近地雷暴电场与羊八井地面宇宙线关联的模拟研究

雷暴期间地面宇宙线强度变化的研究对理解大气电场加速宇宙线次级带电粒子的物理机理具有重要意义. 分析西藏羊八井ARGO实验中2012年大气电场的数据后发现, 近地雷暴电场的强度可达1000 V/cm甚至更高. 用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究了近地雷暴电场与羊八井地面宇宙线强度的关联. 当雷暴电场强度(取1500 V/cm)大于逃逸电场时, 宇宙线次级粒子中正、负电子的数目呈指数增长, 在大气深度约520 g/cm²处达到极大值, 与Gurevich等提出的相对论电子逃逸雪崩机理和Dwyer理论相符. 当雷暴电场强度小于逃逸电场时, 在所有负电场范围和大于600 V/cm的正电场范围, 总电子数目随电场强度的增大而增加; 当正电场小于400 V/cm时, 总电子数目均出现一定幅度的下降; 在电场为400–600 V/cm范围内, 总电子数目的变化与原初粒子的能量有关, 原初能量小于80 GeV时, 其次级粒子中总电子数目增加, 原初能量在80–120 GeV 范围内时, 总电子数目变化不明显, 原初能量大于120 GeV时, 总电子数目出现下降, 下降幅度约4%. 模拟结果可对羊八井ARGO实验的观测结果给予合理的解释.     

HADAR实验对活动星系核伽马射线辐射观测的预期研究

HADAR (High Altitude Detection of Astronomical Radiation)是一个基于大气切伦科夫成像技术的地面望远镜阵列,其采用大口径折射式水透镜系统来收集大气切伦科夫光,以实现对10 GeV—10 TeV能量段的伽马射线和宇宙线的探测.HADAR具有低阈能和大视场的优势,因此可以对天区进行连续扫描和观测,在观测活动星系核(Active Galactic Nuclei,AGN)等银河系外伽马射线源方面具有明显优势.本文研究了HADAR实验对AGN的探测能力.基于费米望远镜(Fermi Large Area Telescope,Fermi-LAT)的AGN源能谱信息,将观测能量外推至甚高能能段,同时加入河外背景光的吸收效应,以计算HADAR对AGN源观测的统计显著性.研究结果显示,HADAR运行一年时间,预计将有31个Fermi-LAT AGN源以高于5倍显著性被观测到,其中大部分为蝎虎状天体类型.     

羊八井ARGO实验探测时间离线标定方法的蒙特卡罗研究

羊八井ARGO实验阵列探测器数目庞大，用人工方法对其定标是不现实的. 本文针对整个ARGO实验阵列首次提出两种探测时间离线定标方法，即同心圆法和特征面法，并通过大气簇射模拟和ARGO实验探测器模拟对上述方法进行了检验. 对特征面法还用模拟数据和小阵列实验数据对其定标精度进行了估算，并比较了定标前后事例样本方位角的分布. 结果表明，同心圆法可对离阵列中心相同距离的探测器进行相对时间定标，而特征面法具有很好的定标精度且操作方便省时，可针对不同实验数据样本做相应实验条件下的探测器定标，从而有效地解决了因阵列探测器数目庞大而带来的定标工作中的困难.     

羊八井ARGO实验对Crab源灵敏度的研究

应用Monte-Carlo研究给出羊八井ARGO(AstrophysicalRadiationwithGround-basedObservatory)实验的角分辨能力.采用Whipple实验给出的蟹状星云(CrabNebula)TeV能区的微分流强参量,对3种统计显著性的方法进行了比较,研究表明:以信号和本底的似然比为权重的加权方法能够给出最优化的结果.在没有考虑γ/p鉴别能力的条件下,ARGO实验运行一年能够观测到来自Crab源累计超出平均可达18σ显著水平,以5σ为标准,实验可达到小于0.3I_crab的灵敏度.     

羊八井ARGO实验初期阵列性能

中意合作羊八井ARGO实验采用大型RPC阵列探测广延大气簇射事例,本文报告了该探测阵列初期建设进展状况及测试运行的包含16个CLUSTER的局部阵列性能,并探讨由此阵列所采集数据重建后的事例芯位、到达方向与角分辨等.初步测试结果表明RPC阵列可很好地在高海拔、低气压条件下正常运行.     

羊八井ARGO实验数据获取系统

羊八井ARGO实验采用全覆盖式RPC阵列探测小空气簇射事例,其数据获取系统基于多级高速缓存和高速事例驱动机制,硬件实现数据获取和事例组建,从而避免了软件对数据采集速度的影响和CPU的开销,满足了21.7kHz的触发率和6.4M字节/s的数据率的实验要求.     

羊八井50m2RPC地毯性能研究YBJ–ARGO合作组

利用羊八井50m2RPC地毯(YBJ–ARGO实验原型)的测试数据对其性能进行了分析研究,包括原初粒子方位角分布、天顶角分布、地毯的角分辨、探测时间系统误差对方位角分布的正弦调制、探测时间系统误差的离线修正、几何不对称的小型地毯探测器上原初粒子到达方向重建误差造成的方位角分布的不均匀性等.     

超高能宇宙γ射线所提出的疑问

在五十年代以前的二十多年里,几乎所有的新粒子都是首先从宇宙线中发现的.只是随着具有GeV能量和更高能量的加速器的相继建成,高能物理学家才逐渐把注意力转向加速器实验. 近几年建立起来的一系列新的超高能宇宙线粒子探测器已观测到从一些“点源”发射来的能量高于1015eV的高能宇宙线粒子.而在此之前人们还从未探测到能量高于1012eV的从点源发出的宇宙线粒子. 观测到从点源发出的超高能宇宙线粒子无疑会有助于解开七十多年来未能解决的宇宙线起源之谜.更重要的是,对这一系列观测进行分析得出的结果还向物理学家提出了一系列疑问. 高能原…     

羊八井ARGO实验RPC性能

羊八井ARGO实验采用全覆盖式RPC阵列探测小型空气簇射事例,本文报告了在羊八井高海拔条件下RPC的工作性能,包括电流、效率、读出条重数和时间分辨随高压的变化.通过在气体中添加SF6组分和调节接收系统下拉阈值可以有效遏制由于探测器地浮动引起的伴随多重数.     

基于羊八井ARGO实验的原初γ射线成分分辨

利用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)模拟产生的数据研究了由ARGO探测阵列所观测的，由能量为100GeV-10TeV，天顶角为0°-45°的原初γ射线和强子(质子和原子核)所引起的簇射的横向分布结构，得到了平均横向分布宽度、最小树长度等可以描述两种簇射空间分布差异的特征量. 研究了用这些特征量作为输入单元的人工神经网络分析方法进行原初γ和强子分辨的能力，结果表明，利用该方法可有效地区分γ和强子簇射.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.