一种结合室内空间剖分的声线跟踪法

声线跟踪法是应用于室内声场预测的几何声学模拟经典方法之一,但该方法的计算效率随着室内空间布局复杂度的增加而降低。为了高效地应用于各种室内空间布局,提出了一种结合室内空间剖分的声线跟踪法,该方法将整个室内空间剖分成有限个凸多面体子空间,以减少在声线跟踪过程中与声线求交点的墙面数量,并省略了碰撞点有效性判断,显著提高了计算效率,尤其适用于大型复杂的室内空间布局。     

基于单元辐射叠加法的结构声源声场重建方法

为了提高分布式结构声源的声场重建精度,本文提出了基于单元辐射叠加法的结构声源声场重建方法.该方法首先利用声场叠加原理和结构振声传递特性,建立了结构声源表面振动与辐射声场之间的振声传递关系解析表达式,得到便于快速计算的振声传递矩阵,能够解决连续分布、相干结构噪声源的声传播模型精细化表征问题.然后利用振声传递矩阵作为传递算子进行声场重建,并与迭代加权算法相结合.通过将基于单元辐射叠加法的声场预报结果与解析法预报结果进行比较,验证了单元辐射叠加法具有较高的准确性.并将基于单元辐射叠加法的声场重建方法与传统等效源法近场声全息和迭代加权等效源法相比较,通过仿真分析与矩形板声场重建实验证明了基于单元辐射叠加法的声场重建方法能够改善结构声源的声场重建精度并增大近场声全息的有效测试距离范围.     

低频室内声散射计算机模拟方法

近年来,声散射的模拟成为室内声场计算机模拟研究的重点。现有的方法一般是依据壁面性质(结构、粗糙度等),利用经验确定散射系数,并基于该系数来模拟室内散射声能的分布。这种方法在低频情况下的精度较差,主要原因是忽略了在低频声场中起重要作用的波动现象。为此,本文提出一种新的计算壁面散射的模型,该模型既可考虑壁面上产生的散射声能,又可计算因壁面边缘衍射而产生的散射声能。文中通过模拟和实测数据的对比,分析验证了该模型的有效性,并给出了表面散射系数的取值规则。     

室内粗糙表面声散射体掠入射角度散射估计

针对经典边界元方法对掠入射角度下的散射估计精度较低的问题,发展了一种边界无网格模型.此模型将散射体视为具有无限延伸的形式,避免了经典边界元法中薄板形式所导致的声压差问题,而且更加符合实际房间中散射体的存在形式;模型利用无网格算法实现数值仿真,可对任意表面形状特别是曲面散射体具有更高的仿真精度。利用边界无网格模型计算了不同形状散射体的散射系数及散射声场,并将结果与解析方法、测量实验进行了对比.对比结果表明,边界无网格模型可以准确预测散射体的散射性质,特别是对掠入射角度的估计要优于经典边界元法.研究结论可应用于室内声学散射体特征预测及优化设计,对提高声场扩散及室内音质水平具有重要意义.      

浅海波导中目标回声计算的射线声学方法

建立一种基于虚源法和物理声学方法计算浅海波导中目标回声的射线声学方法。入射声线经过两个界面的多次反射有无限多条,每条入射声线由目标反射后又会产生无限多条到达接收点的声线。将各种组合的散射声场求和得到总的回波声场。用射线声学方法计算了Pekeris波导中半径10 m的绝对软球的回声随距离的变化。与已有文献中波动声学方法的计算结果对比,两者在平均值和下降趋势上符合。计算表明,波导中球和一些圆形目标的等效目标强度(ETS)与自由空间中目标强度(TS)差别很小。而像圆锥形这类目标的等效目标强度与自由空间中目标强度差别较大,导致传统的声呐方程误差较大。与波动声学方法相比,射线声学方法不但具有明确的物理意义,而且可以对浅海信道中复杂形状目标回声进行计算。      

非等声速信道下的循环神经网络机动目标跟踪模型

针对水下非等声速信道声线弯曲导致传统滤波跟踪轨迹偏差的问题,提出一种循环神经网络的目标跟踪模型。该模型在缺乏声速剖面信息的情况下,通过数据驱动迭代训练,学习输入观测值与输出状态值之间的映射关系,实现目标位置和瞬态特征变化的精确获知。蒙特卡洛仿真实验结果表明,本文模型在非等声速信道下复杂机动场景中相较传统单模型滤波算法以及交互式多模型算法,水平距离跟踪精度分别提升4.06%,1.57%,深度估计精度分别提升0.87%,0.85%。本文模型相较于传统滤波方法具有更高的跟踪精度,并且能够在失配声速分布信道下进行迁移学习,提升模型在失配声场环境下的泛化性。      

基于声粒子分布积分的无网格声场计算方法

小尺度封闭空间内部声场的数值计算是声学设计、噪声控制等领域的关键技术。由于波动声学及几何声学方法计算频率上的限制,中频段声场计算问题一直是个难点。本文以声学无网格法为基础,提出了一种基于声粒子分布积分的无网格声场数值计算方法。文中利用声线跟踪理论计算声场中的声粒子分布,并以某个时间点上的声粒子作为蒙特卡罗法中的积分点,将其应用于无网格法中,从而获得声场中的节点声压。利用该方法对一个矩形封闭空间的中低频声场进行了计算,并与模态叠加法、商用声场计算软件、经典无网格法的结果进行了对比,证明基于声粒子分布积分的无网格声场数值计算方法在中低频段相较于传统基于网格的方法具有更高的精度。     

深海海底反射区声场的相干结构及其有源声呐估距

有源声呐在探测深海海底反射区的目标时,由于声线大掠射角弯曲且声速沿声线传播路径不断变化,造成了常规估距方法产生较大的误差。有效声速法是减小常规估距方法误差的有效途径,但由于需要预先计算空间每一位置点的"声线时延有效声速"对,复杂度高,实时性差。针对有效声速法的实时性问题,本文基于深海海底反射区声场的相干结构,提出一种改进的有效声速估距方法.首先指出深海声场能量沿声源出射角强弱相间变化及其引起的海底反射区离散声呐可探测区现象,并利用深海近水面声源的声线干涉效应解释了该现象的物理机理,建立了声呐可探测区与高能量声线的量化关系。在此基础上,计算声呐可探测区边界位置的"声线时延-有效声速"对,并线性拟合出可探测区所有位置点对应的值。经仿真验证,该方法与传统的有效声速法均可实现对常规估距方法估距误差的有效校正。虽然该方法估距精度较传统的有效声速法略有增大,但计算复杂度和计算时间显著减小,实时性好,具有良好的工程应用前景。      

声场的计算机模拟

本文首先评述两种主要的计算机模拟方法:Monte Carlo法和声线法;然后用本文发展的扩散反射声线法研究房间形状、吸声器分布以及吸声系数对混响的影响;最后以一个模拟教室为例,计算其混响时间,前80ms反射声的方向分布等声场参数,说明计算机模拟在房间声学中的应用。     

横向各向同性柱状复合结构对超声波的散射

首先描述了横向各向同性复合圆柱结构的入射声场、散射声场及内部的驻波声场，然后利用转移矩阵方法导出了求解散射声场的方程组，计算了铝／各向异性界面层／纤维复合结构对斜入射声波的背向散射谱和散射截面积。将柱状复合结构中各向异性界面薄层相应的转移矩阵作渐近展开，建立了模拟这种界面薄层的弹簧模型及界面处广义边界条件。结果表明，模型中劲度常数仅依赖于界面薄层厚度及界面层媒质的弹性常数Ｃｌｌ，Ｃ１２和Ｃ４４，而振子质量与Ｃｌｌ，Ｃ４４，Ｃ１３和Ｃ３３有关。     

Computer models in room acoustics: The ray tracing method and the auralization algorithms

Computer algorithms are described for constructing virtual acoustic models of various rooms that should satisfy some specific sound quality criteria. The algorithms are based on the ray tracing method, which, in the general case, allows calculation of the amplitude of an acoustic ray that survived multiple reflections from arbitrary curved surfaces. As a result, calculations of room acoustics are reduced to tracing the trajectories of all the acoustic rays in the course of their propagation with multiple reflections from reflecting surfaces to the point of their complete decay. For this approach to be used, the following physical properties of a room should be known: the geometry of the reflecting surfaces, the absorption and diffusion coefficients on each of these surfaces, and the decay law for rays propagating in air. The proposed models allow for the solution of the important problem of architectural acoustics called the auralization problem, i.e., to predict how any given audio segment will sound in any given hall on the basis of computer simulation alone, without any full-scale testing in specific halls.     

基于改进声线跟踪法的室内交通噪声动态模拟

对碰撞点的有效性判断是传统声线跟踪法的一个重要步骤,在计算复杂的室内空间问题时计算量较大,为解决这一问题采用了一种与空间剖分相结合的改进的声线跟踪法。将该方法与微观交通流仿真和车辆噪声排放模型进行结合,实现了道路交通噪声透过窗户在多连通室内空间传播的动态模拟。最后采用该方法对相同道路和交通流条件下不同建筑朝向的4种布局室内噪声进行动态模拟。分析了室内交通噪声的大小和分布与建筑物布局、窗户的朝向、窗户的形式和面积等因数之间的关系。结果表明:窗户正对道路的房间比窗户侧对道路的房间噪声高4～6 d B(A),房间内等效声级与窗户面积的对数成正比关系。     

大气激光通信用直锥形光纤发射天线

 提出采用直锥形光纤作为大气激光通信的发射天线,将多模光纤输出的部分相干发散光束变换为准平行光束的方案,既能得到发散角很小的部分相干激光光束,又能保证激光器输出能量的完全传输。采用光线追迹法分析了任意光束从锥形光纤小端面输入、大端面输出的发散角。结果表明,当直锥形光纤长度大于某一特定值时,从小端面输入的入射角小于数值孔径角的所有光线理论上都可以变换为出射角度小于光纤半锥角的光线,因此直锥形光纤可以作为部分相干光源的准直透镜,代替传统的凸透镜,用于改善光束的发散角。对远场光斑进行了数值模拟和实验研究,结果显示：直锥形光纤透镜对朗伯光源的准直光束比传统凸透镜的准直光束发散角小,光斑半径小且均匀性好,证明用此方法可以得到低发散、低空间相干性的光斑。     

海面冰层对声波的反射和散射特性

北极海面冰层复杂多变,其对声波的反射和散射严重影响冰下水声信道的传输特性,建立海面冰层的声波反射和散射模型对冰下水声通信研究具有重要意义.假设海面冰层为多层固体弹性介质且冰-水界面粗糙,满足微扰边界条件,导出声波从海水介质入射到海面冰层时相干反射系数满足的线性方程组.对相干反射系数随声波频率、掠射角、冰层厚度的变化进行数值分析.进一步引入根据散射声场功率谱密度计算散射系数的方法,改变掠射角,对冰层厚度、散射掠角对散射系数的影响进行研究.     

Analysis of plasma sheath propagation attenuation based on ray tracing

Based on the complex Snell's law of lossy media, a ray tracing method is proposed to study the propagation attenuation characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves in plasma sheaths. The plasma sheath is modelled as layered media. This method considers the complex ray characteristics of inhomogeneous plane EM waves, tracks the propagation rays of EM waves in each layer of media, and calculates the propagation attenuation of EM waves in each layer of media according to the propagation direction of the complex rays. The attenuation during numerical cumulative propagation is the total attenuation of EM waves through the plasma sheath. By comparing the results with that obtained from the WKB method, the accuracy of the ray tracing algorithm is proved. The results of the propagation attenuation of a blunt cone model are calculated by the proposed method, and the effects of different parameters on the EM wave propagation attenuation in the plasma sheath are analysed at different heights, velocities, incident angles, and incident positions. Studying the propagation characteristics of EM waves in the plasma sheath is of importance in application for radar target tracking, blackout communication, and other issues.     

Wave chaos and mode-medium resonances at long-range sound propagation in the ocean

We study how the chaotic ray motion manifests itself at a finite wavelength at long-range sound propagation in the ocean. The problem is investigated using a model of an underwater acoustic waveguide with a periodic range dependence. It is assumed that the sound propagation is governed by the parabolic equation, similar to the Schrodinger equation. When investigating the sound energy distribution in the time-depth plane, it has been found that the coexistence of chaotic and regular rays can cause a "focusing" of acoustic energy within a small temporal interval. It has been shown that this effect is a manifestation of the so-called stickiness, that is, the presence of such parts of the chaotic trajectory where the latter exhibit an almost regular behavior. Another issue considered in this paper is the range variation of the modal structure of the wave field. In a numerical simulation, it has been shown that the energy distribution over normal modes exhibits surprising periodicity. This occurs even for a mode formed by contributions from predominantly chaotic rays. The phenomenon is interpreted from the viewpoint of mode-medium resonance. For some modes, the following effect has been observed. Although an initially excited mode due to scattering at the inhomogeneity breaks up into a group of modes its amplitude at some range points almost restores the starting value. At these ranges, almost all acoustic energy gathers again in the initial mode and the coarse-grained Wigner function concentrates within a comparatively small area of the phase plane.     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 dB.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因素变化的规律.当海底起伏周期不变时,起伏高度越大引起的异常声传播的影响随之变大;当起伏高度不变时,随着起伏周期变大,其对声传播的影响逐渐变小.用射线理论分析了其影响机理,由于海底周期起伏改变了声波与海底的入射和反射角度,使得原本小掠射角入射到海底的声线变为大掠射角,导致海底的反射损失增大;另一方面,声线反射角度的改变会使得原本可以到达接收点的声能量,由于与海底作用次数增加或变为反向传播而大幅度衰减.在浅海负跃层环境下,声源位于跃层上比位于跃层下对声传播影响更大.周期起伏海底对脉冲声传播的影响表现在引起不同角度的声线(或简正波号数)之间的能量发生转化,一些大角度声线能量衰减加大,多途结构变少.多途结构到达时间及相对幅度的变化进而影响声场的频谱,会使得基于匹配场定位的方法性能受到影响.所以,声呐在实际浅海环境中应用时,应对起伏海底的影响予以重视.此外,研究结果对海底地形测绘空间精度的提高也具有重要参考意义.     

A sound ray tracing algorithm in three-dimensional heterogeneous media based on wavefront traveltimes interpolation

A kind of three-dimensional（3-D） sound ray tracing algorithm in heterogeneous media is studied. This algorithm includes two steps： the first step computes the wavefront traveltimes forward; the second step traces the sound rays backward. In the first step, the computation of wavefront traveltimes at discrete grid points from the sound source, was found on Eikonal equation solutions and carried out by GMM （Group marching method） wavefront marching method based on level set. In the second step, sound ray tracing was proceeded gradually from the receiver to each cell towards the sound source, with wavefront traveltimes computed in the first step. Time values on arbitrary positions in each cuboid cell can be expressed by linear interpolation of wavefront traveltimes at the same cell＇s grid points. Thus, an algorithm of 3-D sound ray tracing in heterogeneous media is put forward. The simulation results indicate that this method can improve both the accuracy and the efficiency of 3-D sound ray tracing greatly.     

Methods for calculating the vergence of an astigmatic ray bundle in an optical system that contains a freeform surface

A method using the generalized Coddington equations enables calculating the vergence of an astigmatic ray bundle in the vicinity of a skew ray in an optical system containing a freeform surface. Because this method requires time-consuming calculations, however, there is still room for increasing the calculation speed. In addition, this method cannot be applied to optical systems containing a medium with a gradient index. Therefore, we propose two new calculation methods in this paper. The first method, using differential ray tracing, enables us to shorten computation time by using simpler algorithms than those used by conventional methods. The second method, using proximate rays, employs only the ray data obtained from the rays exiting an optical system. Therefore, this method can be applied to an optical system that contains a medium with a gradient index. We show some sample applications of these methods in the field of ophthalmic optics.