对流换热过程的热力学优化与传热优化

为了进一步明确对流换热过程中热力学优化与传热优化之间的差异,本文分别利用熵产最小原理、(火积)耗散极值原理针对两种边界条件下的对流换热问题进行分析,讨论熵产,(火积)耗散与有用能损失以及对流换热能力之间的关系.结果表明:熵产最小意味着系统的有用能损失最小,但并不反映系统的对流换热能力的强弱;而(火积)耗散取极值意味着系统的对流换热能力最强,但与系统的有用能损失不存在对应关系.因此,对于将降低有用能损失作为优化目标的换热问题应采用熵产最小原理进行分析;而对于需要将提高换热能力作为优化目标的对流换热问题应采用(火积)耗散极值原理进行分析.     

Optimization of fin geometry in heat convection with entransy theory

The entransy theory developed in recent years is used to optimize the aspect ratio of a plate fin in heat convection.Based on a two-dimensional model,the theoretical analysis shows that the minimum thermal resistance defined with the concept of entransy dissipation corresponds to the maximum heat transfer rate when the temperature of the heating surface is fixed.On the other hand,when the heat flux of the heating surface is fixed,the minimum thermal resistance corresponds to the minimum average temperature of the heating surface.The entropy optimization is also given for the heat transfer processes.It is observed that the minimum entropy generation,the minimum entropy generation number,and the minimum revised entropy generation number do not always correspond to the best heat transfer performance.In addition,the influence factors on the optimized aspect ratio of the plate fin are also discussed.The optimized ratio decreases with the enhancement of heat convection,while it increases with fin thermal conductivity increasing.     

基于(火积)理论的轧钢加热炉壁变截面绝热层构形优化

基于绝热过程(火积)耗散极值原理, 分别在对流传热和复合传热(对流和辐射传热)边界条件下, 对轧钢加热炉壁变截面绝热层进行构形优化, 得到(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形. 结果表明: 与等截面绝热层相比, (火积)耗散率最小的变截面绝热层整体绝热性能更优. 热损失率最小和(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形是不同的. 热损失率最小的绝热层最优构形使得其能量损失减小, 而(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形使得其整体绝热性能提高. (火积)耗散率最小和最大温度梯度最小的变截面绝热层最优构形差别较小, 此时(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形在提高绝热层整体绝热性能的同时也提高了其热安全性. 基于(火积)理论的绝热层构形优化为绝热系统的优化设计提供了新的指导.     

(火积)耗散理论在换热器设计中的应用

本文首先说明(火积)耗散理论避免了最小熵产原理和傅里叶定律间的矛盾,显示了其在处理导热问题上的优越性.然后利用热力学(火积)和熵的关系,推出了换热器中由流体阻力引起的(火积)耗散表达式.     

A comparison of different entransy flow definitions and entropy generation in thermal radiation optimization

In thermal radiation, taking heat flow as an extensive quantity and defining the potential as temperature T or the black body emissive power U will lead to two different definitions of radiation entransy flow and the corresponding principles for thermal radiation optimization. The two definitions of radiation entransy flow and the corresponding optimization prin ciples are compared in this paper. When the total heat flow is given, the optimization objectives of the extremum entransy dissipation principles （EEDPs） developed based on potentials T and U correspond to the minimum equivalent temperature difference and the minimum equivalent blackbody emissive power difference respectively. The physical meaning of the definition based on potential U is clearer than that based on potential T, but the latter one can be used for the coupled heat transfer optimization problem while the former one cannot. The extremum entropy generation principle （EEGP） for thermal radiation is also derived, which includes the minimum entropy generation principle for thermal radiation. When the radiation heat flow is prescribed, the EEGP reveals that the minimum entropy generation leads to the minimum equivalent thermodynamic potential difference, which is not the expected objective in heat transfer. Therefore, the minimum entropy generation is not always appropriate for thermal radiation optimization. Finally, three thermal radiation optimization examples are discussed, and the results show that the difference in optimization objective between the EEDPs and the EEGP leads to the difference between the optimization results. The EEDP based on potential T is more useful in practical application since its optimization objective is usually consistent with the expected one.     

微、纳米尺度下圆盘(火积)耗散率最小构形优化

基于构形理论, 以(火积)耗散率最小为优化目标, 在微、纳米尺度下对圆盘导热问题进行构形优化, 得到尺寸效应影响下的无量纲当量热阻最小的圆盘构造体最优构形. 结果表明: 在微、纳米尺度下, 尺寸效应影响下的圆盘构造体最优构形与无尺寸效应影响时的圆盘构造体最优构形有明显区别. 存在最佳无量纲高导热材料通道长度使无量纲当量热阻取得最小值; 随着扇形单元体数目的增大, 最小无量纲当量热阻先减小后增大, 存在最佳的扇形单元体数目使得无量纲当量热阻取得双重最小值, 这与常规尺度下圆盘构造体相应的性能特性明显不同. (火积)耗散率最小的圆盘构造体(火积)耗散率比最大温差最小的构造体(火积)耗散率降低了7.31%, 也即圆盘构造体的平均传热温差降低了7.31%. 微、纳米尺度下基于(火积)耗散率最小的圆盘构造体最优构形能够降低圆盘构造体的平均传热温差, 同时有助于提高其整体传热性能. 本文工作有助于进一步拓展(火积)耗散极值原理的应用范围. 关键词： 构形理论 (火积)耗散率最小 微、纳米尺度 广义热力学优化     

Output power analyses of an endoreversible Carnot heat engine with irreversible heat transfer processes based on generalized heat transfer law

In this paper, an endoreversible Carnot heat engine with irreversible heat transfer processes is analyzed based on generalized heat transfer law. The applicability of the entropy generation minimization, exergy analyses method, and entransy theory to the analyses is discussed. Three numerical cases are presented. It is shown that the results obtained from the entransy theory are different from those from the entropy generation minimization, which is equivalent to the exergy analyses method. For the first case in which the application preconditions of the entropy generation minimization and entransy loss maximization are satisfied, both smaller entropy generation rate and larger entransy loss rate lead to larger output power. For the second and third cases in which the preconditions are not satisfied, the entropy generation minimization does not lead to the maximum output power, while larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power in the third case. For the discussed cases, the concept of entransy dissipation is not applicable for the analyses of output power.The problems in the negative comments on the entransy theory are pointed out and discussed. The related researchers are advised to focus on some new specific application cases to show if the entransy theory is the same as some other theories.     

Analyses of an air conditioning system with entropy generation minimization and entransy theory

In this paper,based on the generalized heat transfer law,an air conditioning system is analyzed with the entropy generation minimization and the entransy theory.Taking the coefficient of performance(denoted as COP) and heat flow rate Q~(out) which is released into the room as the optimization objectives,we discuss the applicabilities of the entropy generation minimization and entransy theory to the optimizations.Five numerical cases are presented.Combining the numerical results and theoretical analyses,we can conclude that the optimization applicabilities of the two theories are conditional.If Q~(out) is the optimization objective,larger entransy increase rate always leads to larger Q~(out),while smaller entropy generation rate does not.If we take COP as the optimization objective,neither the entropy generation minimization nor the concept of entransy increase is always applicable.Furthermore,we find that the concept of entransy dissipation is not applicable for the discussed cases.     

辐射(火积)耗散与空间辐射器温度场均匀化的关系

(火积)理论是针对传热优化发展起来的,并获得了越来越多的应用。本文基于辐射(?)原理,对空间辐射器散热过程中的散热量分布、发射率分布和散热面积分布问题进行了分析。对于以上三类优化分布问题,理论分析和数值计算均表明,辐射器最小的辐射(?)耗散和辐射热阻均对应于散热表面均匀的温度场。因此,辐射(?)原理可用于空间辐射器的温度场均匀化设计。     

基于(火积)耗散率最小的“盘点”冷却流道构形优化

基于构形理论, 以(火积)耗散率最小为优化目标, 对冷却流道的“盘点”传热问题进行构形优化, 得到冷却流道的圆盘构造体最优构形. 结果表明: 对于扇形单元体, 在其泵功率给定的条件下, 存在最佳展弦比使得扇形单元体无量纲当量热阻取得最小值; 对于一级树状圆盘, 在其总泵功率给定的条件下, 存在一级与单元级最佳流道宽度比和扇形单元体最佳无量纲半径使 得一级树状圆盘无量纲当量热阻取得最小值, 且一级与单元级最佳流道宽度比仅与单元体分支数有关. 当中心圆盘半径等于0时, 一级树状圆盘最终退化成辐射状圆盘, 此时一级树状圆盘半径为临界半径. 当一级树状圆盘半径大于临界半径时, 需对圆盘冷却流道采用树状布置, 反之则采用辐射状布置. 存在最佳单元体分支数使得无量纲当量热阻取得最小值, 这与高导热材料通道的“盘点”导热构形优化结果有明显区别. (火积)耗散率最小和最大温差最小的一级树状冷却流 道圆盘构造体最优构形是不同的. 与最大温差最小的冷却流道圆盘构造体相比, (火积)耗散率最小的冷却流道圆盘构造体当量热阻得到极大降低, 其整体传热性能得到明显提高. 因此, (火积)耗散极值原理与对流构形优化相结合, 有助于进一步揭示(火积)耗散极值原理在传热优化方面的优越性. 关键词： 构形理论 (火积)耗散率 冷却流道 广义热力学优化     

冷库预冷流动传热物理场分布研究

冷库预冷是传统的果蔬采后预冷方法,前人研究通过数值模拟使冷库预冷过程的流场和温度场可视化,本文进一步分析空气流速、局部平均空气龄、温度、熵产、(火用)损和(火积)耗散等物理场的分布特性,指出其间存在密切联系。塑料筐周围的空气流速和流向与内部的局部平均空气龄有关,并影响内部的传热速率。传热熵产率、传热(火用)损率和(火积)耗散率的分布特性及其变化趋势相似,局部高值与局部平均空气龄较低的区域均出现在塑料筐的表面。     

(火积)理论在热功转换过程中的应用探讨

分析和讨论了(火积)理论在热功转换过程的应用及其局限性.对Carnot循环的分析表明,Carnot循环中系统的(火积)是平衡的,但(火积)和熵之间不存在dG=T2dS这样的联系.对于一般热力学过程,分析表明,在热量传递到内可逆循环中间接对外做功时,现有的(火积)理论可用于系统的分析.讨论了热功转换过程分析中(火积)理论与熵理论的不同.分析表明,两个理论的分析角度及优化输出功的前提条件是不同的.熵产从可用能损失的角度分析热功转换过程,而(火积)理论则从热量势能消耗的角度.当输入系统的可用能给定或者输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的热力学力给定时,熵产最小化对应于输出功最大;对于(火积)理论,则当输入系统的热量及热量进、出系统的温度给定时,最大(火积)损失对应于最大输出功.同时,它们各自均有局限性.当相应的前提条件不满足时,最大(火积)损失或最小熵产可能不与最大输出功相对应.     

Analyses of the endoreversible Carnot cycle with entropy theory and entransy theory

The endoreversible Carnot cycle is analyzed based on the concepts of entropy generation, entropy generation number, entransy loss, and entransy loss coefficient. The relationships of the cycle output power and heat-work conversion efficiency with these parameters are discussed. For the numerical examples discussed, the preconditions of the application for these concepts are derived. When the inlet temperatures and heat capacity flow rates of hot streams and environment temperature are prescribed, the results show that the concepts of entropy generation and entransy loss are applicable. However, in the presence of various inlet temperatures of streams, larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power, while smaller entropy generation rate does not. When the heat capacity flow rates of hot streams are various, neither larger entransy loss rate nor smaller entropy generation rate always leads to larger output power. Larger entransy loss coefficient always leads to larger heat-work conversion efficiency for the cases discussed, while smaller entropy generation number does not always.     

基于(火积)理论的“+”形高导热构形通道实验研究

基于构形理论和■理论,对"+"形高导热通道的方形构造体开展导热实验研究,并对不同优化目标和不同高导热通道布置形式下的构造体导热性能进行比较.结果表明:对于"+"形高导热通道的方形构造体,实验和数值计算所得到的构造体最高温度点均位于"+"形高导热通道两分支之间,实验和数值计算所得到的构造体平均温差和■耗散率的误差均在可接受范围内,这从定性和定量的角度证明了导热构形优化结果的正确性.与"H"形高导热通道的方形构造体相比,构造体内高导热通道采用一级"+"形布置使得其导热■耗散率得到降低.■耗散率最小的一级"+"形高导热通道构造体最优构形与最大温差最小的构造体最优构形相比,前者的导热■耗散率降低了5.98%,但最大温差提高了3.57%.最大温差最小目标有助于提高构造体的热安全性,■耗散率最小目标有助于提高构造体的整体导热性能.在保证热安全性能的前提下,实际微电子器件设计中可采用■耗散率最小的构造体最优构形以提高其整体导热性能.     

孤立系内热传导过程(火积)耗散的解析解

(火积)耗散与熵增均可以作为传热不可逆性的度量, 当前(火积)理论的反对者认为(火积)是不必要的. 为说明(火积)的必要性, 从有效性的角度进行了论证, 即在描述传热过程不可逆性的变化上, (火积)的严格解析解存在, 而熵的严格解析解难以得到. 本文构建了孤立系内的一维及多维热传导模型, 求解了温度及其梯度的级数型解析解, 将其代入(火积)耗散的求解式, 得到其最初的形式为一多重级数的多重积分, 交换积分与级数计算顺序, 并利用特征函数的正交性, 将(火积)耗散求解式中的积分运算求出, 并使级数的维数降低, 最终将其表示为一稳态项与一瞬态项加和的形式, 其极限与文献中的结果一致. 通过对孤立系内(火积)耗散解析解的求解可以得出: 由于热传导过程熵与(火积)的解析解求解难度不同, 在描述传热过程不可逆性变化上, (火积)更加有效; 对于孤立系内不同维数的热传导问题, 只要温度场解析解存在, (火积)耗散解析解均可以应用特征函数正交性求解得到.     

基于(火积)耗散率最小的复杂肋片对流换热构形优化

基于构形理论, 以基于(火积)耗散率定义的当量热阻最小为优化目标对复杂肋片进行构形优化, 得到同时考虑肋片导热和对流换热(火积)耗散性能的肋片最优构形, 并比较不同形状和不同优化目标下的肋片最优构形. 结果表明: 存在最佳单元级直肋、中部空腔以及肋片末梢高度和长度比使得复杂肋片当量热阻取得三重最小值. 当量热阻最小的复杂肋片最优构形与T-Y形肋片最优构形相比, 复杂肋片结构使得肋片整体传热性能大大提高. 当肋片传热为二维传热且根部较宽时, 肋片根部温度越不均匀, 当量热阻最小和最大热阻最小的复杂肋片最优构形差别越大. 在保证热安全性的前提下, 工程上对肋片进行优化设计时可选择当量热阻最小的肋片构形设计方案以降低其平均传热温差、提高整体传热性能. 本文从传热优化角度为复杂肋片的优化设计提供了参考.     

换热器性能分析新方法

鉴于以加热或冷却为目的的热量传递过程,其不可逆性应以NFDA1的耗散率来度量,为此可以用换热器中的NFDA1耗散率定义换热器的当量热阻,它既包含换热器中的传热热阻,还包含了由非逆流形式和非平衡流引起的附加热阻. 换热器当量热阻的倒数称之为换热器的当量热导. 通过NFDA1耗散定义的换热器当量热阻建立了传热不可逆性与有效度的联系,并导得了换热器有效度与当量热导（热阻）和热容量流比的统一函数关系式,它适用于不同流程布置的换热器. 因此,有效度-热导（热阻）方法能更方便于不同类型换热器性能的分析和比 关键词： 换热器 热阻 耗散 熵产     

离散发热器件基于(火积)耗散率最小和最高温度最小的构形优化比较

建立了导热基座上圆柱体离散发热器件的三维湍流散热模型,基于构形理论,考虑空气变物性及可压缩性和黏性耗散,研究了器件材料的热导率、热源强度和流体流速对器件最高温度、基于(火积)耗散定义的当量热阻和平均Nu数的影响.结果表明:在总发热功率一定的条件下,以器件最高温度和当量热阻为性能指标进行热设计,均存在最优热源强度分布使得散热性能最优.当各热源强度相同且热源热导率小于基座热导率时,提高热源热导率可明显改善散热性能;将热源热导率沿流动方向从低到高布置可降低器件最高温度,而将热源热导率均匀布置可使当量热阻最小.所得结果可为实际热设计中不同材质和不同发热率的电子器件最优布置提供理论支撑.     

广义流动中的积原理

自然界发生的热量传递、分子扩散、导电等现象具有一定的相似性,它们均可被称为广义流动.文章基于这种相似性,对过增元等针对传热过程提出的(火积)理论进行了推广,定义了积、积流、积耗散等概念.针对只有一种广义流动和存在两种广义流动的系统,指出了在该类系统中可以发展积原理的条件,并在满足相应条件的系统中得到了积损失极小值原理、积耗散极值原理和最小广义流阻原理. 关键词： 广义流动 积 积损失极小值原理 积耗散极值原理     

双层耦合Lengel-Epstein模型中的超点阵斑图

用双层耦合的Lengel-Epstein模型, 研究了两个子系统的图灵模对斑图的影响,发现其波数比在斑图的形成和选择过程中起着重要作用.当波数比为1时,双层系统未能发生耦合,只能出现条纹和六边形斑图;当波数比处于1-√17 的范围时,两子系统发生耦合,图灵模之间发生共振相互作用,得到种类丰富的超点阵斑图,包括暗点、点-棒和复杂超六边、Ⅰ-型和Ⅱ-型白眼、类蜂窝和环状超六边等斑图;当波数比大于√17 , 系统选择的斑图类型不再变化,均为环状超六边斑图.数值模拟得到的条纹、六边形、超六边点阵、Ⅱ-型白眼斑图和类蜂窝斑图均已在介质阻挡放电系统实验中观察到. 另外,还得到了超点阵斑图的波数随两个扩散系数乘积D_uD_v的变化曲线,发现其随的D_uD_v增大而减小. 关键词： 耦合系统 超点阵 波数比 数值模拟