外加极化电位对双相不锈钢在硫酸介质中腐蚀磨损行为及摩擦性能的影响

利用专门设计制造的腐蚀磨损试验机，对在不同极化电位下双相不锈钢于硫酸介质中的腐蚀磨损行为和摩擦性能进行了试验研究，并且借助于扫描电子显微镜等对试样的磨损表面作了观察与分析．结果表明：采用适当的阴极保护可以有效地降低双相不锈钢的腐蚀磨损率；在钝化电位下的腐蚀磨损率比在自然电位和阴极保护电位下的都高；外加极化电位在阴极保护电位区或与动态腐蚀电位相当时，摩擦系数比自然电位下的低；钝化区的摩擦系数比自然电位下的高，可见此时钝化膜的减摩性能差；在钝化电位下当载荷高于１１．７Ｎ时，双相不锈钢的表面钝化膜遭受严重破坏     

假肢接受腔-人体皮肤界面往复摩擦能量损耗的研究

利用万能材料试验机和多功能数据采集分析系统,在往复摩擦模式下模拟假肢接收腔-残肢皮肤穿戴界面,研究了不同切向力作用下两种常用的假肢接受腔材料与皮肤的摩擦能量损耗.结果表明:接受腔-皮肤界面往复摩擦过程中,随着切向力的增加,皮肤发生的弹性变形增大,皮肤摩擦前后的温差增加,摩擦过程中的能量损耗增大.接受腔材料表面结构直接影响着残疾人穿戴假肢的舒适性.相较于表面粗糙度较大的国内生产接受腔材料,表面粗糙度较小的进口接受腔材料降低了皮肤的摩擦能耗,减轻了皮肤的发热和变形,降低了皮肤损伤的风险,提高了与皮肤界面的适配性.     

Safety and comfort analysis of a 3-D vehicle model with optimal non-linear active seat suspension

A generalized nonlinear model is formulated for the dynamic analysis of suspension seats with passive, semi-active and active dampers. The model incorporates coulomb friction due to suspension linkages and bushings, forces arising from interactions with the elastic limit stops, a linear suspension spring and nonlinear damping force for passive, semi-active and active dampers, while the contribution due to biodynamics of the human operator is considered to be negligible. The semi-active and active dampers are characterized by force generators in accordance with the control laws based upon suspension mass velocity. Two different suspension seats are experimentally assessed in the laboratory under sinusoidal and random excitations arising from an urban bus, and the measured data is used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed generalized model. The results showed reasonably good agreement between the model results and the measured data. Optimal model parameters are selected using the sequential unconstrained minimization technique with an objective to minimize the acceleration due to vibration transmitted to the occupant mass. The comfort and safety performance characteristics of the optimal suspension seat with semi-active and active dampers are evaluated under both the sinusoidal and random excitations based on the guidelines provided by ISO-2631. From these results, it is concluded that the comfort performance of a suspension seat with semi-active and active dampers can be considerably enhanced by 20–30%.     

带有摩擦耗能元件的框架结构动力分析

本文提出粘性屈服模型来模拟摩擦耗能元件的力-速度关系,该模型是连续变化的,克服了库仑摩擦模型不连续导致数值计算复杂的缺点,在进行摩擦耗能体系的动力分析中,采用缩减自由度技术,并作适当的变换,则带有摩擦耗能元件体系的动力分析归结为求解微分代数方程,本文采用增量型Rosenbrock二级三阶半隐式Runge-Kutta法求解该方程,以考虑框架和支撑的材料和几何非线性。对带有摩擦耗能元件的钢框架进行了弹塑性动力分析,研究了支撑刚度与结构层刚度的比值、摩擦力的大小以及地震波类型等参数对体系的影响。     

岩石某些力学参数的试验研究

本文对正长岩岩块进行了静态条件下的摩擦系数试验研究,并在振动台上进行了动态条件下摩擦系数的试验。试验结果表明静态条件下的静摩擦系数高于动态条件下的静摩擦系数。两种条件下的动摩擦系数的变化规律也有明显区别。     

环境气氛对C/C复合材料载流摩擦学性能的影响

在HST-100销盘式高速载流摩擦磨损试验机上,以电流、速度、载荷为试验参数对C/C复合材料/QCr0.5摩擦副进行载流摩擦磨损试验,分别分析空气、氮气对C/C复合材料磨损率和摩擦系数的影响.试验结果表明:相较于空气气氛,氮气气氛下摩擦系数较高,磨损率较低.通过扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对不同气氛下材料磨损表面形貌和成分进行观察,从微观上解释了两种气氛对C/C复合材料磨损率和摩擦系数的作用机理.     

超声马达转子摩擦材料磨损特性研究

利用MPX－200型销－盘摩擦磨损试验机和自制的超声马达摩擦特性模拟试验台,考察了摩擦材料在普通滑动试验和超声马达试验条件下的磨损性能,研究了接触预压紧力和负载力矩对转子摩擦材料磨损状态的影响,并借助于扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对摩擦材料磨损机理进行分析,指出可用绝对转差率Sf描述超声马达定子和转子相对滑动摩擦磨损程度。结果表明,摩擦材料在超声马达试验条件下的磨损状态与普通滑动试验条件下的不同,普通滑动试验时摩擦材料磨损表面形成了层状覆盖膜,而超声马达转子摩擦材料磨损表面无覆盖膜,其表面呈现犁沟磨损和疲劳剥层磨损特征,这种磨损特征随预压紧力和负载力矩变化而变化,与绝对转差率Sf有关,且存在2个临界转变区。     

Microstructure-performance relations of ultra-high-performance concrete accounting for effect of alpha-quartz-to-coesite silica phase transformation

The effect of the α-quartz-to-coesite silica phase transformation on the load-carrying and energy-dissipation capacities of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) under dynamic loading with hydrostatic pressures of up to 10 GPa is evaluated. The model resolves essential deformation and failure mechanisms and provides a phenomenological account of the transformation. Four modes of energy dissipated are tracked, including inelastic deformation, distributed cracking, interfacial friction, and the energy dissipated through transformation of the quartz aggregate. Simulations are carried out over a range of volume fractions of the constituent phases. Results show that the phase transformation has a significant effect on the energy-dissipation capacity of UHPC for the conditions studied. Although transformation accounts for less than 2% of the total energy dissipation, the transformation leads to a twofold increase in the crack density and yields almost an 18% increase in the overall energy dissipation. Structure-response relations that can be used for materials design are established.     

滑动摩擦主动控制的试验研究

以一种铁磁流体和添加剂为润滑介质,研究了ＧＣｒ１５钢销－盘摩擦副在边界润滑状态下受外加电场作用后磨擦系数的变化情况,并对试验结果和电场作用机理进行分析,结果表明,不同方向的直流电场导致摩擦系数的不同变化趋势,其最大变化率达３５％,且试验数据稳定,变化过程可逆,说明此铁磁流体具有独特的可通过外加电场对滑动磨擦系数进行主动控制功能。     

玻璃纤维增强尼龙1010复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

利用ＷＺＭ－１微型注塑机制备了玻璃纤维增强尼龙复合材料,在环－块摩擦磨损试验机上考察了玻璃纤维含量和试验条件下对其摩擦学性能的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损机理进行了分析。结果表明：在给定试验条件下玻璃纤维含量对复合材料的摩擦学性能有显著影响,玻璃纤维质量分数介于２５％～３０％之间时增强效果较好;复合材料的摩擦系数随载荷的增加而下降,达到最小值后,又随载荷的增加而持续上升;其磨损质量损失则随载荷的增加而持续增大,复合材料的磨损以粘着磨损为主,随载荷的增加转变为以玻璃纤维的破坏和磨平为主。     

一种分析手指接触摩擦的新型试验装置

手指接触摩擦行为的研究对人类生产生活具有重要的意义,鉴于影响这一行为的因素众多,到目前为止手指接触摩擦特性还未被深入认识.针对当前手指接触摩擦试验中的试验变量难以控制和试验可靠性较差等问题,设计出一种新型的试验装置并对受试者手指进行了接触摩擦重复性试验,得出新型装置能确保手指与样品间的法向力、接触角度的稳定性,使得试验结果具有很好的可比性和可靠性,并证实了该试验装置能准确地考察粗糙度、接触角度等因素对手指接触摩擦过程的影响.该装置的研制将对系统深入揭示手指接触摩擦学行为具有重要的意义.     

WEAR OF DRY FRICTION PAIRS CONSISTING OF HIGH-CARBON CHROME-VANADIUM STEELS AND HARD ALLOYS

Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics - The wear resistance of DI37-VI and EK80-VI steel is studied using a friction testing device. A sample made of high-carbon chromium-vanadium...     

Measurement of soil parameters useful in predicting tractive ability of off-road vehicles using an instrumented portable device

An instrumented portable device that measures soil sinkage, shear, and frictional parameters in situ was developed to investigate the complexity of soil-traction device interaction process. The device was tested to determine its ability to measure soil frictional and shear characteristics. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted using dry and moist Capay clay and Yolo loam soils. In addition, field tests were also conducted in a Yolo loam field located at the UC Davis Agricultural Experiment Station. The Cohron sheargraph was also tested under the same laboratory experimental conditions to determine adhesion, soil-metal friction, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of soil. The analysis of experimental data indicated that soil adhesion and soil-metal friction were found to be functions of the intercept and slope values of cone torque versus cone index plot (r² = 0.94 and 0.95, respectively). Moreover, soil cohesion was found to be related to adhesion by the constrained adhesion relationship, and soil angle of internal friction was proportional to soil-metal friction as reported by Hettiaratchi [7] and [8]. These results imply that a simpler device consisting of a rotating cone can be developed to measure soil frictional and shear characteristics. Preliminary results showed that the soil parameters determined using this device predicted the maximum net traction developed by four different radial ply tires tested by Upadhyaya et al. [18] under similar soil conditions quite well. These results indicate that the parameters obtained from the device could be useful in obtaining traction related parameters of a soil-tractive device interaction process.     

Continuous measurement of material damping during fatigue tests

An experimental procedure for continuously measuring strain level, temperature, and energy-dissipation rate during resonant fatigue tests is described. The technique is based on a previous method for measuring loss factor (Ref. 3) using base-excited cantilever-beam specimens vibrating at resonance. The amplitude and frequency dependence of loss factor is therefore included directly in the measurement. For beams vibrating in vacuum, energy-dissipation rate and temperature measurements provide a basis for irreversible thermodynamic analysis of fatigue. This procedure provides a continuous measurement of energy-dissipation rate during fatigue-crack nucleation, and is the basis for experimental study of the hypothesis that the entropy gained during fatigue failure is a material constant.     

圆弧型墙背下的主动土压力研究

基于平面滑裂面假设,采用水平层分析法计算墙背为圆弧型情况下的挡土墙主动土压力及其分布情况,分析了挡土墙与墙后填土的各参数对主动土压力大小及分布的影响。计算结果表明,随着挡土墙倾斜角的减小,土压力分布曲线由凸曲线变成凹曲线。最后通过算例将圆弧型墙背下主动土压力及分布的计算结果与平面墙背下的进行分析对比,结果表明当墙背倾斜...     

Measurement on Friction Coefficients of Tire Grounding Surface in Arbitrary Directions under High-Load

In order to measure friction coefficients of tire grounding surfaces in car running, a simple cantilever-type tactile sensor that can detect the vertical load and friction force applied to the sensing part as well as direction of the friction force, simultaneously, has been proposed. The present study equips the proposed sensor to a tire and confirms that the sensor can measure the friction coefficient of the tire grounding surface. For this purpose, measurements in this study were conducted using a sensor under a similar load as that of a common automobile travelling in an arbitrary direction. In order to perform the experiments under a high load in an arbitrary direction, we developed a parallel mechanism-type tire-driving device. The developed device can apply a high load to the tire in an arbitrary direction and can measure the vertical load, friction force, and the direction of the friction force applied to the tire involving the sensor. Thus, the measurement accuracy of the proposed sensor can be verified by comparing the output of the sensor to that of the driving device. As a result of this study, we clarified that the measurement values of the sensor are affected by the deformation of the tire, and proposed a method for correcting the effect of the tire deformation. By introducing the proposed correction method to the measurement of the sensor, it was confirmed that the friction coefficients of various surfaces can be measured with sufficient accuracy under a practical high-load condition.     

Theory of plastic mechanism control for the seismic design of braced frames equipped with friction dampers

An innovative approach for the design of a seismic resistant system composed by the combination of a MR-Frame and a bracing system equipped with friction dampers is presented. From a multi-scale point of view, at local scale, supplementary energy dissipation is provided by means of friction dampers, while, at global scale, the development of a global type mechanism is assured involving all the friction dampers equipping the structure. The activation of all the friction dampers requires an advanced design procedure. Toward this end, the theory of plastic mechanism control, which is based on the application of the kinematic theorem of plastic collapse is extended to the concept of mechanism equilibrium curve, is applied. The fulfillment of the design goal has been pointed out by means of both pushover and dynamic non linear analyses whose results are herein presented and discussed.     

盘式制动器摩擦噪声特性的试验分析

盘式制动器制动时产生的摩擦噪声不仅影响车辆的驾乘舒适性，还会带来严重的环境噪声污染. 摩擦噪声具有瞬时性与不确定性的特点，至今尚未形成对制动器摩擦噪声机理的统一论断. 基于盘式制动器声振试验台，研究了摩擦系数、摩擦力波动系数和等效A声级三个参数在不同制动压力和制动初速度下的变化规律，结合对摩擦片微观特性的试验分析，从摩擦学角度揭示了盘式制动器摩擦噪声的发生规律及机理. 结果表明:摩擦噪声随制动初速度的增大而减小，随制动压力的增加而先增大后减小；制动摩擦噪声由于摩擦系统不稳定而产生，其产生原因是因为摩擦副表面的沟壑与黏着引起，沟壑与黏着程度与噪声的声压与频率呈正相关关系. 研究结果对于解释制动器摩擦噪声发生机理、控制制动器噪声污染具有重要理论意义和实际价值.      

Design and Potentiality of an Apparatus for Measuring Yarn/Yarn and Fabric/Fabric Friction

The market demand for thicker complex shaped structural composite parts is increasing. Processes of the Liquid Composite Moulding (LCM) family, such as Resin Transfer Moulding (RTM) are considered to manufacture such parts. The first stage of the RTM process consists in the preforming of the part. During the pre-forming of multilayered reinforcements, frictions between the plies occur and need to be taken into account for the forming simulation. An experimental device designed to analyse the ply/ply and ply/tool frictions has been set up. The different set up steps of the device are described. First results are presented, which show the ply/ply friction behaviour for a glass plain weave fabric. A specific contact behaviour has been observed for dry reinforcement fabric in comparison to non-technical textiles. A honing effect classically observed in dry fabric testing has also been pointed out through cyclic experiments. It can be attributed to both fibre material abrasion and fibre reorganisation inside the yarn.     

不同滑滚比下润滑油膜流变特性试验观察与数值模拟

通过在原有的球-盘接触光干涉润滑油膜测量装置上增设摩擦力测量单元，实现了任意滑滚比下油膜厚度和摩擦系数的同步测量与润滑状态的直观识别. 采用FVA3参考油，分析了不同滑滚比、速度和载荷下的摩擦系数变化规律，并结合油膜干涉图明确了润滑状态与热效应机制，推断出摩擦系数曲面在较低速工况存在混合润滑区域；通过采用基于恢复时间的流变模型对FVA3油品的流变润滑进行数值模拟，并与同等工况下的试验结果进行定量对比，两者取得了良好的吻合性，验证了试验测量的准确性和流变模型的适用性.