熵产最小化理论在传热和热功转换优化中的应用探讨

针对传热和热功转换系统的优化设计,分析了熵产最小化理论的优化方向和适用条件.熵产直接度量系统可用能或做功能力的损失,因此熵产最小化理论的优化方向为将系统可用能或做功能力的损失降到最低,从而使系统保有最大的做功能力.然而,在工程应用中,设计目标各有不同.因此,并非所有设计目标均能与熵产最小化的设计方向一致,这就使得熵产最小化并不总是与优化目标相关联.针对传热速率、输出功率等可与熵产建立关联的优化目标,讨论了熵产最小化理论的适用条件.当这些条件不能得到满足时,最小熵产并不一定对应最优性能.对一维传热过程、换热器等传热系统和以输出功率、热功转换效率、热经济性能等为优化目标的热功转换过程进行了分析,结果验证了理论分析所得的结论.     

对流换热过程的热力学优化与传热优化

为了进一步明确对流换热过程中热力学优化与传热优化之间的差异,本文分别利用熵产最小原理、(火积)耗散极值原理针对两种边界条件下的对流换热问题进行分析,讨论熵产,(火积)耗散与有用能损失以及对流换热能力之间的关系.结果表明:熵产最小意味着系统的有用能损失最小,但并不反映系统的对流换热能力的强弱;而(火积)耗散取极值意味着系统的对流换热能力最强,但与系统的有用能损失不存在对应关系.因此,对于将降低有用能损失作为优化目标的换热问题应采用熵产最小原理进行分析;而对于需要将提高换热能力作为优化目标的对流换热问题应采用(火积)耗散极值原理进行分析.     

基于网络热力学的热力系统能量流描述

网络热力学起源于热力系统分析,但其广泛应用却是在生命系统等非热系统领域,这是因为网络热力学方法需要从能量的角度分析系统,而热力系统中的热量在输运过程中具有物质属性,因此必须有新的能量形式。若将热量视作"流",而将温度视为"力",那么流与力的乘积就为(火积)流。(火积)具有能量的内涵,(火积)流就可以被视为热力系统的能量流。并且,在能量输运过程中,其他形式的能量如功量也可以视为一种物质。由此,在(火积)流的统一视角下,各种形式的能量在网络中便可得到有机结合。分析结果表明,对于换热系统以及热力系统,基于网络热力学的能量流法也可以表达系统的物理本质。在(火积)流的视角下,能量流键图可以很好地反映热力系统的拓扑结构。例如对于热机-热泵供热联合循环,热机与热泵之间的功量交换过程即使是可逆过程,也会存在(火积)的损失或产生,这从能量流键图中可以被直观地刻画出来。     

积与积减原理

文章分析了重力势能、引力势能、电荷势能、化学势能、热量势能、质量积、动量积等多种势能,发现它们均可表达为一种守恒广延量和对应的强度量的乘积,因此可将其统一定义为"积".基于积这一概念,文章得到了孤立系统内守恒广延量传递过程的积减原理,即孤立系统内进行的守恒广延量传递过程中系统的积总是减小的.进一步,文章还基于积的概念发展了孤立系统和封闭系统的势平衡判据,发现孤立系统达到势平衡状态时,系统的积达到最小值(最小积原理);当封闭系统达到势平衡状态时,系统的准自由积达到最小值(最小准自由积原理).上述结论应用于传热学中即可得到热量传递过程的(火积)减原理及相应的热平衡判据.与热力学中的核心概念熵相对应,由于物理量(火积)可以描述传热过程的不可逆性,作为传热过程的优化准则,度量系统的无序度,并给出系统的热平衡判据,因此(火积)是传热学中的核心概念. 关键词： 势能 积 积减原理 平衡判据     

(火积)耗散理论在换热器设计中的应用

本文首先说明(火积)耗散理论避免了最小熵产原理和傅里叶定律间的矛盾,显示了其在处理导热问题上的优越性.然后利用热力学(火积)和熵的关系,推出了换热器中由流体阻力引起的(火积)耗散表达式.     

灰体辐射(火用)分析

以两个无穷大平板组成的系统为例,本文利用Karlsson和Candau对光谱辐射(火用)的定义,通过对系统内光谱辐射(火用)强度的数值求解,获得了灰体光谱辐射(火用)强度随波长和发射率的变化规律,比较了光谱辐射强度、光谱辐射(火用)强度的峰值所对应的波长与发射率的关系,最后从宏观热力学理论分析光谱辐射(火用)强度的定义式.结果表明光谱辐射(火用)强度的峰值波长和光谱辐射强度的峰值波长不一致,光谱辐射能有用度随发射率的增大而增大,光谱辐射(火用)损失与系统熵产间的关系满足宏观热力学中的Gouy-Stodola理论.     

(火积)的微观表述

在近独立粒子组成的系统中,Boltzmann发现了系统熵与其微观状态数的对数之间的正比关系,为熵这一物理概念提供了微观解释,Planck将其总结为著名的Boltzmann熵公式S = k lnΩ.与此对应,给出了单原子理想气体系统中(火积)的微观表达式,证明了(火积)为广延量. 分析讨论了孤立系统从不平衡态发展到热平衡态过程中系统微观状态数、熵、(火积)的变化情况,结果表明在该过程中系统的微观状态数、熵向着增加方向发展,而(火积)则向着减小方向发展,从而在微观角度 关键词： 微观状态数 熵 (火积) 不可逆性     

基于双效自由活塞斯特林的变温泵热技术研究

热泵对于缓解我国北方冬季所面临的供暖压力,具有十分积极的作用。本文主要针对一种新型的双效自由活塞斯特林变温热泵技术展开研究。主要采用SAGE程序对整机系统进行了数值计算,探究变温泵热对于系统加热量、泵热量、制热系数、整机(火用)效率以及各关键部件(火用)损失等热力学参数的影响。计算结果表明,采用变温热泵模式时,由于斯特林热泵侧温差减小,其泵热量增加,因此系统总的泵热量以及制热系数增大,但对应的(火用)效率降低。因此,可以在满足热量匹配的情况下,适当降低热泵侧室温换热器温度对热负载流体进行逐级加热,从而提高双效自由活塞斯特林热泵系统的工作效率。     

基于(火积)理论的轧钢加热炉壁变截面绝热层构形优化

基于绝热过程(火积)耗散极值原理, 分别在对流传热和复合传热(对流和辐射传热)边界条件下, 对轧钢加热炉壁变截面绝热层进行构形优化, 得到(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形. 结果表明: 与等截面绝热层相比, (火积)耗散率最小的变截面绝热层整体绝热性能更优. 热损失率最小和(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形是不同的. 热损失率最小的绝热层最优构形使得其能量损失减小, 而(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形使得其整体绝热性能提高. (火积)耗散率最小和最大温度梯度最小的变截面绝热层最优构形差别较小, 此时(火积)耗散率最小的绝热层最优构形在提高绝热层整体绝热性能的同时也提高了其热安全性. 基于(火积)理论的绝热层构形优化为绝热系统的优化设计提供了新的指导.     

基于甲醇化学链燃烧的新型燃气轮机间冷循环

本文提出一种新颖的甲醇化学链燃烧动力循环系统.该系统利用空气压缩的间冷热提供甲醇和Fe2O3反应热,将间冷的低温热转换为高品位化学能;同时得到预冷的空气吸收燃烧产物Fe2O3的显热,降低了还原反应的温度.与常规化学链循环相比,该循环利用间冷的热量代替高温Fe2O3的显热提供还原反应的反应热,系统内能量品位匹配更加合理.根据图像(火用)分析方法,阐明了甲醇化学链燃烧过程(火用)损失减少和间冷热品位提升的机理.本文对新循环进行了分析,并以常规化学链循环为参照,研究了其性能.新循环的效率较高,同时可以实现CO2无能耗的分离.     

Analyses of the endoreversible Carnot cycle with entropy theory and entransy theory

The endoreversible Carnot cycle is analyzed based on the concepts of entropy generation, entropy generation number, entransy loss, and entransy loss coefficient. The relationships of the cycle output power and heat-work conversion efficiency with these parameters are discussed. For the numerical examples discussed, the preconditions of the application for these concepts are derived. When the inlet temperatures and heat capacity flow rates of hot streams and environment temperature are prescribed, the results show that the concepts of entropy generation and entransy loss are applicable. However, in the presence of various inlet temperatures of streams, larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power, while smaller entropy generation rate does not. When the heat capacity flow rates of hot streams are various, neither larger entransy loss rate nor smaller entropy generation rate always leads to larger output power. Larger entransy loss coefficient always leads to larger heat-work conversion efficiency for the cases discussed, while smaller entropy generation number does not always.     

Output power analyses of an endoreversible Carnot heat engine with irreversible heat transfer processes based on generalized heat transfer law

In this paper, an endoreversible Carnot heat engine with irreversible heat transfer processes is analyzed based on generalized heat transfer law. The applicability of the entropy generation minimization, exergy analyses method, and entransy theory to the analyses is discussed. Three numerical cases are presented. It is shown that the results obtained from the entransy theory are different from those from the entropy generation minimization, which is equivalent to the exergy analyses method. For the first case in which the application preconditions of the entropy generation minimization and entransy loss maximization are satisfied, both smaller entropy generation rate and larger entransy loss rate lead to larger output power. For the second and third cases in which the preconditions are not satisfied, the entropy generation minimization does not lead to the maximum output power, while larger entransy loss rate still leads to larger output power in the third case. For the discussed cases, the concept of entransy dissipation is not applicable for the analyses of output power.The problems in the negative comments on the entransy theory are pointed out and discussed. The related researchers are advised to focus on some new specific application cases to show if the entransy theory is the same as some other theories.     

Optimization of combined endoreversible Carnot heat engines with different objectives

Taking the output power,thermal efficiency,and thermo-economic performance as the optimization objectives,we optimize the operation parameters of a thermodynamic system with combined endoreversible Carnot heat engines in this paper.The applicabilities of the entropy generation minimization and entransy theory to the optimizations are discussed.For the discussed cases,only the entransy loss coefficient is always agreeable to the optimization of thermal efficiency.The applicabilities of the other discussed concepts to the optimizations are conditional.Different concepts and principles are needed for different optimization objectives,and the optimization principles have their application preconditions.When the preconditions are not satisfied,the principles may be not applicable.     

Output power analyses for the thermodynamic cycles of thermal power plants

Thermal power plant is one of the important thermodynamic devices, which is very common in all kinds of power generation systems. In this paper, we use a new concept, entransy loss, as well as exergy destruction, to analyze the single reheating Rankine cycle unit and the single stage steam extraction regenerative Rankine cycle unit in power plants. This is the first time that the concept of entransy loss is applied to the analysis of the power plant Rankine cycles with reheating and steam extraction regeneration. In order to obtain the maximum output power, the operating conditions under variant vapor mass flow rates are optimized numerically, as well as the combustion temperatures and the off-design flow rates of the flue gas. The relationship between the output power and the exergy destruction rate and that between the output power and the entransy loss rate are discussed. It is found that both the minimum exergy destruction rate and the maximum entransy loss rate lead to the maximum output power when the combustion temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are prescribed. Unlike the minimum exergy destruction rate, the maximum entransy loss rate is related to the maximum output power when the highest temperature and heat capacity flow rate of the flue gas are not prescribed.     

Applicability of minimum entropy generation methodto optimizing thermodynamic cycles

Entropy generation is often used as a figure of merit in thermodynamic cycle optimizations. In this paper, it is shown that the applicability of the minimum entropy generation method to optimizing output power is conditional. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power when the total heat into the system of interest is not prescribed. For the cycles whose working medium is heated or cooled by streams with prescribed inlet temperatures and prescribed heat capacity flow rates, it is theoretically proved that both the minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number correspond to the maximum output power when the virtual entropy generation induced by dumping the used streams into the environment is considered. However, the minimum principle of entropy generation is not tenable in the case that the virtual entropy generation is not included, because the total heat into the system of interest is not fixed. An irreversible Carnot cycle and an irreversible Brayton cycle are analysed. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power if the heat into the system of interest is not prescribed.     

Applicability of the minimum entropy generation method for optimizing thermodynamic cycles

Entropy generation is often used as a figure of merit in thermodynamic cycle optimizations. In this paper, it is shown that the applicability of the minimum entropy generation method to optimizing output power is conditional. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power when the total heat into the system of interest is not prescribed. For the cycles whose working medium is heated or cooled by streams with prescribed inlet temperatures and prescribed heat capacity flow rates, it is theoretically proved that both the minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number correspond to the maximum output power when the virtual entropy generation induced by dumping the used streams into the environment is considered. However, the minimum principle of entropy generation is not tenable in the case that the virtual entropy generation is not included, because the total heat into the system of interest is not fixed. An irreversible Carnot cycle and an irreversible Brayton cycle are analysed. The minimum entropy generation rate and the minimum entropy generation number do not correspond to the maximum output power if the heat into the system of interest is not prescribed.     

Role of entropy generation minimization in thermal optimization

Thermal optimization is very important for improving the performances of thermal systems. In engineering, the entropy generation minimization(EGM) has been widely used to optimize and evaluate the performances of thermal systems.However, the consistency between the EGM and the optimization objective should be specified when the EGM is used.In this paper, we discuss the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, and show that entropy generation directly reflects the exergy destruction or the ability loss of doing work. As the design objective in a thermal system is not often consistent with the view angle of irreversibility of entropy generation, the EGM may not lead to the optimal value of the design objective. In heat transfer and heat-work conversion, the inconsistence between the design objectives and the EGM is shown with some examples, and the applicability of the EGM is found to be conditional. The "entropy generation paradox" in heat exchanger analyses is also discussed, and it is shown that there is no direct monotonic relation between the minimum entropy generation rate and the best heat transfer performance of heat exchangers.     

冷库预冷流动传热物理场分布研究

冷库预冷是传统的果蔬采后预冷方法,前人研究通过数值模拟使冷库预冷过程的流场和温度场可视化,本文进一步分析空气流速、局部平均空气龄、温度、熵产、(火用)损和(火积)耗散等物理场的分布特性,指出其间存在密切联系。塑料筐周围的空气流速和流向与内部的局部平均空气龄有关,并影响内部的传热速率。传热熵产率、传热(火用)损率和(火积)耗散率的分布特性及其变化趋势相似,局部高值与局部平均空气龄较低的区域均出现在塑料筐的表面。