White-emitting high-contrast low-voltage ac-electroluminescent multi-element display panels

To compete with LED displays, inexpensive ac-EL layer structures have been developed with high visual contrast in bright ambient. They can be driven with 50 V, 10 kHz by a simple oscillator, and they consist of monograin ZnS powder layers embedded in high-dielectric resin on black back electrodes, puncture-protected by an inorganic insulator film. All spectral colours are available. White emission can be obtained by mixing blue-emitting and yellow-emitting EL powder. Blue-violet-emitting powder can be embedded in resin that is dyed with fluorescent molecules to obtain all colour tints imaginable. Patterns can be obtained by dusting tacky resin dots, like in colour TV tube manufacture. Preparation is described and materials listed.     

X光光电子能谱法测定胶片中氟,硅和铝的研究

应用Ｘ光光电子能谱法测定了几种彩色胶片表面层中氟的１ｓ能级的结合能；分别比较了水处理前后、溅蚀前后胶片护膜层氟的变化，表明氟化物分布在护膜最表层，是一种易溶于水的氟化物；测定了彩色片护膜层所含硅２ｐ能级的结合能，与自制彩色片护膜层测定结果比较，优质片含一种较多负电性，用与自制片的无机硅不同的硅化物作毛面剂；对溅蚀前后优质片和自产彩色片中的硅铝比变化进行比较，提出优质彩色片Ｆ－４００的护膜层可能是双     

On a predictive scheme for colour image quantization

In this paper we proposed an improved colour image quantization scheme based on predictive coding. Since the neighbouring colour pixels are quite similar in most colour images, the similarity among the encoded pixels is exploited. In the proposed scheme the encoded distinct neighbouring colours are collected to form a smaller state-palette. If the closest colour in the state-palette is quite similar to the current encoding colour pixel, the index of the closest colour in the state-palette is recorded. Otherwise, the closest colour in original colour palette for the current encoding colour pixel is searched and the corresponding index is recorded. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves good image qualities while requiring much lower bit rates for colour image compression.     

Colour-coded tomography in fluid mechanics

A measuring principle for qualitative and quantitative analyses of three-dimensional unsteady flows is presented. The principle is based on colour coding of the flow volume under consideration. Coloured light sheets are generated and used to illuminate the flow volume. Consecutive light sheets of different colours are scanned over the volume within a small interval of time. Thus, the volume is sliced and colour-coded quasi-instantaneously. With this technique, the 3D position of a particle in the volume can be identified by a 2D image and an associated colour. Since most optical flow measuring systems are based on tracers, colour coding allows the application of 2D image recorders to register 3D flow information. The paper discusses the state-of-the-art of this principle for three-dimensional flow analyses and gives information about applicability and limitations.     

Complex scaling and residual flavour symmetry in the neutrino mass matrix

We present an instance from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics which combines increase in entropy and finite Poincaré recurrence time. The model we consider is a variation of the well-known Kac’s ring where we consider balls of four colours. As is known, Kac introduced this model where balls arranged between lattice sites, in each time step, move one step clockwise. The colour of the balls change as they cross marked sites. This very simple example rationalize the increase in entropy and recurrence. In our variation, the interesting quantity which counts the difference in the number of balls of different colours is shown to reduce to a set of linear equations if the probability of change of colour is symmetric among a pair of colours. The transfer matrix turns out to be non-Hermitian with real eigenvalues, leading to all colours being equally likely for long times, and a monotonically varying entropy. The new features appearing due to four colours is very instructive.     

新型胶片影像判读仪的应用研究

针对狭缝摄影胶片参数测量和处理的自动化低,人为因素多,提出一种新型胶片影像判读仪。通过将光源照射到待扫描的材料上完成图像的获取,光源照射到CCD上实现光电转换。对胶片图像进行数字化处理,利用软件进行图像处理。结果表明,应用该判读仪实现了大幅面（830 mm190 mm）彩色胶片图像输入。平面结构和精密的传动系统保证了测量要求的全幅面小于0.1 mm的精度,提高了胶片判读的自动化程度和数据的精确测量及处理。     

Development of a reader for track etch detectors based on a commercially available slide scanner

NRPB has operated a routine neutron personal dosimetry service based on the electrochemical etch of PADC elements since 1986. Since its inception it has used an automated reader based on a video camera and real time analysis. A new and more powerful replacement system has been developed using a commercially available photographic slide scanner. This permits a complete image of the dosemeter to be grabbed in a single scan, generating a 2592x3888 pixel file which is saved for subsequent analysis. This gives an effective pixel size of 10x10 μm with an image of the entire dosemeter in one field of view. Custom written software subsequently analyses the image to assess the number of etched pits on the dosemeter and read the detector identification number (code). Batch scanning of up to 40 detectors is also possible using an autofeed attachment. The system can be used for electrochemically etched tracks for neutron detectors and chemically etched tracks for radon detectors.     

Semi-automatic measurement of gap–blob sizes along tracks of relativistic ions for computer identification

A method for the identification of relativistic ions with low atomic numbers in nuclear emulsion was proposed for measurements with a semi-automatic microscope-computer system. In this method we used a simultaneous consideration of both blob and gap distributions over their sizes and a comparison of these distributions with Monte Carlo simulation on the basis of fluctuation theory of the photographic action of ionizing particles (Phys.-Math. Sci. Thesis, Moscow State University, 278pp). The applicability of the proposed method was tested for a set of ion tracks in nuclear emulsion of type R2.     

Analytical electron microscopy of silver halide photographic systems

Studies of silver halide (AgX) photographic materials and individual microcomponents by TEM/STEM/SEM/EDX, CL, EFTEM/EELS and digital image analysis techniques are reviewed. Electron-beam-AgX interactions are discussed to clarify relationships between the signals analysed in various operating AEM modes. An optimum strategy of structural and analytical diagnosis of complex silver halide photographic systems by a number of AEM methods is considered, using a number of examples (colour and black-and-white films, AgX microcrystals, and colour coupler dispersions). AEM applications to study of the main stages of the photographic process, i.e., chemical ripening, spectral sensitisation, latent image formation and development are also presented. Current trends and future directions in research of AgX-based photographic systems by AEM techniques are outlined.     

关于热生长SiO2薄膜厚度的测量

在半导体硅器件的研究工作中,需要准确地测量和控制SiO₂薄膜的厚度。由于干涉原理,SiO₂薄膜在白光照射下呈现颜色。但薄膜厚度与颜色相应的单色光的波长并不成简单的函数关系。本文叙述了用干涉显微镜测量热生长SiO₂薄膜厚度的方法。由测量结果得到SiO₂薄膜的折射率以及SiO₂和硅界面及空气和硅界面反射相移之差。并且测量了一组标准样品的薄膜厚度,列出了薄膜厚度与干涉颜色的对应关系。所得结果与从Rollet数据所推算的结果大致符合。样品厚度还包括了Rollet数据中所未包括的范围(3300—4200?)。     

Cadmium colours: composition and properties

The composition and the properties of cadmium aquarelle colours are discussed. The examined colours were 24 different aquarelle cadmium colours from six different manufacturers. The colours ranged from light, bright yellows to dark, deep-red tones. The aim of this research was to find out if the pigments contain cadmium salts: sulphides and/or selenides. This information will help in choosing watercolours in conservation processes. Today, aquarelle colours not containing cadmium pigments are being sold as cadmium colours; thus their properties might be different from actual cadmium colours. The aim of the research was to verify that the colour samples contained cadmium pigments and to estimate their compositions and ageing properties. Element analyses were performed from colour samples using micro-chemical tests and X-ray fluorescence measurements. Thin-layer chromatography was used for analysing gum Arabic as a possible binding medium in the chosen colour samples. Through ageing tests, the resistance of the colour samples to the exposure to light, heat and humidity was studied. Visible-light spectroscopy was used in determining the hues and hue changes of the aquarelle colour samples. The spectrophotometer used the CIE L^*a^*b^* tone colour measuring system. From the colour measurements the changes in the lightness/darkness, the redness, the yellowness and the saturation of the samples were examined. PACS 32.30.Rj; 32.30.Jc; 33.20.Kf     

The past and the future of chromogenic colour photographs: lifetime modelling using near-infrared spectroscopy &; enhancement using hypoxia

Chromogenic colour prints are amongst the most unstable materials found in heritage collections as the information-carrying dyes fade appreciably even in the dark. However, image stability is just one of the numerous properties that photographic companies aspire for in their products, along with constant improvements in colour balance and image development.     

The colour of domestication and the designer chicken

Colour is an important feature of most living organisms. In the wild, colour has great significance affecting the survival and reproductive success of the species. The environmental constraints which lead to the specific colours of birds and animals are very strong and individuals of novel colours tend not to survive. Under domestication, mankind has transformed all the species involved which have thus been freed from environmental pressures to a large extent. Early colour variants were mostly selected for utility reasons or religious practices. In more recent centuries colour varieties have been created purely for ornament and pleasure, fashion playing a surprisingly large part in their development. A bewildering array of colours and patterns can now be found in all our commensal species, especially the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).     

The measurement of slope using shearography

This paper presents an optical method which is based on speckle-shearing interferometry for the measurement of the slope at any point of an object. The object under study is illuminated by an expanded laser beam and its image is recorded on a photographic plate placed at the image plane of an image-shearing camera. A second exposure on the photographic film is made after the light source is moved slightly. The resulting photograph yields a fringe pattern which represents lines of constant displacement gradients. Theory of the method as well as some experimental results are presented.     

The colour wheels of art, perception, science and physiology

Colour is not the domain of any one discipline be it art, philosophy, psychology or science. Each discipline has its own colour wheel and this presentation examines the origins and philosophies behind the colour circles of Art, Perception, Science and Physiology (after image) with reference to Aristotle, Robert Boyle, Leonardo da Vinci, Goethe, Ewald Hering and Albert Munsell.The paper analyses and discusses the differences between the four colour wheels using the Natural Colour System® notation as the reference for hue (the position of colours within each of the colour wheels). Examination of the colour wheels shows the dominance of blue in the wheels of art, science and physiology particularly at the expense of green.This paper does not consider the three-dimensionality of colour space its goal was to review the hue of a colour with regard to its position on the respective colour wheels.     

Colour contribution to children's wayfinding in school environments

The purpose of this study was to explore the contribution of colour to children's wayfinding ability in school environments and to examine the differences between colours in terms of their remembrance and usability in route learning process. The experiment was conducted with three different sample groups for each of three experiment sets differentiated by their colour arrangement. The participants totalled 100 primary school children aged seven and eight years old. The study was conducted in four phases. In the first phase, the participants were tested for familiarity with the experiment site and also for colour vision deficiencies by using Ishihara's tests for colour-blindness. In the second phase, they were escorted on the experiment route by the tester one by one, from one starting point to one end point and were asked to lead the tester to the end point by the same route. In the third phase, they were asked to describe verbally the route. In the final phase, they were asked to remember the specific colours at their correct locations. It was found that colour has a significant effect on children's wayfinding performances in school environments. However, there were no differences between different colours in terms of their remembrances in route finding tasks. In addition, the correct identifications of specific colours and landmarks were dependent on their specific locations. Contrary to the literature, gender differences were not found to be significant in the accuracy of route learning performances.     

照相物镜移植应用的研究

对于用逐步修改法设计光学系统,初始结构的选择是重要环节。除在典型形式中寻求初始结构外,也可以借鉴其它系统的光学结构进行相似创新。照相物镜移植应用指的是不同系统物镜因成像功能相似,故可实施光学结构的优化替代。本文研究了各种物镜成像功能的相似性,不同系统大孔径、大视场物镜光学特性的边缘性;根据像差理论阐明了照相物镜是大孔径、大视场系统理想的结构替代源;结合照相物镜丰富的光学结构资源的实际情况,指出移植应用是可行的。将照相物镜移植应用于其它系统大孔径、大视场物镜设计中,生产出与照相物镜结构相似、像质优良的镜头。实践证明了移植应用的实用性与可操作性。     

A semi-automated hybrid algorithm for accurate detection and counting of chemically etched tracks

In this paper, we present an accurate and comprehensive semi-automated algorithm for detection and counting the chemically etched tracks on polycarbonate nuclear Track detectors. The proposed algorithm consists of two main phases: a preprocessing phase for image preparation and quality improvement. It uses a format conversion into gray-scale image and contrast enhancement procedure. The contrast enhancement procedure employs the first-order fuzzy moment of the image and the Sugeno class of fuzzy complements to maximize the parametric indices of fuzziness of the image. In one feature extraction phase, two intrinsic characteristics of tracks are defined and formulated as topological feature (TF) and chromatic feature (CF). TF refers to tracks shape and geometry which are characterized and quantized by calculating the local Gray Level Spatial Correlation histogram of the tracks and CF refers to the color intensity difference of the tracks borders and tracks centric areas. The CF characterizes this difference specified to the tracks. After the feature extraction phase, the algorithm enters the detection and counting phase in which the fuzzy sets of background, noise (including small objects, notches, etc.) and track are constructed. Detected objects are then characterized according to their membership values to the fuzzy sets. The algorithm is designed in order to be applicable for different forms of tracks and track counting systems. Accuracy, linearity, sensitivity to the input parameters and comprehensibility of the method are validated in the simulation section.     

RGB method in immunofluorescence investigations on stem cells

Colour is not related to a particular discipline, but it is transversely present in many circles and in almost all the aspects of life. It has a special value in art, but also as far as other disciplines are concerned, like the sciences, the colour is at the basis of some of their intrinsic significances and it often needed to allow the interpretation of some of their phenomena as well. As regards the development of cell biology knowledge, colour acquired more and more importance in revealing the observations of the researchers. A field in which the methods based on the colours are particularly employed is the immunofluorescence, used to identify specific proteins in cells and tissues. These techniques combine the fluorochrome properties with specific molecules, i.e. antibodies, directed against particular substances to investigate, for example a specific protein. In single immunofluorescence analysis, the signal from an excited fluorochrome corresponds to a particular protein. In multiple immunofluorescence analysis, two or more signals are simultaneously detected to show the localization of different proteins on the same sample. The three primary colours red, green and blue were currently assigned to the signals from immunofluorescence-processed samples and visualized by the RGB method. In the present work, different examples of RGB applications in immunocytochemical investigations are showed: the first concerns the multiple analysis of three markers, localized in different loci of the cell plasma membrane; the second is related to the co-localization of two signals in the same site of specific subcellular structures. In this case the secondary colours, obtained by overlapping the primary ones, demonstrate the specific co-presence of two proteins in the same site. With the present paper, the authors wish to underline the relevant role of colours also in those areas in which colours are the means not the end.     

Spectral response data for development of cool coloured tile coverings

Most ancient or traditional buildings in Italy show steep-slope roofs covered by red clay tiles. As the rooms immediately below the roof are often inhabited in historical or densely urbanized centres, the combination of low solar reflectance of tile coverings and low thermal inertia of either wooden roof structures or sub-tile insulation panels makes summer overheating a major problem. The problem can be mitigated by using tiles coated with cool colours, that is colours with the same spectral response of clay tiles in the visible, but highly reflecting in the near infrared range, which includes more than half of solar radiation. Cool colours can yield the same visible aspect of common building surfaces, but higher solar reflectance.Studies aimed at developing cool colour tile coverings for traditional Italian buildings have been started. A few coating solutions with the typical red terracotta colour have been produced and tested in the laboratory, using easily available materials. The spectral response and the solar reflectance have been measured and compared with that of standard tiles.