化学计量学在电分析化学中的新进展

评述了化学计量学的各种方法,如主成分分析、偏最小二乘、小波分析、人工神经网络等在电分析化学中的进展,主要介绍了这些方法在电分析化学中的应用,并展望了化学计量学在电分析化学中的应用前景。     

化学计量学在电分析化学中的应用

本文对化学计量学各种方法，诸如多元校正，因子分析，信号处理，参数估计，模式识别等电分析化学中的应用作了回顾及评述，指出了化学计量学电分析化学中应用的良好前景。     

信息论与化学计量学

本文讨论了信息论在发展分析化学计量学中的意义和作用以及信息论在化学计量学中应用的一般规律和关系，总结了信息科学对化学计量学发展的贡献。     

化学计量学在有机物电分析化学中的应用

化学计量学在有机物电分析化学中的应用日益广泛，并发挥重要的作用。本文就化学计量学方法在色素、抗氧化剂、维生素、氨基酸、环境污染物、农药及药物等电分析化学方面的应用作一综述。引用参考文献58篇。     

分析化学计量学中的新方法─—小波分析

小波分析在分析信号处理中具有诸多显著的优点。本文介绍了小波分析的一般描述，综述了化学计量学在的小波新方法，并展望了小波分析在分析化学计量学中的应用前景。     

分析化学计量学中的新方法——小波分析

小波分析在分析信号处理中具有诸多显著的优点。本文介绍了小波分析的一般描述，综述了化学计量学在的小波新方法，并展望了小波分析在分析化学计量学中的应用前景。     

环境与形态分析的化学计量学研究：递推最优滤波与紫外光谱？…

借助光谱或波谱，电化学分析，色谱或电泳技术，系统研究了环境与形态分析化学计量学即化学计量学在环境与形态分析中的应用。本文将递推最优滤波与紫外光谱相结合，提出了一种多组分同时分析测定的新方法。     

电分析化学中的化学计量学方法及其应用进展

本文综述了电分析化学领域中化学计量学方法的应用进展，引用文献65篇。     

现代化学计量学进展

本文介绍化学计量学的概貌及其最近进展。化学计量学是最近十多年来发展起来的化学,主要是分析化学新兴分支学科。化学计量学的研究旨在统计学、数学及发现对分析化学有用的领域中改进分析方法和仪器。因此,现代化学计量学的进展,已使它成为分析测定过程中设计、控制、评价、验证等方面反映的中心。     

序言

国家自然科学基金委员会化学部于1993年4月5日至10日在长沙市湖南大学主持召开“分析化学计量学研讨会”,检阅基金委对化学计量学学科基金资助项目的研究进展和成果。应会议要求,本刊在本期特刊出“分析化学计量学论文”专栏,登载该资助学科的部分最新研究成果论文,并请国家自然科学基金委员会化学部分析与环境化学学科为专栏撰写了序言。相信这些论文的发表将对推动分析化学学科的基础理论建设和促进化学计量学这一新兴学科在我国的迅速发展起到良好的作用。     

Metrology and Chemical Education

Some problems in teaching chemistry students metrology (mainly chemical) were considered briefly. Special attention was given to teaching students of analytical chemistry. Ways to solve the problems were proposed.     

An Overview of Analytical Chemistry in Australia

ABSTRACT

A brief overview of analytical chemistry research in Australia is presented and reference is made to the work of several research groups. Topics covered include the development of a longitudinally modulated cryogenic system for comprehensive gas chromatography, mixed-mode capillary electrochromatography for manipulation of separation selectivity of inorganic ions, new developments in chemical metrology, discontinuous flow analysis and its applications, the design and applications of an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and the use of chemiluminescence in a range of analytical techniques.     

Human errors and reliability of test results in analytical chemistry

The present paper is a review of the main theoretical and technical aspects of human error treatment (error modelling, reduction and quantification) as applied in aviation, engineering, medicine and other fields. The aim of the review is to attract the attention of analysts and specialists in metrology and quality in chemistry to the human error problem and its influence on the reliability of test results of chemical composition and associated measurement uncertainty. Therefore, the subject of human error is interpreted in the review in application to the conditions of a chemical analytical laboratory.     

A national traceability system for chemical measurements

Current developments in Germany for establishing a traceability system for chemical measurements are reported. The focus is on a dissemination mechanism which employs chemical calibration laboratories accredited within the framework of the German Calibration Service (DKD) and acting as "multipliers" between the national standards level and the user level by providing the user with calibration means which are traceable to the SI via national standards. At the national standards level, a network of high-level chemistry institutes coordinated by the national metrology institute, PTB, provides the primary references for chemical measurements.The use of the metrological dissemination system provided by the DKD also for chemical measurements is a logical extension of a traceability mechanism, successful for more than two decades in general metrology, to metrology in chemistry. In detail, traceability structures in clinical chemistry, electrochemistry, elemental analysis and gas analysis are described. This system has become an important part of the efforts made in Germany to support chemical laboratories in meeting the traceability requirements of the market and of legal regulations.     

Ménage À Trois: Activation, Analysis and Uncertainty, 10 Projections into the Impending Millenium

For more than half a century we have been using activation of stable isotopes to determine chemical elements, and significant contributions have been made to a variety of scientific subjects. Nevertheless, activation analysis has not yet become integrated in the field of chemical analysis, and therefore the special features characteristic of activation analysis have not been fully realised in analytical chemistry. At the same time basic chemical knowledge has only to a limited extent been utilised in the development of analytical methods based on activation. This situation has only now become painfully clear, when a world-wide requirement is being made to express the uncertainty of analytical results in accordance with the BIPM philosophy. The identification and estimation of all uncertainty components needed to produce a reliable uncertainty budget requires the combined efforts of all parties. An attempt is here made to extrapolate current trends for the expression of uncertainty in activation and analysis into the future and to show, how the implementation of the BIPM Guidelines with respect to correction for all known or suspected biases, achievement of statistical control, and full traceability, can help bringing analytical chemistry into its rightful position as a scientific discipline in the field of metrology.     

The terms “tochnost’” and “pravil’nost’” as applied to the results of chemical analysis

In this paper, attention is given to the inadequacy of the Russian translation of the term “accuracy” as “pravil’nost’” in publications of the IUPAC recommendations for the presentation of the results of chemical analysis and vocabularies of analytical terms. The essence of the concepts tochnost’ and pravil’nost’ in Russian measurement terminology is considered in historical context, and the evolution of the concepts accuracy in the terminological standards on analytical chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations), metrology, and statistics is traced. It is demonstrated that the one-to-one correspondence between the terms “accuracy” and “tochnost’” and “trueness” and “pravil’nost’,” respectively, which occurs in the present-day standardized terminologies, should also be followed in analytical chemistry     

Basic equations and uncertainties in isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for traceability to SI of values obtained by this primary method

A current interest in chemistry concerns traceability of analytical measurements to the International System of Units (SI) and the estimation of their uncertainties in accordance with principles of metrology, that is, measurement science. “Primary methods of measurement” achieve traceability to SI directly without intermediate reference standards or materials and without significant empirical correction factors. Isotope-dilution mass spectrometry should be regarded as such a method. It has the potential of smallest presently achievable uncertainties for analytical measurements directly or for the certification of reference materials including those with abnormal isotopic composition. A simple explanation of the method including its basic equations is given. Full uncertainty estimation is emphasized in terms of these equations. The wider use of concepts of metrology in chemistry is discussed.     

UK delivery of traceable chemical measurements in the 21st century: building on the foundation of the VAM programme

The paper discusses the requirements for achieving traceable chemical measurements in the UK. It is emphasised that success will depend on establishing an appropriate UK chemical measurement infrastructure and encouraging reference and field laboratories to make use of it. The demanding requirements of the BIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) also require a point of focus to link UK reference laboratories into international metrology. Two key factors are described which have provided the UK with the means to meet these requirements and which have established a sound basis on which to build a system of traceable chemical measurements in the 21st century. These two factors are LGC's long-standing role as the UK's national centre for analytical chemistry and the development and delivery over many years of the UK's Valid Analytical Measurement (VAM) Programme.     

On the existence of primary methods of measurement

 There is much discussion in chemical metrology about the definition of primary methods of measurement, just as a couple of years ago there was debate about its predecessors, absolute methods and definitive methods. It is argued in this paper that the designation of certain methods as being primary only makes sense if there is an outstanding property identified that is common to all primary methods, and not present for all non-primary methods. The aim to identify primary methods should not blur our notion that it is the good practice of analytical chemistry that produces good results, not a particular method of analysis.     

Reliability of analytical information in the XXIst century

One of the most relevant bottlenecks of the progress of analytical sciences is the existence of adequate references in general and, in particular, of measurement standards for analytical processes and their proper use in the context of metrology in chemistry. Keywords such as traceability, uncertainty, calibration, etc. are crucial to characterise the analytical information. All of them can be summarised by using reliability as an overall analytical attribute. The main aim of this paper is the systematic consideration of this basic approach among the trends in Analytical Chemistry, particularly in qualitative analysis.