designed for 2D SENSE imaging was implemented and tested to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique. Imaging results showed reasonable agreement with the simulations, thus the method can be applied to RF coil array designs for SENSE imaging when optimum imaging performance is desired.     

X光编码孔径成像和处理技术

本文论述了编码孔径成像的基本原理.讨论了孔径编码的方法和相机的制作,侧重于均匀冗余阵列(URA)的编码技术.介绍了编码孔径图像的光学处理和数字处理的研究成果.给出了实验和实际应用的结果.     

Incidence of element distribution on the ultrasonic field of segmented annular arrays

Segmented annular arrays are sometimes used for 3D ultrasonic imaging. However, owing to their geometrical complexity, the acoustic field generated by this type of aperture has not been adequately described. In this work, a method based on the array factor approach is used to describe the field radiated by sector annular arrays. This approach allows one to analyse the influence on the field of several aperture parameters, such as the number of elements per annulus, size and spatial distribution of elements, etc. In addition, strategies to reduce grating lobes are presented.     

基于拖曳倾斜线列阵的海底反射损失提取方法

在浅海环境中,海底声学参数对水下声场的精确预报十分重要.现有的海底声学参数反演方法大多数是采用固定垂直阵进行的,其缺点是不能实施大面积、高分辨的走航式反演.在已提出的垂直阵海底反射损失反演方法的基础上,研究了基于三种线列阵阵形的海底反射损失提取方法及其特点,提出了基于拖曳倾斜线列阵与三个声源组合的走航式海底参数快速获取方法,并对该方法进行了误差分析.研究结果表明：覆盖同样的掠射角范围,垂直线列阵需与多个距离的声源组合,拖曳水平线列阵只需一个声源组合但需要采用较大的物理孔径,拖曳倾斜线列阵综合了垂直阵和水平 关键词： 水下声场预报 海底声学参数 海底反射损失 拖曳倾斜线列阵