尖晶石对β／β″—Al2O3膜相组成和离子导电性的影响

以wag／P”－AI。O。为固体电解质的CO。、SO。、NO。等气体传感器的研究已有很多报道［‘－‘］，多采用的是个AI。O。结构的电解质。AI刀。和p”－AI刃。的结构具有一定的相似性，但后者具有更高的迁移离子浓度和更开放的晶体结构，表现出更好的离子导电性‘’‘．由于卢”－AI。O。为介稳结构，需要加入如Li。O、MgO等作为稳定剂才能稳定存在．以Li对稳定的产”－al。O。烧结较容易，P”－AI。O。相转化率高，但以MsO为稳定剂制备的”－AI刃。其显微结构和抗吸湿性能更为优越．LJLi对和MgO共同稳定的产”－AI。O。可以…     

全日制六年制重点中学高中一年级化学课本编写提纲（求证意见稿）

复习初中学过的重要基础知识和基本技能。（9） （一）摩尔（12）物质的量的单位——摩尔。阿佛加德罗常数。关于摩尔的计算。气体的摩尔体积及其计算。溶液的摩尔浓度及其计算。反应热及其计算。热化学方程式。燃烧热。说明：中和热在高二讲述。     

全日制六年制重点中学单课性选修的高中二、三年级化学课本编写提纲(征求意见稿)

原子核。同位素。电子云。电子层和电子亚层。s电子云和p电子云的图象。d电子,f电子。电子的自旋。H到Kr的电子层排布。原子结构与周期系。     

关于全国化学竞赛（浙江赛区）的调查问卷

说明;问卷可选答,肯定的可在圈中打V或境空。否定的打X。回答问题如空格不够可另外附纸。认为学生参加化学竞赛活动的结果是：①学习动力增强了。②学习兴趣增加了,i牛刀向觉性增加了。④学习情绪高涨了。呈学到的知识总墓地加了。③对化学知识的理解加深了。e对高考试题的应答能力增强了。③高考成功率提高了。o会考不费力了,＠想将来学化学了。＠对中学化学大纲规定的内容的理解能力提高厂。农学到了一些学家的思想方法和工作方法。跨对科学技术对祖国现代化的作用有厂更深刻的认识。D更感到化学是一一／〕似是而北的乏味的科学。⑤…     

氯化反应合成聚甲基氯硅烷的研究

以四氯化碳为氯化剂。利用聚甲基硅烷(PMS)Si-H键的反应活性。在室温条件下即可通过氯化反应制备PCMS。研究发现。随着反应时间的增长。硅氢反应程度增大,所得PCMS的氯含量相应增大。但分子量分布变化不大。PCMS仍保持其离域结构;同时。PMS分子的支化程度越高,氯化反应的速度越快。PCMS的结构以^1H-NMR和^29Si CP MAS-NMR等手段予以表征和确认。初步讨论认为反应属于自由基反应,四氯化碳对Si-H具有较高的选择性。     

不等式在化学中的应用

中学化学中的数字运算有等式和不等式两种。等式属定式、较具体。呈定向思维;不等式属受式、较抽象。呈发散思维。中学生对化学中的等式运算大多能得心应手。但对不等式的化学意义的建立和求解常感陌生。为此设计不等式的应用。对加强学科间联系。启迪发散思维。提高分析和解决问题的能力。无疑很有必要。本文浅析了不等式在中学化学中的常见应用。     

化学情感领域的目标管理教学实践与研究

教育是一复杂的动态系统。涉及多种因素。本文拟从实际出发。通过初中化学情感领域的目标管理教学试验。探索深化学科改革的新途径。以期达到提高基础教育质量的目的。     

编写《初中化学资料索引》初探

随着全国教育改革的步伐。化学科的教学改革也在不断深入。我们从事教研的人员更要及时捕捉新的教改信息。吸取外地的成功经验。研究、学习新的教育教学理论。     

中国古代造酒的化学工艺

酒是人类知道火食以后,最早制造的嗜好品饮料。所以,未开化的国家。也往往有酒。但酒的制法,各国各地不同。古今的酒的制法和气味,也不能一致。我国的酒,依史籍上考证,孟子说:“禹恶旨酒”。战国策是战国时人著的,它也记载说:“仪狄(人名)作酒,禹饮而甘之。曰,后世必有以酒亡其国者。遂疏仪狄而绝旨酒”。可见,夏禹时候已有了酒。而旨酒是美酒,仪狄做的特别美。禹怕给他做的美酒耽误事,所以不愿喝他的酒,和他疏远了。想在仪狄以前,也许早有做酒的,不过史书上没有记载。有人因黄帝素问和神农本草经已载了     

红外导数光谱鉴定铁系复合氧化物中的γ-Fe_(2)O_3

用于丁烯氧化脱氢的铁系复合氧化物催化剂具有复杂的相组成，可能存在着。Fe。O。、1贝。0。、Fe。0。、铁酸盐尖晶石相及尖晶石相之间形成的固溶体，这些相的鉴定对于弄清活性位／相的结构具有本质意义．由于缺乏有效的相结构表征手段，导致对于活性位／相的结构和上述各相所起的作用的观，入歧异．Misono山曾测出7－Fe。O。具有较高的活性，故认为它是该系催化剂的活性相，但XRD难以把7－Fe。O。与其它尖晶石相区分开，因而无法确认它在催化剂中是否存在及起何作用．Gillot门提出了可用红外光谱鉴定了一FeZO。：1－Fe。O。在600～…     

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling in vivo: muscle and adipose tissue

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling were studied in the muscle and adipose tissue of rats. Both the delivery method and the no-net-flux method were used to determine the extraction efficiency (EE) of acetaminophen and caffeine in both tissues. There was no concentration dependence of the EE either in vitro or in vivo for either acetaminophen or caffeine. The EEs determined by the delivery and no-net-flux methods were not different. However, the EEs of both caffeine and acetaminophen determined in vitro were significantly higher than those determined in the muscle and adipose. This indicates that mass transfer in the tissue is the rate-determining factor for the EE in vivo. The relative difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the muscle was smaller than the difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the adipose. In addition, the EE in the muscle decreased more than the EE in the adipose after the animal was euthanized. This indicated that exchange between the extracellular fluid and plasma is the rate-determining step in mass transport relative to microdialysis sampling. This has a more significant effect on the EE in the muscle than the EE in the adipose. Both the delivery and no-net-flux methods can be used to calibrate microdialysis probes in the muscle and adipose.     

Polymerization of N-carboxy–amino acid anhydrides in the solid state. II. Relation between polymerizability and molecular arrangement in L-leucine NCA and L-alanine NCA crystals

The polymerizability of N-carboxy–amino acid anhydrides (NCAs) of L -leucine and L -alanine was examined in the solid state and in solution. L -leucine NCA shows much higher reactivity in the solid state (when immersed in hexane) than in solution (in acetonitrile), but the opposite is true for L -alanine NCA. However, the two NCAs give similar values of apparent activation energy in each polymerization system. Rather high-molecular-weight polypeptides were obtained in the polymerization of L -leucine NCA in the solid state compared with those obtained in solution, while the molecular weight of polymers obtained from L -alanine NCA was higher in solution than in the solid state. IR spectra showed that α helices form mainly in the polymerization of both L -leucine NCA and L -alanine NCA in the solid state; a small amount of the β structure forms in the latter polymerization. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed that L -leucine NCA polymerizes predominantly along the c axis in the crystal, while the polymer chains grow in random directions in the crystal of L -alanine NCA. The difference can be explained by the molecular arrangement in the crystal. There are two requirements for high reactivity in the solid state: the five-membered rings of the monomer must form a layer structure and the polymer must occupy nearly the same space as the reacting monomer.     

Localisation and accumulation of a new carotenoporphyrin in two primary tumour models

We have investigated the tumour-localising properties and in vivo fluorescence kinetics of a hexamethoxylated carotenqporphyrin (CP6) in two primary tumour models: UV-B-induced early skin cancer in hairless mice and chemically induced mucosal dysplasia in the rat palate. CP6 fluorescence kinetics are investigated by measuring in vivo fluorescence spectra and images of the mouse skin and the rat palate at different time points after injection. For the tumour-localising properties, microscopic phase-contrast and fluorescence images are recorded. The in vivo fluorescence kinetics in the mouse skin show localization of CP6 in the tumours. However, fluorescence microscopy images show that CP6 localises in the dermis and structures that are not related to the malignant transformation of the mouse skin. The fluorescence kinetics in the rat palate show a significant correlation between the degree of malignancy and the CP6 fluorescence build-up time in the palate. The microscopic images show that CP6 fluorescence localises in the connective tissue and not in the dysplastic epithelium. In conclusion, CP6 does not localise preferentially in (pre-) cancerous tissue in the two primary tumour models studied here, in contrast to reports about localisation of carotenoporphyrins in transplanted tumours. However, the CP6 build-up time in rat palates correlates with the degree of malignancy and this might possibly be a useful parameter in tumour detection.     

Dendrimers with electroactive units in the core or in each branching centre

Interest in dendrimers is mostly focused on their capability of performing specific functions which, in their turn, derive from the possibility of incorporating in predetermined sites of the structure selected functional groups (‘pieces of information’). From a topological viewpoint we can distinguish dendrimers containing electroactive units (a) in the core, (b) in the branches, (c) in the surface, (d) in the core and in the branches, (e) in the core and in the surface, (f) in the branches and in the surface, and (g) in the core, branches and surface. In this article we review the behaviour of dendrimers with electroactive units buried in the core and dendrimers with electroactive units in each branching centre investigated in our laboratory. To cite this article: M. Venturi, P. Ceroni, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).     

MODIFYING FACTORS OF THE CELLULAR CONCENTRATION OF PHOTOLYASE MOLECULES IN Saccharomyces cerevisiae CELLS–I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT

Abstract— The effects of temperature and light on the cellular concentration of photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) molecules in haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were investigated. (1) Temperature effect: The number of active PRE molecules per cell (N_PRE) in cells grown at 37°C was about 13% of that grown at 23°C, although the amount of proteins per cell remained the same. (2) Light effect: N_PRE in cells grown in light was about 2.8 times larger than that grown in the dark. The value of N_PRE in cells grown in the light decreased more rapidly during holding in buffer in the dark than in the light. The N_PRE decrease during holding in buffer in the dark was more rapid in cells grown in the light than grown in the dark. A comparable decrease was observed after holding in buffer in the presence of cycloheximide. (3) In cells harboring a plasmid containing the gene PHR1, N_PRE was larger in cells grown at 23 than at 30°C.     

Photoelectric effects on chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II in vivo. Kinetics in the absence and presence of valinomycin

Fluorescence induction curves (F(t)) in low intensity 1s light pulses have been measured in leaf discs in the presence and absence of valinomycin (VMC). Addition of VMC causes: (i) no effect on the initial fluorescence level Fo and the initial (O-J) phase of F(t) in the 0.01-1 ms time range. (ii) An approximately 10% decrease in the maximal fluorescence Fm in the light reached at the P level in the O-J-I-P induction curve. (iii) Nearly twofold increase in the rate and extent of the F(t) rise in the J-I phase in the 1-50 ms time range. (iv) A 60-70% decrease in the rise (I-P phase) in the 50-1000 ms time range with no appreciable effect, if at all, on the rate. System analysis of F(t) in terms of rate constants of electron transfer at donor and acceptor sides have been done using the Three State Trapping Model (TSTM). This reveals that VMC causes: (i) no, or very little effect on rate constants of e-transfer reactions powered by PSII. (ii) A manifold lower rate constant of radical pair recombination (k(-1)) in the light as compared to that in the control. The low rate constant of radical pair recombination in the reaction center (RC) in the presence of VMC is reflected by a substantial increase in the nonzero trapping efficiency in RCs in which the primary quinone acceptor (Q(A)) is reduced (semi-open centers). This causes an increase in their rate of closure and in the overall trapping efficiency. Data suggest evidence that membrane chaotropic agents like VMC abolish the stimulation of the rate constant of radical pair recombination by light. This light stimulation that becomes apparent as an increase in Fo has been documented before [Biophys. J. 79 (2000) 26]. It has been ascribed to effects of (changes in) local electric fields in the vicinity of the RC. The decrease of the I-P phase is attributed to a decrease in the photoelectric trans-thylakoid potential in the presence of VMC. Such effects have been hypothesized and illustrated.     

Determination of Penicillins in Milk by a Dual-Optrode Biosensor

Penicillins are the most frequently found antibiotic residues in milk, as they are commonly used for the treatment of bacterial infections in cows. In the present study, we introduce a method for the rapid detection of penicillin residues in raw milk based on the determination of glucose concentration in milk with a dual flow-through biosensor. The molar concentration of glucose in milk is typically over 500 times lower than the concentration of lactose and is highly dependent on the rate of lactose hydrolysis, which is catalyzed by β-galactosidase. Glucose concentrations in milk change with variation in the β-galactosidase activity. β-Galactosidase is an enzyme produced in the microbiota in milk and its activity is inhibited by benzylpenicillin. Spiking milk with benzylpenicillin lowers glucose concentrations in comparison to high-quality milk after short storage intervals. The presence of penicillin in the milk of treated animals resulted in decreased glucose concentrations in comparison with high-quality milk that contained no antibiotics. The glucose concentration in milk samples was followed by the system enabling the elimination of the effects of bacterial respiration in the output with reliable results in less than 1?min.     

Alteration in photosystem II photochemistry of thylakoids isolated from senescing leaves of wheat seedlings

Wheat seedlings, grown for 7 days in the light, were allowed to senesce in the light or dark, and the change in the photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry of chloroplasts isolated from the primary leaves of these seedlings was investigated. The decrease in oxygen evolution and the fast fluorescence results indicated that the impairment of PS II in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the light was different from that in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the dark. Thermoluminescence studies showed a structural modification in the Q_B protein of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the light and an alteration in the S state transition of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the dark.     

Use of <Superscript>82</Superscript>Br and <Superscript>131</Superscript>I radionuclides in studies of goitrogenic effects of exogenous bromide

The interference of excessive bromide intake with iodine metabolism in the rat was studied using ⁸²Br and ¹³¹I radionuclides. Mainly lactating rat dams and their pups were used, in addition to adult male rats, in the present studies. Particularly, the influence of high bromide intake in lactating rat dams on the transfer of iodine and bromide to suckling young through breast milk was evaluated. The induction of hypothyroid status in the pups by high bromide intake in the mothers was proved unambiguously. Excessive bromide in lactating rat dams caused a marked decrease in plasma levels of thyroid hormones both, in the mothers and in their sucklings. The effects of an enhanced bromide intake on the thyroid function in relation to iodine status in the animals were also followed. Marked goitrogenic and thyrotoxic effects of excessive bromide in adult rats were significantly enhanced under the conditions of simultaneous iodine deficiency in the experimental animals.     

Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation of water solubility in polyamide-6,6

Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation is employed to calculate the solubility of water in polyamide-6,6. It is shown that performing two separate simulations, one in the polymeric phase and one in the gaseous phase, is sufficient to find the phase coexistence point. In this method, the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase is expanded as a first-order Taylor series in terms of pressure. Knowing the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase in terms of pressure, another simulation for water in the gaseous phase, in the grand canonical ensemble, is done in which the target chemical potential is set in terms of pressure in the gas phase. The phase coexistence point can easily be calculated from the results of these two independent simulations. Our calculated sorption isotherms and solubility coefficients of water in polyamide-6,6, over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, agree with experimental data.