Cell refractive index tomography by digital holographic microscopy

For what we believe to be the first time, digital holographic microscopy is applied to perform optical diffraction tomography of a pollen grain. Transmission phase images with nanometric axial accuracy are numerically reconstructed from holograms acquired for different orientations of the rotating sample; then the three-dimensional refractive index spatial distribution is computed by inverse radon transform. A precision of 0.01 for the refractive index estimation and a spatial resolution in the micrometer range are demonstrated.     

扭转保偏光纤的三维折射率测量

基于数字全息显微层析技术,采用横向干涉系统,旋转被测的扭转保偏光纤,获得光纤180°视角下各个角度的全息图并由CCD记录,通过图像处理与再现算法提取物光波的相位分布信息.利用滤波反投影还原出光纤各个断面的二维折射率分布,并由此构建扭转保偏光纤的三维折射率分布,揭示扭转保偏光纤内部的三维信息.测量结果显示,扭转保偏光纤的应力柱随着光纤同时扭转,但包层、应力柱和纤芯的折射率并不改变.采用边缘检测提取了光纤不同断面应力柱的位置,并计算了扭转保偏光纤的扭转角度.     

Two-photon induced photorefraction in undoped lithium tantalate crystals with different compositions

Two-photon interband photorefraction in undoped lithium tantalate crystals with composition ranging from 47.95 to 49.6 mol% of lithium oxide was demonstrated at the wavelength of 532 nm. The photorefractive properties were examined with holographic method. Two-photon holograms were recorded with high holographic sensitivity, large refractive index change, and fast hologram writing time. Permanent changes of the refractive index have been obtained. These holograms can be read nondestructively at the wavelength of 660 nm using heterodyne method. Holographic characteristics strongly depend on composition.     

Localizing and Characterizing Colloidal Particles Scattering Using Lens-free Holographic Microscopy

Lens-free holographic microscopy could achieve both improved resolution and field of view(FOV), which has huge potential applications in biomedicine, fluid mechanics and soft matter physics. Unfortunately, due to the limited sensor pixel size, target objects could not be located to a satisfactory level. Recent studies have shown that electromagnetic scattering can be fitted to digital holograms to obtain the 3 D positions of isolated colloidal spheres with nanometer precision and millisecond temporal resolution. Here, we describe a lens-free holographic imaging technique that fits multi-sphere superposition scattering to digital holograms to obtain in situ particle position and model parameters: size and refractive index of colloidal spheres. We show that the proposed method can be utilized to analyze the location and character of colloidal particles under large FOV with high density.     

基于数字全息图的光纤折射率测量研究

利用数字全息显微层析技术构建了光纤折射率测量的测试系统, 包括光路系统与软件系统. 以物光波的相位分布曲线为依据由CCD记录最优的数字全息图; 在优化频谱图的基础之上对全息图做频域滤波, 准确选取物光波所对应的频谱范围; 使用基于角谱理论的再现算法提取出物光波的相位分布信息, 并通过模拟全息图验证相位提取的准确性; 由单幅全息图提取的相位分布信息, 结合光纤的多层模型, 还原出光纤断层面沿直径方向的折射率分布. 以单模、多模光纤为实验样品进行了测量, 测量结果与S14折射率测量仪的测量结果吻合, 精度可达10^-4. 实验对比结果表明本文方法可简单、快速、准确地测量光纤内部的折射率. 本文还对特种光纤的折射率进行了测量研究.     

数字全息显微术中重建物场波前的相位校正

数字全息显微术克服了传统光学显微术无法直接提取样品相位信息的缺点,可以对活体细胞组织等相位型生物样品进行定量测量和有效观察。但在数字全息显微成像过程中,像场弯曲会对再现像相位分布的测量和观察产生影响。提出一种采用相位相减来校正数字全息再现像像场弯曲的方法。通过在样品加入前后两次拍摄全息图,并对数值重建像分别进行去包裹运算再令其相减,即可实现对像场弯曲的有效校正,对蝉翼和大蒜表皮细胞等相位型物体进行测量,并采用数值校正和相位相减两种方法对像场弯曲进行校正。与现有的数值校正方法相比,利用相位相减获得样品三维相位信息的方法更为简单、可靠,是校正像数字全息再现场弯曲的有效方法。     

Correction of quadratic phase error in two-wavelength digital holographic interferometry using laser diodes

We present the correction of a quadratic phase error in two-wavelength digital holographic interferometry using laser diodes. This phase error arises from numerical reconstructions of wavefronts from digital holograms based on the Fresnel diffraction integral. To correct the quadratic phase error, it is numerically produced by computer on the basis of the theoretical prediction and is subtracted from the phase difference map in two-wavelength digital holographic interferometry. Experimental results show that the method of correction in this paper is useful for two-wavelength digital holographic interferometry using laser diodes.     

数字全息干涉术用于微波等离子体推进器羽流场的研究

利用数字全息干涉术研究了微波等离子体推进器羽流场的分布特征,由所记录的羽流场的数字全息图,经数值再现,得到了羽流场的相位分布,进而计算出等离子体羽流场的电子数密度.通过相位倍增法增加了羽流场的干涉条纹密度,从而能够更直观地反映出羽流场的折射率分布.结果表明,数字全息干涉术是研究微波等离子体推进器羽流场的一种有效方法.     

Digital particle holographic system for measurements of spray field characteristics

A digital particle holographic system for measurements of spray fields is presented. A double exposure hologram recording system with a synchronization system for time control is established, resulting in digital holograms that can be quickly recorded. To process recorded holograms, the correlation coefficient method is used for focal plane determination of particles. To remove noise and improve the quality of holograms and reconstructed images, a Wiener filter is adopted. The two-threshold and image segmentation methods are used for binary image transformation. For particle pairing, the match probability method is adopted. The proposed system is applied to a spray field, and three-dimensional velocities and sizes of spray droplets are measured. Measurement results from the digital holographic system are compared to those made by laser instruments, which prove the feasibility of the proposed in-line digital particle holographic system as a good measurement tool for spray droplets.     

Investigation of refractive index profile and mode field distribution of optical fibers using digital holographic phase shifting interferometric method

In this paper a digital holographic phase shifting interferometric method is used to characterize the graded index (GR-IN) optical fibers. Off-axis digital holographic Mach–Zehnder like arrangement in aid of phase shifting tool is applied. Numerical reconstruction of phase shifted holograms is applied to calculate the optical phase difference distribution in the image plane, and then the optical phase differences across GR-IN fibers are extracted considering image enhancement and noise reduction steps. Also, a simple algorithm is presented to modify the position of the extracted optical phase differences across the fibers to be perpendicular to x-axis, so that it becomes easy to calculate the mean optical phase differences along the fiber. The mean optical phase differences in combination with multilayer model are applied to calculate the refractive index profiles across GR-IN optical fibers. An analytical model is presented to predict the mode distribution associated with the effective indices and the propagation coefficient of the parabolic refractive index profile GR-IN fiber.     

Measurement of refractive index change induced by dark reaction of photopolymer with digital holographic quantitative phase microscopy

Light-induced refractive index change in photopolymer is quantified by a digital holographic microscope. The refractive index change is induced as the dark reaction which proceeds inside the photopolymer after a writing beam is stopped. Time-lapse phase distribution across the photopolymer is measured by the off-axis digital holographic microscope which enables us to retrieve the 2-D phase map from a single hologram. It is found that the initial phase profile does not coincide with the illumination intensity distribution. This observation suggests that the rate of the refractive index change in dark reaction is not proportional to the illumination intensity in case the exposure energy becomes high.     

Holographic testing of fluorescent photosensitive glass-ceramics

In this paper we investigate the holographic recording properties of the fluorescent photosensitive glass-ceramics. The materials described here, stable up to 400 °C, represent a substantial advancement in the development of long lifetime media for holographic data storage. A detailed physical-chemical characterization of the proposed material is presented. It is shown that volume holograms were obtained after the recording process using a continuum high power laser in an off-axis setup.     

长工作距离显微成像数字全息合成孔径方法(英文)

提出了一种用于长工作距离下显微成像的数字全息合成孔径方法。首先,在不同斜入射照明条件下记录多幅包含不同物光频谱范围的数字全息图。然后,利用每一幅全息图通过数字方法重构并放大物体强度像。最后,通过非相干叠加这些强度像得到分辨力提高且散斑噪声减小的合成物体强度像。理论分析和实验结果表明,此方法可应用于长工作距离下的原位显微观测。     

Comparison of the laser ablation process on Zn and Ti using pulsed digital holographic interferometry

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry has been used to compare the laser ablation process of a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser pulse (wavelength 1064 nm, pulse duration 12 ns) on two different metals (Zn and Ti) under atmospheric air pressure. Digital holograms were recorded for different time delays using collimated laser light (532 nm) passed through the volume along the target. Numerical data of the integrated refractive index field were calculated and presented as phase maps. Intensity maps were calculated from the recorded digital holograms and are used to calculate the attenuation of the probing laser beam by the ablated plume. The different structures of the plume, namely streaks normal to the surface for Zn in contrast to absorbing regions for Ti, indicates that different mechanisms of laser ablation could happen for different metals for the same laser settings and surrounding gas. At a laser fluence of 5 J/cm², phase explosion appears to be the ablation mechanism in case of Zn, while for Ti normal vaporization seems to be the dominant mechanism.     

Polarization phase shifting in digital holographic microscopy

In the present work we have made use of polarization phase shifting in digital holographic microscopy (DHM) for three dimensional phase profiling of transmissive and reflecting microscopic samples. The Mach–Zehnder arrangement with proper polarizing elements (polarizer-masked cube beam splitter, quarter wave plate and a linear polarizer) is used for recording the phase-shifted digital holograms. The suggested procedure is simple and accurate and obviates the need of piezo devices for phase shifting. The phase profile of the specimen is reconstructed from the holograms by using standard phase shifting algorithms.     

Study on the simplified phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy

In this paper, a new simplified technique for effectively eliminating the zero order and the conjugate virtual image in digital holographic microcopy, which makes use of two-step phase-shifting method of just recording two holograms and an intensity image of object wave, is proposed. Meanwhile, combined with the principle of making full use of spatial bandwidth of the CCD sensor by in-line lens-less Fourier holographic recording geometry, the theory and experimental methods to increase the resolution of the reconstructed image in digital holography by using phase-shifting technique are detailedly analyzed. At end, the validity and availability of this technique has been demonstrated through the off-axis and in-line Fourier transform recording geometry. The study provides some theoretical and experimental guidance for the design and operation of a digital holographic microscopy system.     

基于滤波成像的大视角数字全息技术

为提高数字全息再现像视角,提出一种基于滤波成像的数字全息技术来实现大视角的三维物体面型测量.利用离轴像面数字全息技术,通过在4F相干图像处理系统的空间频谱面处放置可移动的低通滤波器,使满足CCD分辨率的物光波与参考光波干涉形成全息图,并控制低通滤波及成像区域分别记录不同谱段的子全息图.再现时,首先对子全息图进行数字傅里叶变换,重构对应频谱段,并对频谱段进行拼接形成完整的物光频谱|而后通过数字再现获得大视角的数字全息再现像.利用该方法测量了圆柱形表面（光滑的缝纫针）的三维形貌,并取得了较好的实验结果.     

Grating spacing dependence of nonvolatile holographic recording with arbitrary charge transport lengths

Grating spacing dependence of nonvolatile holographic recording in doubly doped lithium niobate crystals is theoretically investigated allowing arbitrary charge transport lengths. It is shown that the nonvolatile refractive index modulation initially increases with increasing grating spacing, then a saturation behavior arises because of the dominant bulk photovoltaic effect. Although different charge transport length results in different nonvolatile refractive index modulation, the grating spacing dependence of nonvolatile holographic recording obeys almost the same rules for arbitrary charge transport lengths. The experimental results obtained by recording nonvolatile holograms in LiNbO₃:Cu:Ce crystals with different grating spacing are consistent with the theoretical analyses.     

Spectral holographic imaging of transparent objects in Mach−Zehnder interferometer using acousto-optic filter

The problem of digital holographic imaging of optically transparent objects in arbitrary spectral intervals is discussed. An optical scheme based on Mach?Zehnder interferometer with acousto-optic filtration of broadband light is proposed, and an experimental setup is described. Digital holograms of test patterns and real biological objects are presented.     

Securing complex and multi-plane data in a lens-less digital holographic information system that uses position-phase-shifting geometry

A digital holographic information system can process complex three-dimensional (3-D) object information. We demonstrate a scheme for securing complex and 3-D information in the context of in-line digital holography. Double random phase encoding in the free-space propagation domain of light is used to secure the complex information. Encrypted in-line digital holograms are recorded using the position-phase-shifting method. The encrypted complex image at the CCD recording plane is retrieved from the real-valued digital holograms, and is used for decryption. The robustness of the method has also been studied for various securing keys used in the method against blind decryption. A layer-by-layer information retrieval from the encrypted digital hologram is also discussed. The method can also be used to secure digital complex information in a virtual optics modality using holographic principles.