基于空心海胆状金纳米粒子和银/氧化锌纳米结构SERS特性的基因类肿瘤标志物高灵敏检测

基因类肿瘤标记物microRNA(miRNA)的痕量检测对于癌症早期诊断具有重要应用价值.根据空心海胆状金纳米粒子和银/氧化锌(Ag/ZnO)纳米结构的表面增强拉曼散射特性,并基于碱基互补配对原理构建探针-核酸-基底组成的"三明治"结构,提出了一种基因类肿瘤标志物miRNA的高灵敏定量检测方案.首先将捕获DNA与修饰4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)的空心海胆状金纳米粒子链接作为探针,同时在Ag/ZnO纳米结构上修饰靶DNA,经与miRNA-106a互补杂交后进行SERS信号检测,获得相应的剂量-响应曲线.实验结果表明,在1 fmol·L~(-1)至1 nmol·L~(-1)的检测范围内,对miRNA-106a的检测限达到1.84 fmol·L~(-1).同时,采用实时荧光定量多聚核苷酸链式反应方法验证了基于空心海胆状金纳米粒子和Ag/ZnO纳米结构SERS特性的miRNA检测方案的可靠性.     

玻璃基质中银纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

本文利用离子交换技术结合后续处理过程在玻璃基质中引入Ag纳米粒子,首先通过Ag+交换把Ag+引入到载玻片中,再结合进一步的K+交换或后续热退火处理使Ag+还原成Ag纳米粒子。分别采用吸收光谱和扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)对所制备的Ag纳米粒子进行光学性质和表面形貌的表征。为了研究Ag纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼散射(Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering,SERS)活性,我们分别以含Ag纳米粒子的载玻片和不同浓度的罗丹明6G(R6G)溶液作为基底和探针分子进行了拉曼光谱测试,基底呈现良好的增强效果。根据表面增强拉曼光谱的测试结果,给予相应的分析和解释。     

静电纺丝法制备聚丙烯腈/银纳米粒子复合纳米纤维及其SERS特性

利用静电纺丝技术制备了一种聚丙烯腈/银纳米粒子复合纳米纤维的表面增强拉曼光谱基底。通过调节聚丙烯腈溶液的浓度可得到不同直径、不同厚度的纤维薄膜,将聚丙烯腈的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液与硝酸银溶液混合得到聚丙烯腈/Ag种子溶液,然后利用静电纺丝技术制备聚丙烯腈/Ag种子/AgNO₃复合纳米纤维;加入AgNO₃并利用水合肼二次还原后可制备适合拉曼检测的聚丙烯腈/Ag纳米粒子复合纤维膜,聚合物纤维表面和内部的金属纳米粒子的密度可调节。通过调节不同的纳米粒子的密集程度,可构筑出具有较高的电磁场增强效果的特殊的“热”结构(高局域强电磁场的亚波长区域)。而聚合物纤维内部的银纳米粒子可通过溶胀作用吸附更多的探针分子,提高拉曼检测的灵敏度。该基底有很好的SERS信号,并且可大规模制备。     

新型冠状病毒S蛋白在金纳米粒子中的表面增强拉曼效应

表面增强拉曼光谱技术因其高灵敏度、操作简单、快速检测等优点,被广泛用于病毒检测方面。国内外的病毒拉曼检测研究主要集中在检测病毒核酸以及组成核酸的各种碱基的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS),但少见对病毒蛋白的SERS检测。以新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）的S蛋白为检测对象,采用无标记SERS检测方法,对比SARS-CoV-2固态、饱和液态S蛋白的普通拉曼光谱和选用40 nm金纳米粒子为基底的SARS-CoV-2低浓度S蛋白SERS光谱。结果表明,以40 nm金纳米粒子为基底,采用SERS技术检测SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白是完全可行的。SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白分子中的羧基与金纳米粒子发生了分子增强,氨基与金纳米粒子发生了电磁增强,从而使得SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白拉曼效应得到了增强,并使得峰位发生一定移动。实验获得了较好的SARS-CoV-2低浓度S蛋白SERS光谱,为建立敏感、特异、快速的SARS-CoV-2检测新技术提供了一种方法。     

Ag核Au壳复合纳米粒子为标记溶胶免疫检测的SERS研究

以种子生长法合成Ag核Au壳复合纳米粒子,苯硫酚分子(TP)在其表面的SERS增强随Au摩尔比例的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,其最大增强为相应Ag纳米粒子的10倍。将标记分子TP,羊抗小鼠抗体固定在Ag核Au壳复合纳米粒子表面形成标记免疫溶胶,其与被基底捕获抗原分子发生免疫识别,通过TP分子的SERS信号进行免疫检测。     

硫化钠表面增强拉曼光谱及其在味精检测中的应用研究

采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)表征了硫化钠分子的振动模式,获得了硫化钠较为全面的分子结构振动信息,确定以472 cm-1的特征峰为研究对象。以金溶胶为表面增强活性基底,研究了金纳米粒子粒径对增强效果的影响,确定粒径为97 nm的金溶胶增强效果最佳。以硝酸作为促凝剂,测得不同浓度硫化钠溶液的SERS。结果表明,当硫化钠浓度低至10-6 g·mL-1时,依然可以得到明显的拉曼光谱信号,光谱强度与金溶胶和硫化钠溶液的配比有关。将这种硫化钠的检测方法应用于味精样品的检测之中。分别在不同浓度的10 mL硫化钠溶液中溶入1 g味精,检测所得溶液的SERS。结果表明,当每千克味精中硫化钠的含量为10 mg时仍可检测出SERS信号,此种方法无需样品的预处理,操作简便快捷,在味精中硫化钠的定性检测方面具有特有的优势。     

银纳米颗粒阵列的表面增强拉曼散射效应研究

利用具有高密度拉曼热点的金属纳米结构作为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底,可以显著增强吸附分子的拉曼信号.本文通过阳极氧化铝模板辅助电化学法沉积制备了高密度银(Ag)纳米颗粒阵列;利用扫描电子显微镜和反射谱表征了样品的结构形貌和表面等离激元特性;用1, 4-苯二硫醇(1, 4-BDT)为拉曼探针分子,研究了Ag纳米颗粒阵列的SERS效应.通过优化沉积时间,制备出高SERS探测灵敏度的Ag纳米颗粒阵列,检测极限可达10~(-13)mol/L;时域有限差分法模拟结果证实了纳米颗粒间存在强的等离激元耦合作用,且发现纳米颗粒底端的局域场增强更大.研究结果表明Ag纳米颗粒阵列可作为高效的SERS基底.     

两种纳米粒子的自组装及表面增强拉曼光谱研究

在氨基硅烷化的单晶硅片表面通过静电自组装技术组装上金和金核铂壳两种纳米粒子,通过改变基底浸泡在溶胶中的时间控制基底上纳米粒子的密度。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对基底表面上的形貌进行表征,结果表明纳米粒子呈亚单层二维阵列分布。以吡啶(Py)为探针分子,用波长为632.8 nm的激发光作为激发光源,研究纯金和金铂复合基底上的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)行为。数据显示在金纳米粒子之间引入金核铂壳纳米粒子后,Py的两个特征峰的频率没有明显变化,但谱峰的强度却变弱了,其SERS信号衰减最大可至原来的24%。这是由于引入的铂的d态电子使金的等离子体激发猝灭,从而破坏了电磁场增强,使金的SERS信号衰减。     

表面增强拉曼光谱对免疫球蛋白IgG分子与银基底作用的研究

采用高灵敏度的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术,以具有强SERS信号的金纳米粒子标记抗体,以此SERS标记免疫金溶胶为探针,结合扫描电镜技术,研究免疫球蛋白羊抗小鼠IgG分子与银基底的相互作用。我们发现,羊抗小鼠IgG分子可直接与银基底通过疏水作用或形成Ag-S键而牢固结合。为消除这种非特性吸附,本文以小牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封闭银基底,取得了较好的效果。     

肿节风的表面增强拉曼光谱检测

提出一种基于表面增强拉曼光谱的中药材肿节风饮片的检测方法。采用柠檬酸三钠还原硝酸银制备银溶胶,以银胶纳米粒子为增强基底测得肿节风茎切片的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)。发现银胶直接作用于药材表面的SERS信号明显增强,肿节风茎切片SERS光谱中在637,1 176,1 309,1 476,1 612 cm^-1处都可观察到明显的拉曼特征峰。通过一阶导数拉曼光谱分析技术和对照品异嗪皮啶谱峰指认,可将获得的SERS峰位分别归属于吡喃酮环、甲氧基和酚羟基分子结构。研究结果表明,SERS技术可为肿节风和其他中草药的生产和质量监控提供一种快速、方便和直接的检测方法。     

Application of calixarene to high active surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates suitable for in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater

The characteristics of the sol–gel matrix embedding Ag nanoparticles functionalized with 25,27‐dimercaptoacetic acid‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (DMCX) suitable for the in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater is presented. The DMCX‐functionalized silver nanoparticles were produced by the thermal reduction method in xerogel film. The silver colloid blocks were formed in the sol–gel matrix, with a diameter ranging from 50 to 120 nm. DMCX forming the monolayer on the silver nanoparticle surface contributes to the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity due to the aggregation of silver nanoparticles and the preconcentration of PAH molecules within the zone of electromagnetic enhancement. When selected, PAH molecules e.g. pyrene and naphthalene were adsorbed onto the SERS substrate; Raman band positions of PAH were slightly shifted. A calibration procedure reveals that this type of SERS substrate has a limit of detection of 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol/l for pyrene and 13 × 10⁻⁹ mol/l for naphthalene in artificial seawater. The Raman signal response on a pyrene concentration change in artificial seawater was evaluated using a 671‐nm Raman setup with a flow‐through cell. This type of SERS substrate will be suitable for the in situ trace detection of pollutant chemicals in seawater. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金纳米-Nylon柔性膜基底的制备及其SERS性能研究

表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）是目前最灵敏的分析技术之一,广泛应用于生命科学、材料科学、环境科学及分析化学等领域。SERS基底的特性决定了该技术的实际应用范围,是推动该技术发展的关键,高活性SERS基底的制备已经逐渐成为SERS研究领域的热点。为了获得最佳的拉曼信号,对具有特殊特性的SERS活性基底的需求一直很大。柔性SERS基底因具有良好的柔韧性,3D支架结构和表面可控的孔径大小等独特优势,在检测化合物和细菌等方面有很好的应用价值。Nylon(尼龙)柔性膜表面具有分级及多孔交错排列3D结构的特点,将固相萃取装置与特殊材料Nylon柔性膜相结合,通过改变金纳米颗粒的附着量以及金纳米颗粒与膜结合次数,制备了高SERS活性的金纳米-Nylon（Au-Nylon）柔性膜基底。研究表明,金纳米颗粒能很好地附着在Nylon纤维上,纳米颗粒与Nylon柔性膜表面等离子共振耦合作用,形成金纳米颗粒与Nylon纤维的复合体,Au-Nylon柔性膜基底的等离子共振吸收峰发生蓝移。首次处理后的Nylon纤维与其所附着的金纳米颗粒形成新的活性截留层,有助于使再次处理时金颗粒更好地附着在柔性膜表面,产生SERS“热点”效应,提高其SERS性能。利用结晶紫（CV）作为SERS探针分子,对Au-Nylon柔性膜基底SERS性能进行分析,发现CV探针分子在Au-Nylon柔性膜基底上的SERS强度随金纳米颗粒的附着量以及金纳米颗粒与膜结合次数而变化。对于面积为1 cm2的Au-Nylon柔性膜基底,当单次过滤金溶胶1 mL,与膜结合2次,总结合量2 mL时,CV探针分子的SERS信号最强,SERS活性最强。采用Au-Nylon柔性膜基底对浓度为2.5×10-5,1×10-5,1×10-6,5×10-7及1×10-7 mol·L-1的CV溶液进行的SERS检测,发现Au-Nylon柔性膜基底对CV探针分子检测极限达1×10-6 mol·L-1,增强因子达到1.0×104。此外,Au-Nylon柔性膜基底均匀性较好,相对平均偏差为11.8%。Au-Nylon柔性膜基底在微生物检测中,仍具有良好SERS活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌的SERS增强效果优于金溶胶。由此可见,研究中制备的Au-Nylon柔性具有良好的均一性,并具有较好的SERS活性,该方法简单且易批量制备,无论在化合物检测还是微生物检测中都具有良好的实际应用价值。     

农药残留检测中表面增强拉曼光谱的研究进展

农药直接污染环境和食物,最终被人体吸收。其残留物具有高毒性,对人体健康造成严重影响。色谱法、气液色谱串联质谱法等在农药残留检测中应用较为广泛,但存在预处理步骤复杂、费时耗力等缺点。表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）技术因具备灵敏度高、特异性好、提供全面指纹信息且对样品无损等优点被视为一种新型农残检测方法,可通过简单提取实现液体或固体样品中痕量农药残留的高效检测。在这篇综述中,主要从SERS的增强基底制备、检测方法以及光谱智能解析三个方面对农药残留SERS检测技术及方法的研究进展进行综述,以期为农药残留检测方法提供新的参考。首先,针对SERS增强基底制备,单一的贵金属溶胶纳米颗粒因其“热点”随机、不可控等因素导致稳定性和灵敏性较差,已不能满足痕量农药残留检测。为提高SERS基底的吸附能力使待测物在其表面富集且信号不发生显著变化,对单一贵金属溶胶纳米颗粒进行组装,或加入化学物质、惰性材料等进行修饰制备均一性高的SERS复合基底,保证SERS信号有良好的重现性和灵敏性。其次,为了实现特异性和高灵敏检测,SERS检测方法不再只以单纯的金、银纳米颗粒作为增强基底,而是逐渐趋向于优化样本前处理技术、化学修饰法制备特异性SERS探针、基底物理结构突破以及动态SERS（D-SERS）检测等方向发展。在获得物质的拉曼光谱后,有效拉曼特征区通常在较短的波数范围内,而光谱数据高达上千维,冗余较多,导致后续分析复杂度增加。SERS光谱智能分析则采用化学计量学方法对原始光谱进行预处理、特征提取和模型构建,实现数据降维和主要信息提取,进而实现农残的定性与定量。综上,SERS作为一种快速检测农药残留的方法具有很好的发展前景,可为今后的分析检测领域提供新的借鉴。     

Optical properties of Ag@cicada wing substrate deposited by Ag nanoparticles

In this paper, Ag nanoparticles were deposited on Ag@cicada wing array by using the cicada wings as templates to study its optical properties, including surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), polarization and surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF). The nanogaps between adjacent conical protrusion can be well dominated by adjusting the sputtering time and the optimal substrate AgNPs@Ag@cicada wing arrays have a noteworthy enhancement of SERS signal. Characterization of the prepared optimal substrate certified that it possesses the excellent SERS performances. Basically consistent SERS signal strength at the different polarization angles of the optimal substrate indicates that its polarization-independence. The SEF spectra shows that the optimal substrate has a slightly lower and unstable enhancement at this initial stage of repeated examination due to the weak adhesion between the Ag@cicada wing arrays and Ag nanoparticles. The outstanding optical properties indicate that it has enormous potential in the label-free detection and biological analytes determination.     

Detection of breast cancer based on novel porous silicon Bragg reflector surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-active structure

In this Letter, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) signal of early breast cancer(BRC) patient serum is obtained by a composite silver nanoparticles(Ag NPs) PSi Bragg reflector SERS substrate. Based on these advantages, the serum SERS signals of 30 normal people and 30 early BRC patients were detected by this substrate. After a baseline correction of the experimental data, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to complete the data processing. The results showed that the diagnostic accuracy, specificity,and sensitivity of the composite Ag NPs PSi Bragg reflector SERS substrate were 95%, 96.7%, and 93.3%, respectively. The results of this exploratory study prove that the detection of early BRC serum based on a composite Ag NPs PSi Bragg reflector SERS substrate is with a stable strong SERS signal, and an unmarked and noninvasive BRC diagnosis technology. In the future, this technology can serve as a noninvasive clinical tool to detect cancer diseases and have a considerable impact on clinical medical detection.     

Controllable optical activity of non-spherical Ag and Co SERS substrate with different magnetic field

We experimentally fabricate a non-spherical Ag and Co surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) substrate, which not only retains the metallic plasmon resonant effect, but also possesses the magnetic field controllable characteristics.Raman detections are carried out with the test crystal violet(CV) and rhodamine 6G(R6G) molecules with the initiation of different magnitudes of external magnetic field. Experimental results indicate that our prepared substrate shows a higher SERS activity and magnetic controllability, where non-spherical Ag nanoparticles are driven to aggregate effectively by the magnetized Co and plenty of hot-spots are built around the metallic Ag nanoparticles, thereby leading to the enhancement of local electromagnetic field. Moreover, when the external magnetic field is increased, our prepared substrate demonstrates excellent SERS enhancement. With the 2500 Gs and 3500 Gs(1 Gs = 10~(-4)T) magnetic fields, SERS signal can also be obtained with the detection limit lowering down to 10~(-9)M. These results indicate that our proposed magnetic field controlled substrate enables us to freely achieve the enhanced and controllable SERS effect, which can be widely used in the optical sensing, single molecule detection and bio-medical applications.     

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of semiconductor nanostructures

We review our recent results concerning surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by confined optical and surface optical phonons in semiconductor nanostructures including CdS, CuS, GaN, and ZnO nanocrystals, GaN and ZnO nanorods, and AlN nanowires. Enhancement of Raman scattering by confined optical phonons as well as appearance of new Raman modes with the frequencies different from those in ZnO bulk attributed to surface optical modes is observed in a series of nanostructures having different morphology located in the vicinity of metal nanoclusters (Ag, Au, and Pt). Assignment of surface optical modes is based on calculations performed in the frame of the dielectric continuum model. It is established that SERS by phonons has a resonant character. A maximal enhancement by optical phonons as high as 730 is achieved for CdS nanocrystals in double resonant conditions at the coincidence of laser energy with that of electronic transitions in semiconductor nanocrystals and localized surface plasmon resonance in metal nanoclusters. Even a higher enhancement is observed for SERS by surface optical modes in ZnO nanocrystals (above 10⁴). Surface enhanced Raman scattering is used for studying phonon spectrum in nanocrystal ensembles with an ultra-low areal density on metal plasmonic nanostructures.     

一种简单的方法制备SERS基底用于染料分子的富集、降解与检测

用一种简单的方法制备银纳米粒子, 研究了此纳米粒子作为SERS基底、吸附剂和光催化剂的多功能性。在光照条件下研究其对染料分子的光催化性能, 用紫外光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱对整个光催化过程进行动态跟踪检测, 实验结果表明染料分子光照条件下确实被催化降解了。本实验不仅合成了多功能的基底材料, 还赋予了表面增强拉曼光谱新的应用价值, 为光催化实验提供了新的动态跟踪检测方法。