稀土对BNbRE钢轨综合性能的影响

论述了包钢BNbRE钢轨的开发、性能指标和稀土在钢轨中的作用。采用钢中加入稀土、合金元素铌及适当调整C，Si，Mn可使钢轨性能指标达到σb≥980MPa，σ5≥8％，同时具有优良的耐磨性能，接触疲劳性能和实物疲劳性能。实验结果表明，BNbRE轨(BNbRE)中稀土具有净化钢液、变质夹杂和微合金化作用。炼钢工艺改进后钢水质量提高，虽然稀土含量相应降低，取得了优良的稀土钢轨综合性能。     

稀土氧化物对中高碳钢堆焊金属中夹杂物变质作用的热力学分析

采用热力学方法,研究了稀土氧化物对中高碳钢堆焊金属中夹杂物的变质作用。夹杂物生成的热力学分析表明,在堆焊熔池中,稀土氧化物可以被碳还原成稀土元素,稀土元素可以与氧、硫生成稀土氧化物、稀土硫化物和稀土硫氧化物,从而达到脱氧、脱硫、净化堆焊熔池的作用;稀土氧化物还可以直接与硫作用,生成稀土硫氧化物,起到脱硫的效果。     

稀土元素在新一代高强韧钢中的作用和应用前景

综述了稀土在钢中的应用和主要作用, 并从稀土的特性分析讨论了稀土在钢中的作用机制, 阐明稀土是钢的一种有效的强净化和变质剂, 固溶稀土的存在强烈影响微结构. 通过强净化、变质和微量合金化, 稀土可有效控制局域弱化, 降低微结构的能态, 有效抑制钢中有害元素和脆性相偏聚所造成的脆性断裂, 稀土可望作为发展21世纪高强韧钢、提高高强钢韧性的重要元素.     

超低硫微合金钢中稀土元素的作用

稀土在超低硫（Ｓ〈０．００３％）铌钛微合金风中仍然有净化钢质、变质夹杂的作用。钢中ＣＲＥ／ＣＯ＋Ｓ控制在４左右，可获得最佳效果。超低硫钢中稀土固溶量可达到１０＾－５－－１０＾－４数量级，显著减少晶界Ｓ、Ｐ的偏聚，推迟钢的动态再结晶，细化晶粒和沉淀相，促进铌钛碳氮化物析出。稀土在钢中还有微合化的作用。     

碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈在晶界的行为

应用高分辨TEM，SEM和XRD研究碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈的存在形式、分布以及在晶界的行为。研究结果表明，镧和铈在洁净钢中存在固溶态、稀土夹杂物和稀土第二相。固溶稀土偏析在晶界，洁净钢中稀土仍有净化钢液和变质夹杂的作用。适量稀土能减少S和P在晶界的偏析，净化晶界提高钢的冲击韧性。过量稀土在晶界产生有害的稀土第二相，导致性能显著降低。     

稀土在洁净BNbRE重轨钢中的作用机制

通过实验测定、金相观察和理论分析, 系统研究了稀土在洁净BNbRE重轨钢中的赋存状态和存量的变化规律, 以及其对钢的硫化物夹杂、微观组织及性能的影响作用机制. 研究发现, 在钢洁净度大幅度提高的条件下, 稀土在钢中的作用机制有所变化, 微量的稀土起到实现净化钢液、变质夹杂物和微合金化作用, 而且作用效果非常稳定. 随着钢洁净度的提高, 稀土加入量可以适当降低. 在本实验条件下, 洁净BNbRE重轨钢的稀土最佳加入量为～0.01%, 此时洁净BNbRE重轨钢的塑性和冲击韧度得到显著改善.     

稀土在石油套管钢中的应用研究

稀土在Ｊ－５５钢级套管钢中有净化钢液，变质夹杂和微合金化作用，提高了钢的横向冲击值和抗裂纹扩展能力，显著改善了抗射孔开裂性能。稀土变质ＭｎＳ和Ａｌ２Ｏ３夹杂的程度，分别取决于钢中稀土与锰和稀土与铝的活度比值，而活度比值决定了钢中ＲＥＡｌＯ３和ＲＥ２Ｏ２Ｓ的相对数量和性能。     

铈对T91钢冲击韧性的影响

为了降低T91钢中的夹杂物对性能的影响,采用Ce变质处理后对其进行室温、-20,-40℃冲击试验,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱观察分析冲击断口和显微组织。实验结果表明:Ce对T91钢夹杂物的变质净化作用显著,加稀土后T91钢的断口低温冲击呈现韧窝断裂,低温冲击有解理面出现且冲击功值比未加稀土值提高30.9%。Ce对T91钢在室温,-20,-40℃冲击性能的提高作用显著。     

稀土、铌对重轨钢铸、轧态组织与性能的影响

对比研究了BNbRE与U71Mn重轨钢连铸方坯的组织和常规力学性能;通过测量硬度, 揭示了接近共析成分的重轨钢连铸坯结晶组织的变化特征. 采用金相和SEM等手段, 对BNbRE钢和BNb钢热轧轨的轨头、轨腰和轨底角3种部位的组织和夹杂进行了观测, 发现实验钢的铸坯有3个硬度恒值区和3个硬度变化区, U71Mn钢的铸坯里有可观的P共晶组织;未加稀土的BNb钢轨夹杂物, 有轨头和轨底为氧化物和轨腰MnS居多的分布特征等. 文章得出, 加稀土不仅改善和细化了钢的铸、轧态组织, 改变了夹杂物, 还明显地减少了硬度变化结晶区尺寸及其硬度值的变化幅度, 有效地抑制和甚至消除了磷共晶组织.     

钢中稀土固溶规律及作用研究

应用ICP光谱法直接测定16Mn钢中稀土固溶虽,研究稀土固溶规律及合金化作用。实验结果表明,在MnS夹杂完全变质前,钢中仅有几ppm稀土固溶并受硫氧含量的影响,完全变质后,随钢中稀土含量增加,稀土固溶量显著增大。常温下铈在16Mn钢中固溶度不超过0.011wt％,并偏聚在晶界;固溶稀土能显著减少珠光体,增加铁素体及其硬度。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Effect of the Method of Modification of Zeolite X on Selectivity of Catalytic Methylation of Toluene

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The effect of the method of modification of catalysts based on zeolite X by cesium and magnesium cations (ion exchange and impregnation) on the selectivity...     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of tetrabenzoporphins of the basis of isoindoline

Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds -