高效液相色谱快速分离生物大分子的大孔硅质固定相的研制及应用

介绍了不同孔径的大孔硅胶基质的制备、二醇固定相的合成及其对蛋白质的色谱分离；考察了焙烧温度对硅胶孔隙度的影响；探讨了流动相中盐浓度和ｐＨ对蛋白质保留时间、柱效、分离度的影响以及硅胶孔径对键合密度和分离性能的影响。该种大孔固定相相对于常规多孔固定相具有小的比表面积、柱容量低、从而有利于生物大分子的微量分离分析。     

十八碳键合钛胶固定相的制备及其色谱性能

 以聚合诱导胶体凝聚法 (PICA)合成的窄粒径分布的TiO2 多孔微球 (表面积 :3 6 7m2 /g ,孔容 :0 3 0mL/g ,平均孔径 :3 2 2nm ,平均粒径 :3 5 μm)为基质 ,与十八碳三甲氧基硅烷的甲苯溶液共同回流 8h ,制得十八碳键合钛胶固定相 (ODT)。该固定相的含碳量为 2 87% (即 0 66μmol/m2 ) ,疏水选择性为 0 4 63 8。将其用于分离中性和碱性化合物时 ,显示出比较好的色谱性能。     

Extension of the C18 stationary phase knowledge by using the carotenoid test

The carotenoid test for octadecylsiloxane‐bonded stationary phases used in RPLC was developed some years ago. Additional experiments have now been performed with varied stationary phases. The effect of the bonding density and of the pore diameter on steric selectivity, polar surface activity and hydrophobicity was determined by using YMC series (J'Sphere and Pack ODSA). The test was also extended to estimate the phase evolution of several classical or hybrid silicas. The high loading phases were also studied, as well as the fused core silicas. The effect of the particle size reduction on the three previous phase properties was investigated in the goal to determine in which way this parameter could also modify the chemical properties of the phases.     

聚硅氧烷包夹聚合硅基高效液相色谱固定相的表征及其色谱性能

利用元素分析、红外光谱、扫描电镜及汞压吸附法对制备的聚硅氧烷包夹硅基反相高效液相色谱固定相进行了表征,给出了该固定相的结构信息及其与色谱性能的关系;用滴定法测定了该固定相表面硅羟基数目;考察了该固定相对碱性化合物的分离性能;由表征和色谱性能考察结果可知,该固定相表面的羟基基本被覆盖,因此,可在碱性流动相中长期使用。     

高效液相色谱法分离蛋白质的大孔硅质固定相的制备及分离机理

介绍了不同孔径的大孔硅胶基质的制备，二醇基和氨基固定相的合成，及其蛋白质的分离特性。探讨了流动相中的盐浓度和pH对蛋白质保留时间的影响，以及在此两种固定相上蛋白质分离机理的比较。由于大孔填料具有小的比表面积、往容量也低，从而有利于作蛋白质等生物大分子的高效快速分离分析。     

Epoxy-functionalized large-pore SBA-15 and KIT-6 as affinity chromatography supports

Mesoporous silica supports are proposed as an alternative to polymeric stationary phases for fast affinity chromatography due to their better mechanical strength compared to polymers. Ideal supports should combine high surface area and large pore size to allow a high loading capacity of large molecules, such as proteins, and favor their accessibility. Increasing the pore size of large-surface area micelle-templated silicas (SBA-15, KIT-6) has been achieved by swelling the micelles by the addition of organic molecules and increasing synthesis time and temperature. The pore size of hexagonal silica mesostructured SBA-15 has been increased up to 35 nm. These materials could find therefore application as affinity chromatography for immunoextraction.     

Protein Loading Capacity and Textural Properties of Column Packings in Reversed-Phase HPLC

Abstract

The relationship between the textural properties (pore size, pore volume and surface area) of reversed-phase silica gel packings for HPLC and the dynamic loading capacity of large biomolecules was studied by using silica gels manufactured by similar processes. Several silica gels whose unbonded pore diameters range from 100 to 250 A and whose pore volumes range from 1.0 to 1.4 ml/g have been prepared and characterized. The bonded phase is monomeric C18. The textural properties of the bonded silica gels are also presented and related to the properties of the unbonded silica gels.

Chromatographic evaluation with typical proteins in an underload-to-overload condition was performed in order to relate the influence of textural properties of silica gel to loading capacity and resolution. The packings with larger pore size and pore volume produced better column performance and higher loading of proteins.     

异氰尿酸三烯丙酯交联共聚物的合成及其色谱性能的研究(Ⅰ)

用异氰尿酸三烯丙酯作交联剂,以醋酸乙烯酯为单体,合成了交联共聚物,测定了它们的比表面积、平均孔径、孔容及溶胀性能,确定了合成的最佳条件;同时把共聚物作为气相色谱固定相,考察了其柱效、峰对称性及分离度等性能,该共聚物可快速分离烷烃、芳烃、醇等。     

New developments in the preparation of anion exchange media based on hyperbranched condensation polymers

We have developed a number of new anion exchange stationary phases based on synthesis of hyperbranched condensation polymers prepared in situ on surface sulfonated wide pore, low surface area ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene substrate beads. These new stationary phases are synthesized by exposing the substrate beads to a mixture containing one of several different diepoxides and methyl amine followed by exposure in an alternating fashion to diepoxide and then methyl amine in a repetitive manner. With each cycle of reaction with first diepoxide and then methyl amine, the capacity of the stationary phase doubles, allowing for the synthesis of high-capacity materials. These new phases are stable to hydrolysis in concentrated acid and base. They exhibit exceptionally low levels of hydrophobic interaction with anionic species commonly of interest in the analysis of environmental samples.     

蔗糖在MCM-48表面的自发单层分散

采用液相浸渍法研究了蔗糖在中孔MCM-48表面的自发单层分散. 用X射线衍射(XRD)相定量分析法, 测定了蔗糖在MCM-48上的最大分散容量, 并用差热分析、N2吸附技术对制备的样品进行表征. 结果表明, 在蔗糖与MCM-48的质量比小于1.1时, 蔗糖在MCM-48表面能自发分散成单层. 当蔗糖/MCM-48 质量比为0.8时, MCM-48的比表面积由初始的998 m2·g-1降至114 m2·g-1, 孔径由原来的2.7 nm降至2.0 nm, 孔容由0.76 cm3·g-1降至0.11 cm3·g-1. 当蔗糖与MCM-48的质量比超过1.1时, MCM-48的比表面积迅速减小至10 m2·g-1以下. 这是因为蔗糖分子大小和MCM-48孔径相差不大, 导致蔗糖在MCM-48表面分散时出现孔道堵塞.     

Biomimetic fabrication of hydroxyapatite-coated zirconia-magnesia composite and its application in the separation of proteins

In this work, biomimetic technique was proposed for the first time to prepare chromatographic packings (2HAp-ZM) for protein separation. By mimicking the mineralization procedures in vivo, this type of matrix with hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating and zirconia-magnesia (ZM) composite core was fabricated. Systematic characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and specific surface area analysis, were carried out to investigate the properties of the material. Results showed that the surface of 2HAp-ZM was composed of bead-like, amorphous or nanocrystalline HAp. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter of the resultant material were 25 m²/g, 0.09 cm³/g, and 14 nm, respectively. Furthermore, 2HAp-ZM exhibited good mechanical stability through repeated testing and its application as stationary phases for protein separation was then studied. Five model proteins (bovine serum albumin, trypsin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, and cytochrome c) were successfully separated on 2HAp-ZM. Finally, the mass recovery of protein and the dynamic loading capacity were studied; the results were calculated to be no less than 93% and 80 μg/mL of blank column volume, respectively.     

不同孔径硅胶聚合物键合相对蛋白质分离的影响

介绍了不同孔径的硅胶聚合物键合相的合成，比较了其对蛋白质的分离特性。结果表明，大孔径的硅胶聚合物键合相比表面积小，易于获得生物大了分子的快速分离。     

磷酰胆碱色谱固定相的制备及其在分离生物大分子中的应用

以三氯氧磷、氯化胆碱和甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEMA)为原料合成了含磷酰胆碱的单体2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC). 在硅胶表面嫁接聚合MPC, 得到磷酰胆碱两性离子交换色谱填料. 研究了该填料对标准蛋白的分离性能及pH对蛋白质保留的影响. 结果表明, 该填料对溶菌酶和牛血清白蛋白的动态吸附容量分别为13.8和18.7 mg/g, 其基质磷酰胆碱色谱固定相可同时基线分离两种酸性和两种碱性蛋白.     

Modified Diatomaceous earth as a principal stationary phase component in TLC

Modified natural diatomaceous earth (DE) is a principal component of the stationary phase in normal thin-layer chromatography (TLC) applications and is mixed with commercial silica gel 60GF254 (Si-60GF254). Modification is carried out by flux calcination and refluxing with acid. Natural DE, modified DEs [flux calcinated (FC)DE and FCDE-I), and Si-60GF254 are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform-IR spectroscopy. Particle size, specific surface area, pore distribution, pore volume, and surface hydroxyl group density parameters of materials are determined by various techniques. FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 are investigated for their usefulness in the stationary phase of TLC both individually and in composition. Commercially available red and blue ink samples are run on layers of Si-60GF254 and FCDE-I individually, and on various FCDE-I and Si-60GF254 mixtures. Butanol-ethanol-2M ammonia (3:1:1, v/v) and butanol-acetic acid-water (12:3:5, v/v) mixtures are used as mobile phases. The polarities of stationary phases decrease, and the retention factor (Rf) values of ink components increase when the FCDE-I content of the stationary phase increases. The properties of the stationary phase can be optimized by adding FCDE-I to Si-60GF254. This study may be useful in understanding both the systematic effects of stationary phase properties [e.g., specific surface area and surface hydroxyl group density, aOH(s)] and those of the mobile phase (e.g., polarity and acidity) on Rf values and the separability of components.     

Characterization of different reversed phase systems in liquid adsorption chromatography of polymer homologous series

The interaction parameter of a given repeat unit in liquid adsorption chromatography (LAC) can be determined from the slope in a plot of the elution volumes versus the difference in elution volumes of subsequent monomers. In such a plot, the intercept represents the void volume, and from the slope the adsorption interaction parameter can be calculated. This parameter is independent of column dimensions and pore diameter and can thus be used as a measure of the interaction of a given repeat unit with the surface of a stationary phase in a given mobile phase composition. The interaction parameter can also be obtained from the slope in a plot of the logarithmic retention factors k versus the number of repeat units n or from the slope in a plot of the logarithmic difference in elution volumes of subsequent monomers versus n. The values obtained by the three different approaches are in good agreement. In a given mobile phase, the interaction parameter of a given repeat unit was found to be almost the same for various alkyl bonded columns from different producers. The retention of a given oligomer depends as well on the interaction parameter as on the pore dimensions (and thus the internal pore surface) of the stationary phase. The pore surface can be determined from the intercept in a plot of the logarithmic difference in elution volumes of (subsequent) nonfunctional monomers as a function of n. As the interaction parameter of a given repeat unit in a given mobile phase is the same for stationary phases with the same chemical nature, retention can be adjusted by selection of the pore surface. On a given stationary phase, there is a linear dependence between interaction parameter and mobile phase composition.     

Capillary electrochromatography of methylated benzo[a]pyrene isomers. II. Effect of stationary phase tuning

For Part II of our ongoing study, we present a strategy for stationary phase optimization for the capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) separation of the 12 methylated benzo[a]pyrene (MBAP) isomers. Utilizing the optimum mobile phase conditions from Part I of our study as a guide, seven commercially available stationary phases have been evaluated for their ability to separate highly hydrophobic MBAP isomers. Ranging in design from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to CEC application, each phase was slurry packed in house and tested for CEC suitability and performance. Several stationary phase parameters were investigated for their effects on MBAP separation including bonding type (monomeric or polymeric, % carbon loading, surface coverage), pore size, particle size, and type of alkyl substituent. In this manner, the present state of commercially available packings has been assessed in our laboratory. Utilizing the optimum polymeric C18-5 microm-100 A-PAH stationary phase, the effects of CEC packed bed length and capillary inside diameter (I.D.) were also evaluated. A 50 microm I.D. capillary, 25 cm packed bed length and 75% (v/v) acetonitrile, 12.5 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 20 degrees C at 30 kV, provided resolution of 11 out of 12 MBAP isomers thus showing the effectiveness of CEC for analysis of structurally similar methylated polyaromatic hydrocarbons.     

Separation of Proteins on Polar Bonded Phases by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

Abstract

Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) with a polar bonded phase (“Acetamide”) developped for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is described. Retention of proteins depends on the surface area of the stationary phase, the pH and ionic strength of the eluent. For efficient separation the pore diameter should be 25 nm or more. The surface area should be large to achieve retention even at low ionic strength. Separation is only possible with a gradient from high to low ionic strength. Gradient volumes of 10 empty column volumes with column lengths above 15 cm are recommended. Selectivity can be optimized via pH adjustment. The advantage of this column packing is its applicability for two different separation modes: SEC and HIC.     

Characterization of some physical and chromatographic properties of monolithic poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) columns

Monolithic capillary columns were prepared by copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene inside a 200 microm i.d. fused silica capillary using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and decanol as porogen. Important chromatographic features of the synthesized columns were characterized and critically compared to the properties of columns packed with micropellicular, octadecylated poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (PS-DVB-C18) particles. The permeability of a 60 mm long monolithic column was slightly higher than that of an equally dimensioned column packed with PS-DVB-C18 beads and was invariant up to at least 250 bar column inlet pressure, indicating the high-pressure stability of the monolithic columns. Interestingly, monolithic columns showed a 3.6 times better separation efficiency for oligonucleotides than granular columns. To study differences of the molecular diffusion processes between granular and monolithic columns, Van Deemter plots were measured. Due to the favorable pore structure of monolithic columns all kind of diffusional band broadening was reduced two to five times. Using inverse size-exclusion chromatography a total porosity of 70% was determined, which consisted of internodule porosity (20%) and internal porosity (50%). The observed fast mass transfer and the resulting high separation efficiency suggested that the surface of the monolithic stationary phase is rather rough and does not feature real pores accessible to macromolecular analytes such as polypeptides or oligonucleotides. The maximum analytical loading capacity of monolithic columns for oligonucleotides was found to be in the region of 500 fmol, which compared well to the loading capacity of the granular columns. Batch-to-batch reproducibility proved to be better with granular stationary phases compared to monolithic stationary phase, in which each column bed is the result of a unique column preparation process.     

Porous layer open-tubular column with styrene and itaconic acid-copolymerized polymer as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography–mass spectrometry

Enhancing the specific surface area of stationary phase is important in chromatographic science, especially in open-tubular column in which the coating only exists on the inner surface. In this work, a porous layer open-tubular (PLOT) column with stationary phase of styrene and itaconic acid-copolymerized polymer was developed. Thermal-initiated polymerization method with strategies like controlling the ratio of reaction reagents to solvents and reaction time, confinement by the narrow inner diameter of capillary were used for preparing the stationary phase with uniform structure and relatively thick layer. Due to the high separation efficiency and capacity, the PLOT column was used for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation of multiple groups of analytes like alkylbenzenes, phenyl amines, phenols, vanillins, and sulfonamides with theoretical plates (N) up to 1,54,845 N/m. In addition, due to high permeability of the CEC column and large electroosmotic flow mobility generated by abundant carboxyl groups in the coating material, the PLOT-CEC column was successfully coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) through a sheath flow interface. The developed PLOT-CEC-MS method was used for the analysis of antiseptics like parabens and herbicides like pyridines.     

核壳硅碳复合微球固定相的制备及其在糖类分离中的应用

采用一步法在二氧化硅(SiO₂)表面涂覆酚醛树脂聚合物(PF),并在氮气气氛下碳化,制备了核壳硅碳复合微球(Sil@MC)固定相。实验对Sil@MC固定相进行形貌观察和孔结构分析,表明制备出的Sil@MC固定相具有良好的单分散性,包覆后的Sil@MC材料比表面积为302 m²/g,平均孔径为9.5 nm,孔容为0.63 cm³/g,说明通过共聚反应成功地将碳材料固定在二氧化硅上。将制备的Sil@MC材料作为HPLC固定相,采用匀浆法装柱,以乙腈-水(含0.1%(v/v)甲酸)作为流动相,发现Sil@MC色谱柱在高效液相色谱-质谱中可以实现4种极性糖类化合物(D-(+)-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐、葡萄糖、D-(+)-海藻糖二水合物和棉子糖)的分离,然而未涂覆酚醛树脂的SiO₂材料未能对这4种极性糖类化合物实现分离。实验进一步对Sil@MC固定相的性能进行了评价,代表性的低聚糖异构体松三糖和棉子糖、耐斯糖和水苏糖及乳寡糖异构体3'-唾液酸乳糖和6'-唾液酸乳糖、乳-N-四糖和乳-N-新四糖在Sil@MC色谱柱中被成功分离,峰形良好,展现了基于酚醛树脂衍生碳的核壳硅碳复合材料在在极性化合物色谱分离方面具有应用潜力。