氟烷基磺酰氟和(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯的脱水环氧化反应的研究

考察了(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯和几种常用的氟烷基磺酰氟试剂在有机碱存在下的脱水环氧化反应.实验结果表明,氟烷基磺酰氟能够诱导(2S,3R)-2,3-二羟基-3-苯基丙酸甲酯发生脱水环氧化反应而生成(2R,3R)-2,3-环氧-3-苯基丙酸甲酯,得率80%～92%,且产物的不对映过量(ee)值大于97%.该方法具有工业化应用前景.     

氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/碱/丙酮体系与苄醇衍生物的氧化反应

研究了氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/氢氧化钠/丙酮体系与6个苄醇衍生物的氧化反应, 其中氟烷磺酰氟包括HCF₂CF₂OCF₂CF₂SO₂F, n-C₄F₉SO₂F和n-C₈F₁₇SO₂F. 最优反应条件为n(苄醇衍生物): n(氟烷磺酰氟): n(双氧水): n(氢氧化钠)=1: 4: 8: 8, 溶剂为丙酮, 反应温度为20℃, 反应时间为24 h. 产物酮的收率为23% ~92%. 探讨了该氧化反应的机理, 原位生成的氟烷基过氧磺酸中间体可将丙酮氧化为二甲基二氧杂环丙烷, 进而将反应体系中共存的苄醇衍生物氧化成相应的产物酮. 氟烷磺酰氟/双氧水/氢氧化钠/丙酮体系原位生成的二甲基二氧杂环丙烷氧化苄位羟基的能力和传统的Oxone/CH₃COCH₃体系相当. 本研究提供了一种新颖的原位制备二甲基二氧杂环丙烷的方法.     

某些全氟磺酰氟化合物热裂解反应的研究

7-氢-全氟-(4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂辛基磺酰氟)(1)在氧化铝-氧化铜-氧化铁催化剂存在下发生热裂解反应。230℃左右脱去磺酰氟,生成7-氢-全氟-(4-甲基-3,6-二氧杂辛烷)(2),而没有得到脱HF的产物。在相同条件下,全氟-1,10-二氟磺酰基-3,8-二氧杂癸烷(3)热裂解生成全氟-3,8-二氧杂癸基磺酰氟(5)。在245℃以上时,还生成全氟-3,8-二氧杂癸烷(4)。对催化剂组成和裂解温度与产物得率间的关系也进行了研究。该催化剂还能使含有磺酰氟基团的全氟高分子薄膜表面部份地脱除磺酰氟。产物的结构均由红外、核磁、质谱及元素分析鉴定。     

碱性水溶液中单6-氧-对甲苯磺酰-β-环糊精酯的非均相合成

不引入有机溶剂,低温下将对甲苯磺酰氯与β-环糊精在NaOH水溶液中进行非均相反应,得到了单6-氧-对甲苯磺酰-β-环糊精酯(6-OTs-β-CD).借助1H NMR谱证实了环糊精单磺酰化机理.考察了产物的水解因素,研究了反应条件对产率的影响.实验结果表明,投料摩尔比n(CD)∶n(TsCl) =4∶1,碱液浓度0.75...     

对甲苯磺酰氯催化的meso-四芳基卟啉的合成

报道了一种改进了的meso-四芳基卟啉合成方法.利用对甲苯磺酰氯催化吡咯和芳香醛缩合生成中间物卟啉原,卟啉原中间物在紫外光照射下被空气氧化生成四芳基卟啉.该方法所用催化剂价廉易得,氧化过程绿色.整体反应条件简单,易于操作,产率高.     

α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)与全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系不期望的氧化反应

研究了全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系与α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)化合物不期望的氧化反应,以中等到优良的收率生成了相应的1,2-二酮(α-酮酸酯)产物.所用全氟烷基磺酰氟为全氟正丁基磺酰氟或全氟正辛基磺酰氟;碱为1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU).提出了一种可能的反应机理.为制备芳基取代的1,2-二酮(或α-酮酸酯)化合物提供了一种新方法.     

β-环糊精的双官能化

通过两条路线对β-环糊精进行双官能化合成了3个带双官能团的β-环糊精--叠氮基对甲苯磺酰基β-环糊精(3), 二对甲苯磺酰基β-环糊精(4)和二叠氮基β-环糊精(5).对甲苯磺酰基β-环糊精(1)的对甲苯磺酰基被叠氮基取代制得单叠氮基β-环糊精(2);2与对甲苯磺酰咪唑反应得到3.1先与对甲苯磺酰咪唑反应生成4;4的对甲苯磺酰基被叠氮基取代得到5.3～5的结构经1H NMR, IR和元素分析表征.     

环境湿度对TiO2/活性炭纤维气-固光催化氧化甲苯的影响

在恒温控湿的环境舱中,以自制的TiO2/ACF(活性炭纤维)为光催化剂,研究了环境湿度对甲苯光催化降解过程的影响.通过N2吸附和扫描电子显微镜分别对TiO2/ACF光催化剂的孔径结构和形貌特征进行了表征;利用GC-MS和GC-FID对甲苯光催化过程中生成的中间产物进行了定性及定量分析.结果表明,环境舱中相对湿度增大,甲苯光催化转化率提高;不同相对湿度下,积累在光催化剂表面的中间产物种类相同,但支链氧化产物(苯甲醇、苯甲醛和苯甲酸)的积累量远多于苯环氧化产物(甲酚和对甲基苯酚)的积累量;随环境相对湿度的增大,苯甲醛在光催化剂表面的积累量减小,其余中间产物的积累量均有不同程度的增加.这说明水分子在甲苯光催化过程中起重要作用,相对湿度不仅影响甲苯的光催化转化效率,还影响其光催化转化的过程.尽管在各湿度条件下,支链氧化都是甲苯光催化降解的主要途径,但环境湿度增大更有利于苯环氧化途径的进行.讨论了水蒸气在甲苯光催化氧化过程中的作用机理.     

α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)与全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系不期望的氧化反应

研究了全氟烷基磺酰氟/甲基三乙氧基硅烷/碱体系与α-芳基-α-羟基酮(酯)化合物不期望的氧化反应, 以中等到优良的收率生成了相应的1,2-二酮(α-酮酸酯)产物. 所用全氟烷基磺酰氟为全氟正丁基磺酰氟或全氟正辛基磺酰氟; 碱为1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU). 提出了一种可能的反应机理. 为制备芳基取代的1,2-二酮(或α-酮酸酯)化合物提供了一种新方法.     

HZSM-5催化甲苯和甲醇烷基化反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

对二甲苯(PX)是重要的有机化工原料,主要用于生产对苯二甲酸(PTA)和对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT), PTA和 DMT可经缩聚生产化纤、合成树脂和塑料等聚酯产品. PX主要通过甲苯歧化、二甲苯异构化或甲苯与 C9芳烃烷基转移等方式生产.由于三种二甲苯和乙苯的沸点接近,需要经过吸附分离或深冷分离才能得到高纯度的 PX,传统工艺物料循环量大,设备庞大,操作费用高.而通过甲苯和甲醇烷基化反应直接高选择性生成 PX,可大大降低成本,具有非常高的经济效益和研究价值.自1970年代以来,国内外众多科研院所对甲苯和甲醇烷基化催化剂进行了广泛研究,但催化剂选择性和稳定性仍需进一步提高.为了加深对甲苯和甲醇烷基化反应的认识,指导催化剂开发,有必要对甲苯和甲醇烷基化生成二甲苯的反应机理进行深入研究.当前甲苯和甲醇烷基化机理研究主要存在以下问题：(1)计算得到的能量多为电子能,而非自由能;(2)所采用的模型多为团簇模型,使用 ONIOM方法,对长程作用力描述不充分;(3)认为甲苯只有一种吸附状态;(4)没有考虑偕烷基化反应.本文采用周期性模型,通过密度泛函理论研究了 HZSM-5分子筛上甲苯和甲醇烷基化反应机理,通过计算熵得到了反应自由能,并考虑了偕烷基化反应.由于甲基的存在,在甲苯的吸附态中,甲基会伸向孔道的不同方向,因此我们认为甲苯有多种吸附态,而不同的吸附态会生成不同的二甲苯.结果表明,甲苯可以在对位、间位、邻位和偕位上通过协同机理或分步机理发生烷基化反应.在协同机理中,甲苯在对位、间位、邻位和偕位发生烷基化反应的自由能垒分别为167,138,139和183 kJ/mol.在分步机理中,甲醇脱水生成甲氧基的自由能垒为145 kJ/mol,是决速步骤;而甲苯和甲氧基对位、间位、邻位和偕位烷基化的自由能垒分别为127,105,106和114 kJ/mol.两种机理中 PX的生成能垒均比 MX和 OX高,与文献报道的结果不同.文献均认为, PX的生成能垒最低.一方面这可能是由于所采用模型的不同,本文采用周期性模型,能更充分考虑长程作用力的影响;另一方面可能是由于对甲苯吸附态的不同处理,我们认为甲苯有多种吸附态,不同的吸附态会生成不同的二甲苯,而文献均只考虑了一种甲苯吸附态.但是,在实验中, PX选择性最高.这可能是由于：(1) PX在 HZSM-5孔道的扩散速率比 MX和 OX高2–3个数量级;(2)甲苯和甲醇烷基化生成的 MX和OX迅速发生异构化反应生成 PX,异构化反应速率高于甲苯烷基化速率.两种机理中, C8H11+都是重要的中间物种,它可以反馈一个质子给分子筛骨架,生成二甲苯;也可以脱烷基生成甲烷和乙烯等气相产物.研究发现,甲烷的生成是由于 C8H11+物种中的一个 H质子从苯环上的碳原子转移到甲基上的碳原子造成的,计算得到的对位、间位和邻位 C8H11+生成甲烷的能垒分别为136,132和134 kJ/mol.由于十元环孔道的限制, HZSM-5孔道中很难通过甲苯歧化反应生成苯;偕烷基化生成的碳正离子有可能脱烷基生成乙烯和乙烷等产物,进而生成苯.碳正离子脱烷基反应生成了大量气相产物,造成反应液收降低.碳正离子脱烷基反应与甲醇制烯烃过程的烃池机理相一致,因此甲苯和甲醇烷基化反应也遵循烃池机理.     

Efficient Heck cross-coupling of 3-iodo-benzopyrones with olefins under microwave irradiation without phosphine

An efficient and effective microwave-assisted Heck cross-coupling of different terminal olefins with various 3-iodo-benzopyrones including sterically hindered, electron-rich, electron-neutral, and electron-deficient is developed. It proceeded faster and generally gave good to excellent yields under microwave irradiation, phosphine-free, and air condition. The reaction could render this method particularly attractive for the efficient preparation of biologically and medicinally interesting molecules.     

Addition of bifunctional organoboron reagents to strained alkenes. Carbon-carbon bond formation with Rh(I) catalysis in aqueous media

Arylboronate esters bearing a pendant Michael-type acceptor olefin undergo transmetalation with a rhodium-based catalytic complex to generate a functionalized organorhodium intermediate that can cyclize onto strained olefins in good to excellent yields. The catalytic system involves the use of an electron-rich, sterically bulky ligand to stabilize the organorhodium intermediate and reduce the incidence of protodeboronation in aqueous media.     

Synthesis of sulfonamides and sulfonic esters via reaction of amines and phenols with thiols using H2O2–POCl3 system

Phosphorus oxychloride efficiently promoted the synthesis of sulfonamides and sulfonic esters from thiols with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of Amberlite IRA-400 (OH^?). This method has been applied to a variety of substrates including nucleophilic and sterically hindered amines, and also phenols with excellent yields of sulfonamides and sulfonic esters. In most cases these reactions are highly selective, simple, and clean, affording products in excellent yields and high purity.     

Poly(per)fluoroalkanesulfonyl fluoride promoted olefin epoxidation with 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide

Epoxidation of various electron rich olefins with a novel oxidation system of poly(per)fluoroalkanesulfonyl fluoride/hydrogen peroxide/base is reported.     

General and efficient methodology for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction in technical grade 2-propanol

The reaction profile of a series of palladium-based catalysts was examined in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction using technical grade 2-propanol as solvent and potassium t-butoxide as base. The results generally show high activity. The method allows for the coupling of electron-rich aryl chlorides with sterically hindered aryl boronic acids to produce tri-ortho-substituted biaryls in high yields using very mild conditions and short reaction times.     

Intermolecular, catalytic asymmetric hydroamination of bicyclic alkenes and dienes in high yield and enantioselectivity

A set of catalytic, intermolecular hydroaminations of strained bicyclic olefins and dienes are reported that occur in both high yield and high enantioselectivity. These reactions occur with a catalyst generated from [Ir(cyclooctene)Cl]2, sterically hindered and electron-rich derivatives of the Segphos and BIPHEP family of ligands, and a soluble base. This system catalyzes the addition of various anilines to norbornene, norbornadiene, and other bicyclic olefins. The products from addition of p-anisidine can be transformed to BOC-protected norbornylamine and to substituted cyclopentanes in nearly enantiopure form. Mechanistic studies show that addition of aniline-d2 occurs in a syn fashion and suggest that the catalytic cycle comprises oxidative addition of aniline to form a bis-anilide hydride complex, followed by migratory insertion of olefin and reductive elimination of product in a series of steps involving iridium complexes containing ancillary bisphosphine and arylamide ligands.     

γ-Selective cross-coupling of allylic silanolate salts with aromatic bromides using trialkylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate salts prepared directly from phosphine•borane adducts

The γ-selective, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sodium (Z)-2-butenyldiethylsilanolate with a variety of aromatic bromides is reported. The protocol provides high yields (73-94%) and site selectivity (γ/α, 25:1 → > 99:1) in the coupling of electron-rich, electron-poor, sterically hindered, and heteroaromatic bromides. The use of a configurationally homogeneous (Z)-silanolate, nontransferable ethyl groups, and a sterically bulky trialkylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt (t-BuCy(2)PH(+)BF(4)(-)) prepared directly from the corresponding air-stable phosphine?borane adduct are critical to the success of the method.     

Significant enhancement of the Stille reaction with a new combination of reagents-copper(I) iodide with cesium fluoride

The combination of copper(I) iodide and cesium fluoride significantly enhances the Stille reaction. After extensive optimisation, a variety of electronically unfavourable and sterically hindered substrates were coupled in very high yields under mild conditions.     

Regio- and stereoselective route to tetrasubstituted olefins by the palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of aryl iodides, internal alkynes, and arylboronic acids

[reaction: see text] The Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling of readily available aryl iodides, internal alkynes, and arylboronic acids provides a convenient, one-step, regio- and stereoselective route to tetrasubstituted olefins in good to excellent yields, although electron-poor aryl iodides and dialkylalkynes normally afford only low yields under our standard reaction conditions. The proper combination of substrates and reaction conditions is important for high yields. The presence of water generally substantially increases the yields of the desired tetrasubstituted olefins. The reaction involves cis-addition of the aryl group from the aryl iodide to the less hindered or more electron-rich end of the alkyne, while the aryl group from the arylboronic acid adds to the other end. A modified, room-temperature procedure has also been successfully developed, which works very well for some substrates. Tamoxifen and its derivatives are synthesized in a concise, regio- and stereoselective manner by applying our synthetic protocol.     

α-Substituent effect on olefination of ester carbonyl groups with ynolates

In the olefination reaction of ester carbonyl with ynolate, an α-hetero (N, O, S)-substituent on the substrates was found to markedly improve the yields of tetrasubstituted olefins, even though it was sterically hindered. The α-substituent effect may be due to several factors including the addition based on the polar Felkin–Anh model and restricted conformation of the initial adducts.