气液两相流的间断有限元模拟

基于非结构网格,给出模拟两相流的统一间断有限元框架.其中,不可压Navier-Stokes方程采用IPDG(Interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin)方法求解;Level Set方程采用RKDG(Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin)方法求解.方腔驱动流在不同Re数时的数值结果验证了该方法在单相流动中的有效性.气泡上升过程的模拟结果表明:该方法避免了重新初始化,且计算量小、实施简单,可有效求解具有运动界面的不可压两相流问题.     

高粘度流体中上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文将基于Front Tracking方法求解气液两相界面迁移特性的直接数值模拟方法扩展到中低Re数情形 (1．89≤Re≤55．6),针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近高粘度流体中单个气泡(1．2 mm≤D≤6 mm)的上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法在中低Re数范围内的有效性。壁面附近流场的不对称引发壁面对气泡的升力是导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面的原因,计算得到的壁面作用力系数同实验结果的对比也确定了本文参数范围内计算壁面对气泡作用力的模型。     

模拟研究推流式曝气池内横向水流对气泡生成的影响

应用限制项改进Level Set方法的容积守恒性.以改进的Level Set方法,结合ALE数值算法,三维模拟研究了推流式曝气池内横向水流对气泡生成的影响.模拟结果与文献中实验结果定性符合.数值结果显示,曝气池内横向水流对气泡的生成过程有重要的影响:气泡生成的尺寸和时间随着水流速度的增加而减小,随着曝气速度的增加而增加.该研究从流体动力学角度为提高活性污泥法处理效率提供了理论依据.     

静止幂律流体中气泡上升运动特性的数值研究

气泡在非牛顿流体中的动态行为在石油加工、食品加工、发酵以及废水处理等工业过程扮演着重要角色。为了深入了解气泡在非牛顿流体中的上升运动特性,文中采用VOF方法模拟研究单气泡在静止幂律(剪切稀化)流体中自由上升过程的运动特性,分别使用连续表面张力模型和Carreau模型来求解表面张力和计算非牛顿流体的流变特性。研究了不同流变指数(n)和Eo数下,气泡的形状、尾涡、终端速度和周围液相黏度的变化情况。结果表明:气泡的变形和尾涡会随着Eo数的增加、流变指数的减小而增大;随着流变指数的减小,气泡尾端会出现一个高黏度区,该区域会逐渐从气泡表面脱离;气泡的终端速度随着剪切稀化程度(n逐渐减小)的增加而增加,而随着Eo数的增加却减小。     

气泡/液滴Marangoni迁移数值模拟研究

本文利用Level Set方法,数值模拟了微重力情况下气泡/液滴的Marangoni迁移现象,分析了Marangoni数对迁移速度的影响。数值模拟结果表明,随着Marangoni数的增大,非线性热对流效应的影响会逐渐增大,导致沿相界面温度分布趋于均匀,从而降低迁移运动的驱动力,使气泡/液滴的迁移速度随Marangoni数的增加而逐渐减小。     

移动网格与Level Set耦合方法在气-液两相流数值模拟中的应用

本文采用自适应移动网格与Level Set函数相耦合的方法来实现气-液两相流的数值模拟与计算.作为自适应网格方法的一种,移动网格方法主要是为了解决发展方程的计算问题而设计的方法.文中给出了移动网格的生成方程,并针对方程的非线性,给出了一种半隐式的离散方法用于进行求解.本文将移动网格方法与Level Set方法相耦合,将控制流体运动的Navier-Stokes方程以及追踪相界面的Level Set方程转换到曲线坐标下,应用一套曲线坐标方程组来同时描述气、液两相流的运动规律,成功实现了对气-液两相流问题的数值模拟.通过对顶盖驱动流的计算以及对液滴沉降现象的模拟计算,验证了本文方法的可靠性.本文对常重力与微重力下两气泡融合的发展规律进行了数值模拟,通过分析对比,得到了重力对两气泡融合变形的影响规律.     

二维多介质可压缩流的RKDG有限元方法

应用RKDG(Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin)有限元方法、Level Set方法和Ghost Fluid方法数值模拟二维多介质可压缩流,其中Euler方程组、Level Set方程和重新初始化方程的空间离散采用DG(Discontinuous Galerkin)有限元方法,时间离散采用Runge-Kutta方法.对二维的气-气和气-液两相流进行了数值计算,得到了分辨率较高的计算结果.     

用改进的耦合型Level Set方法计算一维双介质可压缩流动

用带有虚拟流体(Ghost Fluid)修正的Level Set方法计算了一维可压缩双介质流动,把描述流动的Euler方程和描述流体界面运动的Level Set方程耦合起来,得到一个整体的守恒律系统,应用高分辨率差分格式求解;为了解决流体界面附近的数值跳动问题,在界面附近引入了虚拟流体方法的Isobaric修正,并给出了算例.     

摄动有限体积算法及其在两相流中应用

采用一种全新的摄动有限体积(PFV)算法和水平集(Level Set)技术对液液两相系统中液滴坠落进行数值模拟,数值结果表明,PFV新算法具有节点少、精度高,效率高,编程方便等优点,能成功模拟液液两相流动,为两相流动数值模拟提供了一种新的途径.     

在直角坐标系用NGFM模拟复杂计算域水下高压气泡膨胀问题

采用NGFM(New version of Ghost Fluid Method)处理复杂计算域的固壁边界,用RGFM(Real Ghost Fluid Method)求解气-水界面附近网格节点的状态参数,从而在直角坐标系下对复杂计算域的水下高压气泡膨胀问题进行数值模拟。流场控制方程选用Euler方程,用五阶WENO格式离散空间导数项,二阶Runge-Kutta法离散时间导数项;气-水界面追踪使用Level Set方法,对Level Set方程,用五阶HJ-WENO(Hamilton-Jacobi WENO)和三阶Runge-Kutta法求解。将计算结果与任意坐标系下的结果进行对比,验证了NGFM在笛卡尔网格中处理复杂形状固壁边界的可行性。得到了水下流场压力等值线图、高压气泡的演变过程以及特定点处的压力-时间曲线。计算结果表明,高压气泡在固壁反射激波的作用下,膨胀过程受到抑制;强激波在固壁的反射会导致固壁附近出现大范围的空化流动。     

Surface tension effects on the behaviour of a rising bubble driven by buoyancy force

In the inviscid and incompressible fluid flow regime,surface tension effects on the behaviour of an initially spherical buoyancy-driven bubble rising in an infinite and initially stationary liquid are investigated numerically by a volume of fluid (VOF) method. The ratio of the gas density to the liquid density is 0.001, which is close to the case of an air bubble rising in water. It is found by numerical experiment that there exist four critical Weber numbers We₁,~We₂,~We₃ and We₄, which distinguish five different kinds of bubble behaviours. It is also found that when 1≤We2, the bubble will finally reach a steady shape, and in this case after it rises acceleratedly for a moment, it will rise with an almost constant speed, and the lower the Weber number is, the higher the speed is. When We >We₂, the bubble will not reach a steady shape, and in this case it will not rise with a constant speed. The mechanism of the above phenomena has been analysed theoretically and numerically.     

Experimental investigation of a swirling flow in a cubic container

A flow induced by a rotating disk mounted at the top of a cubic container totally filled with a liquid is studied experimentally. The flow pattern is visualized for Reynolds numbers in the interval 1500–6000, and the velocity variation along the axis of the container, which coincides with the axis of revolution of the disk, is observed by means of Doppler laser anemometry (DLA). As Re grows, the velocity axial component starts fluctuating because of the vortex core precession. The breakdown of the vortex helical structure becomes pronounced at Re>4000 without the formation of the return flow region (vortex breakdown bubble) at the axis. With the Reynolds number and the container height-to-disk radius ratio being the same, the axial flow patterns in standard cylindrical [1] and cubic containers differ radically. In the latter vessel at low Re, the steady flow regime and axisymmetric bubble breakdown of the vortex structure near the axis are absent.     

静止水中单个上升气泡的直接数值模拟

本文发展了基于Front Tracking的直接数值模拟方法研究气液两相界面的迁移特性,该方法对气液两相采用半隐式的分步法直接求解N-S方程,耦合Front Tracking Method获得两相界面的三维变形。针对无边界以及垂直壁面附近静止水中的单个气泡上升过程进行模拟,研究气泡运动的机理以及气泡与壁面的相互作用。数值模拟准确再现了气泡的上升过程和变形,不同Re数下气泡的上升速度计算结果同经验关联式非常吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。随后分析了气泡周围流场的结构,发现壁面对气泡周围流场的抑制是壁面对气泡作用力的主要原因,将导致气泡逐渐偏离垂直壁面。     

气泡碰壁受力模型和反弹规律

对Mo=10-8~10-12及Re=5~750范围内的上升气泡与壁面垂直碰撞问题进行了理论求解，研究了不同控制参数下气泡碰壁反弹的规律.气泡上升和碰撞过程的运动方程考虑了浮力、液体阻力、附加质量力和与壁面碰撞时引起的薄膜诱导力.气泡碰壁过程气泡界面与壁面形成的液膜厚度变化规律由Stokes-Reynolds方程计算得到.膜内气泡变形引起的流体压强采用Young-Laplace方程求解.结果表明，基于SRYL方程的薄膜诱导力模型可以很好地预测不同Reynolds数下气泡0到多次的反弹轨迹，计算结果与实验结果吻合良好.气泡在碰壁反弹过程中会形成丰富的薄膜形状，如酒窝状变形，丘疹状变形和涟漪状变形.气泡界面变形会引起膜内压强的变化，压强的分布规律与气泡界面形状有着重要的关系.气泡在与壁面碰撞的过程中，薄膜诱导力会起主导作用，且随着Reynolds数的增加薄膜诱导力最大量级增大.气泡碰撞壁面时，反弹次数与Reynolds数有着直接的联系，不同Morton数下的气泡均在相同Reynolds数附近发生气泡反弹次数的变化.      

气泡在内置交错矩形肋管道中自由上升的FTM直接数值模拟

采用直接数值模拟的FTM（Front-Tracking Method）方法研究在重力作用下单气泡在竖直内置矩形肋管内的自由上升.选择矩形肋的肋高、肋距与方管宽度的比值作为管道几何特征值,用莫顿数作为流体特征参数,分析不同肋高、肋距及莫顿数情况下的气泡自由上升,研究不同几何特征及流体参数对气泡运动轨迹的影响.研究表明：在矩形肋片的影响下气泡上升时形状不对称,存在水平方向位移,表现为"蛇形"上升.这种现象与管道几何结构及气泡周围流体性质有关,肋高越大,现象越明显;气泡周围流体的粘度越小,水平方向位移越大.     

水平管内气液两相流中单气泡形态特征实验研究

本文利用双平行探针技术和摄像方法对水平直管内气液两相流中单气泡的形态特征进行了实验研究。实验结果表明气泡头部和气泡体的形态特征取决于气液混合Fr数,而气泡的尾部特征还与气泡长度有关;气泡的头部结构特征决定气泡的移动特性,而气泡的尾部结构特征决定气泡向液塞区的充气特性:小气泡通过单纯水跃面的气泡尾部向液塞区弥散,而具有阶梯状尾部结构的气泡并不向随后的液塞区弥散小气泡,所以气泡尾部的结构特征的变化决定了弹状流与段塞流的转变。     

Phase field simulation of single bubble behavior under an electric field

Based on the Cahn-Hilliard phase field model, a three-dimensional multiple-field coupling model for simulating the motion characteristics of a rising bubble in a liquid is established in a gas-liquid two-phase flow. The gas-liquid interface motion is simulated by using a phase-field method, and the effect of the electric field intensity on bubble dynamics is studied without electric field, or with vertical electric field or horizontal electric field. Through the coupling effect of electric field and flow field, the deformation of a single rising bubble and the formation of wake vortices under the action of gravity and electric field force are studied in detail. The correctness of the results is verified by mass conservation, and the influences of different electric field directions and different voltages on the movement of bubbles in liquid are considered. The results show that the ratio of the length to axis is proportional to the strength of the electric field when the air bubble is stretched into an ellipsoid along the electric field line under the action of electrostatic gravity and surface tension. In addition, the bubble rising speed is affected by the electric field, the vertical electric field accelerates the bubble rise, and the horizontal direction slows it down.     

I. Formation and rise of a bubble stream in a viscous liquid

The continuous emission of gas bubbles from a single ejection orifice immersed in a viscous fluid is considered. We first present a semi empirical model of spherical bubble growth under constant flow conditions to predict the bubble volume at the detachment stage. In a second part, we propose a physical model to describe the rise velocity of in-line interacting bubbles and we derive an expression for the net viscous force acting on the surrounding fluid. Experimental results for air/water-glycerol systems are presented for a wide range of fluid viscosity and compared with theoretical predictions. An imagery technique was used to determine the bubble size and rise velocity. The effects of fluid viscosity, gas flow rate, orifice diameter and liquid depth on the bubble stream dynamic were analyzed. We have further studied the effect of large scale recirculation flow and the influence of a neighbouring bubble stream on the bubble growth and rising velocity. Received: 23 July 1997 / Revised: 16 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 May 1998     

高超临界雷诺数区间内二维圆柱绕流的实测研究

实测强风工况下高度167 m的徐州彭城电厂冷却塔的表面风荷载,并归纳历史上其他研究人员给出的实测结果,以丰富高超临界雷诺数(Re)区间二维圆柱绕流的试验成果.在低湍流度均匀流场和高湍流度大气边界层流场中分别开展4种风速8类粗糙度条件下的冷却塔刚性模型测压风洞试验,通过对比低雷诺数(Re=2.1×10~5—4.19×10~5)条件下的风洞试验结果和高雷诺数(Re=5.4×10~7—1×10~8)条件下的现场实测结果研究各种静动态绕流特征随雷诺数的变化规律,重点考察雷诺数无关现象的产生条件.研究结果表明,对于物表相对粗糙度在0.01以上的圆柱绕流,雷诺数不相关现象存在于很宽的雷诺数范围(2×10~5Re1×10~8)内;增大来流湍流度亦能引起的雷诺数无关现象,但此时该现象可能仅存在于一个较窄的低雷诺数范围内.     

Induced bubble shape oscillations and their impact on the rise velocity

When a 2-4 mm diameter bubble rising with constant velocity hits a thin wire, bubble shape oscillations can be induced. As a consequence also the bubble rise velocity strongly oscillates. With the help of a force balance we show that these velocity oscillations are an added-mass effect. Received 9 April 2002 / Received in final form 11 July 2002 Published online 14 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: lohse@tn.utwente.nl