Resolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks Using a Genetic Algorithm

ABSTRACT

A genetic algorithm for resolution of overlapping chromatographic peaks (GAROCP) using real-number coding, non-uniform mutation and arithmetical crossover methods is described in this paper. It was applied to resolution of highly overlapped multicomponent high-performance liquid chromatographic peaks by fitting experimental chromatogram to the exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) model. The genetic algorithm was used to find the minimum of fitting error to optimize the parameters in the EMG functions which determine the shape and area of each peak. The applicability of the method was investigated with both simulated signals calculated by EMG functions and experimental multicomponent overlapping chromatograms.     

小波变换用于植物激素重叠色谱峰中组分的定量分析

根据小波变换将信号按频率大小分解的性质，作者提出了一种用小波变换直接提取重叠色谱峰中单一组分信息的方法，并将其应用于植物激素混和体系重叠峰的解析与定量分析。结果表明：单组分的色谱信号经小波变换分解后仍能保持原有的线性关系，用小波变换从重叠信号中提取的单一组分信息也具有良好的线性关系。     

正交投影用于多波长色谱重叠峰分析

 将正交投影分辨 (OPR)技术用于多波长色谱重叠峰分辨 ,当色谱峰中最大重叠度小于或等于波长数时 ,用这一方法能从多波长色谱重叠峰中获得完全真解。基于双波长色谱分析 ,提出了一种新的色谱重叠峰中背景校正、组分数和纯组分信号区确定以及各组分重叠情况的分析方法 ,即双波长特征信息分析 (DWCI)。该法被成功的用于三组分双峰和双组分单峰重叠色谱的分析。     

断层扫描分析法用于联用色谱二维数据的解析Ⅱ. 定量分析:原理与应用

提出了一种全新的色谱一光谱二维数据信息处理手段——断层扫描分析法。本研究介绍断层扫描分析法的定量分析原理：在重叠色谱峰簇中,每个色谱保留时间处都可得到一条光谱“断层”;针对不同的光谱“断层”,可结合褶合曲线分析法进行定量分析,并最终获得重叠色谱峰簇中待测组分的定量信息。用断层扫描分析法对一实验体系进行了定量分析,结果满意。     

Single- and multi-channel detection for generalized quantitative analysis in cases of unresolved chromatographic peaks

Computerized quantification of components under overlapping chromatographic peaks is done by calibration of chromatograms against component mixtures. For conventional (single-channel) detectors, the limitations of earlier methods based on ordinary multiple regression, can be circumvented by data reduction with the aid of principal component analysis with the partial least-squares approach. Simulation studies show that the method can be applied even when there is severe peak overlap, unstable baseline, noisy chromatograms or non-linear detector response. Advantages in the quantification of fused peaks by means of multichannel detectors are outlined. Present limitations on the quantitative evaluation of several overlapping component peaks from a single spectro-chromatogram by means of the partial least-squares method combined with multiple regression on the pure component spectra, are discussed with respect to practical high-performance liquid chromatography.     

Application of principal component analysis to the extraction of pure mass spectra in chemical analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

In this work, we investigated the possibility of the purification of mass spectra of coeluted substances containing at least one characteristic value of m/z using principal component analysis. Simulated and real gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data were analyzed. For the simulated data, the resolution of the chromatographic peaks varied from 0.075 to 0.75, and the ratio of component concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 100. Noise-free simulated data and simulated data with randomly distributed noise were considered. It was shown that the method gave satisfactory results even when the chromatographic resolution (R _s ) was less than 0.05.     

三元重叠色谱峰面积的定量方法

本从色谱峰的ＥＭＧ模型出发，通过对重叠色谱峰的模拟和回归分析，提出了一种三元重叠色谱峰的面积的定量方法，三元重叠色谱峰的每一个峰面积可以由峰面积比和总面积求得，此法所需的数据都由实验色谱图上测得，峰面积计算结果的相对误差小于±５％，适用于相对峰谷为５０％－９５％的三元重叠色谱峰面积的定量。     

An immune algorithm for resolution of multicomponent overlapping chromatograms

A novel immune algorithm for resolution and quantitative determination of the components in overlapping chromatograms was proposed by imitating biological immune systems. The algorithm takes an overlapping chromatogram as its input and subtracts the chromatograms of standard samples from the input by iteration of a network. When the residual does not change, the network will converge and chromatographic information of the components in overlapping chromatogram will be obtained. Both simulated and experimental data sets were investigated by the method. Results showed that both resolved results and recoveries of quantitative determination are satisfactory. Comparing with conventional least-square method, the immune algorithm is fast in calculation.     

An immune algorithm for resolution of multicomponent overlapping chromatograms

A novel immune algorithm for resolution and quantitative determination of the components in overlapping chromatograms was proposed by imitating biological immune systems. The algorithm takes an overlapping chromatogram as its input and subtracts the chromatograms of standard samples from the input by iteration of a network. When the residual does not change, the network will converge and chromatographic information of the components in overlapping chromatogram will be obtained. Both simulated and experimental data sets were investigated by the method. Results showed that both resolved results and recoveries of quantitative determination are satisfactory. Comparing with conventional least-square method, the immune algorithm is fast in calculation.     

基于积分渐进展开的气相色谱重叠峰快速解析法

论文提出用积分渐进展开解析气相色谱重叠峰,该方法有3个主要步骤：首先将谷峰或肩峰分成两个积分区域,得到一个子区域的积分方程和一个重叠峰面积的代数方程;然后用数值积分求出这两个方程计算中所需要的峰面积,再用积分渐进公式将积分方程展开成代数方程;最后,将这两个方程与峰高约束方程联立后,得到一个非线性代数方程组,用Gauss-Seidel迭代可以快速求解方程组,方程收敛的最大迭代次数不超过20次。仿真和实验结果表明,解析的峰高和峰面积误差均很小,峰面积最大误差低于6.44%,峰高的最大误差约为6.80%。由于该算法精度高,效率高,所以这个方法可以用于气相色谱重叠峰和一般色谱峰的实时在线解析。     

一种基于免疫算法的新型因子分析算法

基于免疫算法的基本思想,提出了新的免疫主成分分析法(IPCA),该方法将免疫算法中抗体对抗原的消除运算应用于二维数据矩阵的正交分解,可得到矩阵的特征值和特征向量.结果表明,IPCA与传统的主成分分析法比较,对HPLC-DAD模拟信号的计算结果基本一致.对HPLC-DAD实验信号的解析结果表明,将IPCA与窗口因子分析技术结合比传统的WFA具有更强的解析能力.     

免疫算法用于多组分二维色谱数据的解析

通过对免疫系统抗体对抗原消除作用及其记忆功能的模拟,提出了解析二维数据矩阵的新方法。采用模拟的EMG公式作为抗体输入,对二维信号逐行进行迭代消除,从重叠峰中提取单一组分的色谱信息和光谱信息。通过对二维色谱数据的解析,结果表明,该方法可方便地用于多组分重叠二维色谱的解析。     

Chromatogram simulation by area reproduction

A modified Poisson function has been developed for the simulation of chromatographic peaks. The proposed model is shown to have the property of exactly recreating the experimentally determined peak area. Model parameters are obtained directly from the experimental peak, and overlapping peaks are deconvoluted such that the area sum of overlapping peaks is kept unchanged. The method was applied to real, complex chromatograms.     

Software for Microprocessor Controlled HPLC: Peak Area Integration

Abstract

Programs are described for determination of peak areas and peak retention times from the chromatographic data obtained by a dual-microprocessor data handling microcomputer (DHC). The programs provide the necessary equipment testing and calibration routines for an accurate reproduction of a recorded chromatogram, and they are written to be merged with the data acquisition programs to provide a true “real-time” integrator. The integration is performed with baseline stabilization and automatic peak splitting. These features make the integrator applicable to gradient elution chromatography, as well as for the integration of complex chromatograms with overlapping peaks. The integrated chromatogram can be displayed with the limits of integration for each peak. Results of peak area integration of simple and complex chromatograms demonstrate satisfactorily accurate and consistant results that are independent of chromatographic conditions and shape of the peaks.     

一种新型的信号拟合方法--免疫算法

通过对免疫系统免疫机制的模拟,提出了一种新型的信号拟合算法。该算法根据所提供的标样信息对重叠分析化学信号进行拟合,从重叠信号中提取单一组分的信息,从而实现了多组分混合信号的解析。对模拟信号的实验信号的处理结果表明,该方法可方便地用于多组分重叠色谱信号的解析。     

Resolution of global signals using ratio differential pulse polarograms: Determination of p-nitroaniline and p-nitrotoluene in their mixture

Ratio differential pulse polarograms obtained by dividing the multianalyte and single analyte signals are proposed as a tool for resolution of global signals and quantification of the analytes from a qualitatively known mixture by differential pulse polarography (DPP) and related electroanalytical techniques. The influences of shape and position of the resolving function (DP polarograms of individual analyte) on the efficiency of resolution are discussed on simulated and experimental results. The method is applied for the determination of p-nitroaniline (NA) and p-nitrotoluene (NT) from their mixture in N,N′-dimethylformamide solutions with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium iodide as supporting electrolyte, using an external calibration diagram and internal standard addition methods. NA and NT give one-electron DP polarographic peaks with 93 mV of peak separation and, therefore, show significant overlapping which depends on the concentration ratio of NA and NT in the mixture. The method is especially suitable for quantification of one analyte in the presence of a large excess of another analyte, because by division the component in excess is removed and the pseudo-ratio DPP of the minor component is clearly revealed in a way which is not possible by deconvolution using polynomial division or deconvolution by Fourier transforms.     

Resolution of the Embedded Chromatographic Peaks by Modified Orthogonal Projection Resolution and Entropy Maximization Method

ABSTRACT

The embedded chromatographic peaks usually can not be completely resolved by conventional multivariate resolution methods. The resolution condition of a certain component in two-way data is first reviewed. A modified orthogonal projection resolution (OPR) algorithm and new entropy maximization (EM) method are then proposed to resolve embedded chromatographic peaks in this paper. The modified OPR algorithm performs more precisely than conventional orthogonal projection resolution algorithm in resolving the chromatography of minor peak. The entropy criterion defined on the differential chromatography could obtain an approximate solution in resolution of the major chromatographic peak. Simulated and real data show that the modified OPR and entropy maximization (EM) methods perform well in solving the embedded problem.     

直观推导式演进特征投影法解析多环芳烃的重叠色谱峰

用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定多环芳烃时,因芴、苊和菲,茚(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(g,h,i)苝的色谱峰严重重叠而影响测定结果。本研究用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(DAD)和荧光检测器(FLD)测定多环芳烃,在激发波长λex=230nm,发射波长λem=300～500nm范围内采集重叠峰的HPLC-FLD二维色谱数据,再用直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)解析它们的重叠色谱峰,分辨结果令人满意。该方法对重叠组分的分辨下限为0.02mg/L。结果表明,用二维色谱荧光数据解析色谱重叠峰,灵敏度更高,可用于环境样品中多环芳烃的测定。     

一种测定天然药物活性成分的HPLC-DAD计算分析方法

将窗口因子分析所得结果作为初值,采用交替迭代进行窗口的自适应优化调整,以迭代逼近方法有效地解决了窗口选择难题.将其用于丹参中丹参酮、隐丹参酮和丹参酮A含量的HPLC-DAD分析测定,加样回收率分别达94.16%,91.57%和104.48%.计算机仿真和模拟中药物质体系的实验结果均表明,本方法分析结果受窗口偏差的影响较小,显著优于经典窗口因子分析法,可推广用于计算解析复杂样品色谱分析中出现的重叠峰.     

多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘方法在联用数据分辨中的应用

通过对模拟数据和高效毛细管电泳实验数据的分析,讨论了多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘方法(MCR-ALS)在毛细管电泳-二极管阵列检测(CE-DAD)联用数据分辨中的应用.讨论了几种因素对MCR-ALS单个数据矩阵分辨结果的影响,包括待分析物光谱间的相似程度、浓度曲线的重叠程度以及由渐进因子分析(EFA)所得到的浓度初始值等.MCR-ALS还可用于多个数据矩阵的同时分析,即二阶MCR-ALS.结果表明,与一阶MCR-ALS相比,二阶MCR-ALS方法能够更好地解决各种分辨问题,得到合理和满意的分辨结果.