Scattering loss in Nd-doped silica based optical fibers

Rare-earth doped fibers suffer from relatively high attenuation in comparison to conventional communication fibers. In order to improve the properties of such fibers, understanding of the mechanisms involved in scattering effects is of great importance. The effect of Nd-doping, Al-codoping and of the drawing temperature on the scattering effect was investigated for several different optical fibers. To this end a measuring setup was realized which allows absolute measurements of the scattering coefficient at different positions along a fiber. Also separation of total attenuation and scattering effects is possible. The presented results indicate scattering effects as primary source for increased attenuation compared with undoped fibers.     

Attenuation measurement of optical fibers for sensor technology

Generally the attenuation of optical fibers used for sensor technology is higher than that of fibers for telecommunications. This is difficult to measure by the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). This paper presents a simple method that employs an integrating sphere. The total and scattering attenuation coefficients can be calculated and discriminated by the measured power of the light scattered out of the optical fiber and collected by the integrating sphere.     

Attenuation measurement of optical fibers for sensor technology

Abstract

Generally the attenuation of optical fibers used for sensor technology is higher than that of fibers for telecommunications. This is difficult to measure by the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). This paper presents a simple method that employs an integrating sphere. The total and scattering attenuation coefficients can be calculated and discriminated by the measured power of the light scattered out of the optical fiber and collected by the integrating sphere.     

基于少模光纤的SBS光谱阈值特性分析

受激布里渊散射会影响少模光纤传输系统中的信噪比、传输距离与传输容量,是影响传输系统入纤功率提高的重要因素。对阶跃型少模光纤的受激布里渊散射谱的阈值进行了研究,运用了布里渊散射谱、模式联运谱的数学模型对少模光纤散射特性进行了分析,探讨了少模光纤布里渊散射增益谱、阈值增益系数,以及光纤各参量对少模光纤阈值的影响。分析结果表明：SI-10阶跃型少模光纤中存在五种不同的传播模式,不同模式有各自的传输常数以及有效折射率,各模式相互作用导致模式展宽、增益降低,且布里渊散射谱峰值增益系数为3.9×10-11 m·W-1。阈值增益系数受到光纤传感距离的影响,在相对较短距离传输中阈值急速下降,且其趋势随长度增加渐趋平缓,当光纤长度达到22 km时阈值增益系数趋于常数18.1。少模光纤的阈值因光纤长度的递增而递减,且递减趋势渐缓趋于常数20.5 dBm;少模光纤不同模式受激布里渊散射的阈值也因光纤长度的递增而递减最终趋于常数,且不同模式的阈值因模式阶数的递增而递增;少模光纤的阈值随着光纤衰减系数和纤芯半径的递增而递增,且增加趋势缓慢增大。不同衰减系数的光纤其阈值在不同长度趋于常数,衰减系数越大受激布里渊散射阈值越大越容易趋于一常数。     

纤维复合媒质中的超声衰减

为了精确估计纤维复合煤质中散射所引起的超声衰减，必须计及纤维之间的多次散射现象本文提出了纤维复合煤质中任一点有效入射声场的计算方法当超声纵波传播方向与纤维轴线相垂直时，散射横波并不影响有效入射声场；导出了考虑多次散射后超声衰减系数的表达式；数值计算了玻璃／金属铝复合媒质中纵波衰减系数随频率的变化关系 关键词：     

Characteristics of Guided Acoustic Wave Brillouin Scattering in Polarization Maintaining Fibers

Characteristics of guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in polarization maintaining fibers are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Spectra of polarized and depolarized scattering are measured for two different types of polarization maintaining fibers: the PANDA (polarization maintaining and absorption reducing) fibers and the elliptical-jacket fibers. Calculated results are in agreement with the experimental ones in the low frequency region.     

Decreasing the electromagnetic observability of carbon fiber polymer–matrix composites by using epoxy-coated carbon fibers

The electromagnetic observability of epoxy–matrix composites containing continuous carbon fibers was decreased by using epoxy-coated carbon fibers. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves at 1.0–1.5 GHz upon reflection was increased from 1.3 to 1.7 dB, while the attenuation upon transmission was decreased from 30 to 24 dB. The effect is attributed to the decreased transverse electrical conductivity of the composite due to the epoxy coating. The epoxy coating caused the tensile strength and modulus of the composite to decrease by about 10%, while the elongation at break was not affected.     

沙尘大气电磁波多重散射及衰减

为了使干旱沙漠地区的电子系统能够全天候的工作, 必须开展沙尘大气的电磁波多重散射及衰减特性研究. 根据Mie理论、沙尘大气粒子尺寸分布和能见度的关系得到了电磁波沙尘大气传播衰减的计算方法, 计算了不同沙尘大气能见度的37 GHz电磁波的衰减, 与其他经验公式及文献中的实验结果进行比较, 文中方法得到的结果更接近于测量结果. 为了研究较低能见度沙尘暴中电磁波的传播特性, 需研究沙尘大气的多重散射效应. 应用Monte Carlo模拟方法, 在沙尘粒子为干燥和5%水含量时, 模拟了37 GHz和93 GHz电磁波在沙尘大气中传播时考虑多重散射效应的衰减, 并与基于Mie理论的计算结果进行比较, 结果显示, 在37 GHz时, 沙尘大气的多重散射对衰减的影响小, 在93 GHz时多重散射显著, 沙尘大气能见度越低, 多重散射的影响越显著. 粒子水含量增加使电磁波的衰减显著增大, 对多重散射的影响不明显. 因此, 在相同大气能见度下, 沙尘天气越干燥, 多重散射影响越大, 电磁波衰减减小越显著.     

Effect of radiation-induced mean wavelength shift in optical fibers on the scale factor of an interferometric fiber optic gyroscope at a wavelength of 1300 nm

In order to analyze the effect of wavelength-dependent radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) on the mean trans- mission wavelength in optical fiber and the scale factor of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs), three types of polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers are tested by using a 60 Co γ-radiation source. The observed different mean wave- length shift (MWS) behaviors for different fibers are interpreted by color-center theory involving dose rate-dependent absorption bands in ultraviolet and visible ranges and total dose-dependent near-infrared absorption bands. To evaluate the mean wavelength variation in a fiber coil and the induced scale factor change for space-borne IFOGs under low radiation doses in a space environment, the influence of dose rate on the mean wavelength is investigated by testing four germanium (Ge) doped fibers and two germanium-phosphorus (Ge-P) codoped fibers irradiated at different dose rates. Experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped fibers show the least mean wavelength shift during irradiation and their mean wavelength of optical signal transmission in fibers will shift to a shorter wavelength in a low-dose-rate radiation environment. Finally, the change in the scale factor of IFOG resulting from the mean wavelength shift is estimated and tested, and it is found that the significant radiation-induced scale factor variation must be considered during the design of space-borne IFOGs.     

Effect of radiation-induced mean wavelength shift in optical fibers on the scale factor of interferometric fiber optic gyroscope at a wavelength of 1300 nm

In order to analyze the effect of wavelength-dependent radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) on the mean transmission wavelength in optical fiber and the scale factor of interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes (IFOGs), three types of polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers is tested by using a ⁶⁰Co γ -radiation source. The observed different mean wavelength shift (MWS) behaviors for different fibers are interpreted by color-center theory involving dose rate-dependent absorption bands in ultraviolet and visible range and total dose-dependent near infrared absorption bands. To evaluate the mean wavelength variation in fiber coil and the induced scale factor change for space-borne IFOG under low radiation dose in space environment, the influence of dose rate on the mean wavelength is investigated by testing four germanium (Ge) doped fibers and two germanium-phosphorus (Ge-P) codoped fibers irradiated at different dose rates. Experimental results indicate that the Ge-doped fibers show the least mean wavelength shift during irradiation and their mean wavelength of optical signal transmitting in fibers will shift to shorter wavelength in low-dose-rate radiation environment. Finally, the change in the scale factor of IFOG resulting from the mean wavelength shift is estimated and tested, and it is found that the significant radiation-induced scale factor variation must be considered during the design of space-borne IFOG.     

Influence of the core size on light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers

In this paper analyses of mode distribution, confinement and experimental losses of the photonic crystal fibers with different core sizes infiltrated with liquid crystal are presented. Four types of fibers are compared: with single-, seven-, nineteen- and thirty seven solid rods forming the core in the same hexagonal lattice of seven “rings” of unit cells (rods or capillaries). The experimental results confirming the influence of the core diameter on light propagation are also included. The diameter of cores determines not only the number of modes in the photonic liquid crystal fiber but also is correlated with experimentally observed attenuation. For fibers with larger cores confinement losses are expected to be higher, but the measured attenuation is smaller because the impact of liquid crystal material losses and scattering is smaller.     

基于检测光纤的漫射高光谱采集的Monte Carlo仿真

从漫射高光谱中可以获得被测物体成分、结构及其分布等信息。采用光纤光谱仪获取漫射高光谱是一种常用的方法。Monte Carlo方法在研究光在浑浊介质的传播方面得到了广泛的应用。然而,使用Monte Carlo方法研究漫射高光谱时,必须考虑实际的检测条件对信号采集的影响。将光纤参数引入到Monte Carlo模型中,研究了光纤参数对被检测光学信号的影响。仿真结果表明,孔径角和半径增大,检测的漫射高光谱随之增大,而光纤与被测物质表面的距离小于1 mm时对漫射高光谱的影响在一定程度上可以忽略。进一步研究发现存在固定的修正系数使不同孔径角的光纤所采集的漫射高光谱转化为孔径角为π/2的光纤对应的信号。同时,得到了实际光纤孔径角范围内的修正系数拟合曲线。不同半径的光纤通过面积归一化可以得到很好的一致性。研究检测光纤参数对漫射高光谱的影响对实际测量有重要的指导意义,而且不同光纤所对应的检测结果可以通过修正系数和面积归一化进行移植。     

单模光纤中超快受激拉曼散射的反斯托克斯波

由光纤中光的基本传输方程出发 ,利用慢变振幅近似 ,给出了包含反斯托克斯波的光纤超快受激拉曼散射的耦合波方程。以此为基础讨论连续、超快受激拉曼散射中泵浦波、斯托克斯和反斯托克斯波的耦合 ,分析了单模光纤相位匹配和群速匹配对光纤超快受激拉曼散射反斯托克斯波产生的影响     

Random distributed feedback fiber laser pumped by an ytterbium doped fiber laser

A random distributed feedback fiber laser operating at 1115 nm has been demonstrated experimentally in standard communication optical fibers by using a LD-pumped Yb-doped fiber laser as the pump source. We have studied the effect of different fiber spans on this new type of random fiber laser output power. It is shown that the generation power is the highest up to 198 mW in a 50 km fiber span. The slope efficiency is more than 28.7%. Stable, high-power continuous-wave (CW) lasing can be generated when the pump power is 3.6 W. The threshold power has also been calculated which well proves a random fiber laser operating via Rayleigh scattering, amplified through the Raman scattering.     

Optimum Compensator Positioning to Reduce Four-Wave Mixing in Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Communication Systems Using Dispersion-Managed Fibers

Abstract

The impact of the compensator's location along the optical fiber on a variation of four-wave mixing power penalty is investigated theoretically and numerically for dispersion-managed fibers in wavelength division multiplexing systems. The power penalty is analyzed for fibers with different attenuation coefficients and lengths, and the optimum positions for the compensator along the fiber is discussed in cases of both dispersion compensation of each fiber section between two amplifiers and whole-compensation.     

受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

测量了不同能量的光束,通过不同长度的水介质在窄线宽与宽线宽两种情况下的衰减系数,研究了受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响.结果发现,激光光束在水中传播时的衰减系数与激光光强和线宽有关,而不是通常情况下所认为的常数.还从理论上进行了分析. 关键词： 衰减系数 受激布里渊散射     

受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响

测量了不同能量的光束，通过不同长度的水介质在窄线宽与宽线宽两种情况下的衰减系数，研究了受激布里渊散射对激光在水中衰减特性的影响.结果发现，激光光束在水中传播时的衰减系数与激光光强和线宽有关，而不是通常情况下所认为的常数.还从理论上进行了分析.     

Calculation of optical properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers

We propose a method for calculation of the bandgaps in the cladding of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, based on the Floquet theorem. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by estimates of the effect of the number of air channels in the cladding on attenuation of the fiber modes due to mode energy leakage from the core. We have studied the conditions for the existence of eigenmodes in the indicated fibers. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 311–320, March–April, 2009.     

Determination of optical parameters of pulp suspensions by time-resolved detection of photoacoustic signals and total diffuse reflectance measurements

Time-resolved photoacoustics were used to measure the optical parameters of pulp suspensions for the first time. Reconstructing stress distribution along the direction of the incident laser light allows the effective attenuation coefficient of these suspensions to be determined. Simultaneously, the total diffuse reflectance of the suspensions was measured by the same laser source. Based on the effective attenuation coefficient and total diffuse reflectance, the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of pulp suspensions can be calculated. In this study, three kinds of pulp suspensions with different kappa number (2, 13, and 16), a measure of lignin content in pulp fibers, were diluted with water to make samples with a consistency range from 1% to 5%, and studied at 355 nm wavelength. The results showed that the optical coefficients were approximately proportional to pulp consistency; on the other hand, the absorption coefficient was linearly correlated with kappa number, but the reduced scattering coefficient was not. Therefore, by determining its optical parameters, it is possible to extract the consistency and kappa number of an unknown pulp suspension.