冬泳(游泳)的热学问题

冬泳一般界定为气温0℃、水温14℃以下的游泳运动，是冷环境中颇具代表性的运动项目，其历史悠久，开展广泛（俄、美、日、法、丹麦等国），参与人数逐年增加。几年来我们总结了冬泳者的宝贵经验，通过热学实验（平均皮肤温度测试），在探究冬泳能耗机制与能耗计算方面做了点滴工作，现撰文简介，从物理视角引发读者兴趣。     

同步切换电子毫秒计时器的设计与应用

1引言 在实验教学中常常遇到计时与操作不同步的问题，此类操作需要眼及双手（一手拨开关，一手按秒表）配合，不可能做到同步．如在用冲击电流计测高电阻实验中，测电容通过高电阻的放电曲线时就遇到此问题．测量等效电路如图1，实验的具体操作是，将开关S接到a端，对电容器C0充电．然后将S与a断开并保持在中央位置，     

准静态和动态加载对裂纹扩展阻力曲线的影响及其关系的研究

对典型压力容器用钢Q345R预制裂纹夏比冲击试样进行示波冲击试验,得到了Q345R钢的载荷-位移曲线,并根据试验数据,利用J积分增量方程和Schindler方法分别计算得到Q345R钢在冲击加载下的动态裂纹扩展阻力曲线(J-R曲线)。然后将动态J-R曲线和准静态加载条件下试验得到的J-R曲线进行对比发现,动态加载条件下的J-R曲线高于准静态加载时得到的结果。最后,建立了动态和准静态加载下J-R曲线之间的关系式,对工程应用具有重要的参考意义。     

小议探究式物理实验教学中的"猜想"

1探究式物理教学中“得出结论”环节存在的问题 现行的物理教学比较注重采用科学探究的教学方式．通过探究式教学，学生可以积极参与其中，领悟科学探究的思想，培养他们进行科学探究所需要的能力，从而更好地学习和运用知识．通常，科学探究有七个要素：提出问题、猜想与假设、制定计划与设计实验、进行实验与收集数据、分析与论证、评估、交流与合作．但是，从现行的“探究式教学”中，     

用电子秒表取代打点计时器

用电子秒表取代打点计时器朱成标（安徽凤阳县总铺中学２３３１００）在高中物理实验中，一般都用打点计时器测量匀变速直线运动物体的速度、加速度．用这种方法实验存在如下问题：１．实验误差大．物体运动时会受到纸带的阻力作用，这个阻力是一变力，所以物体的运动就不...     

从物理学史的角度谈与牛顿第二定律有关的几个问题

新课程要求认识物理实验在物理学中的地位和作用，强调学生通过探究过程来获取知识，而不是学生顺着教师预定的途径去思考问题或直接把学生径直引向答案．现行高中新课程物理教材大都设计了探究力、质量、加速度之间的关系的内容，主张让学生在相关实验的基础上，得到牛顿第二定律的表达式．本文中，笔者将尝试对与牛顿第二定律有关的学史内容和教学方法进行梳理，并对现有的“探究教学”提一些粗浅的想法．     

颗粒与高频感应热等离子体流的迭代计算

用完全二维自洽模型计算等离子体的速度场与温度场，用颗粒轨迹模型计算颗粒的运动轨迹与加热历程，但在等离子体的连续、动量和能量控制方程中，增加一项由于颗粒直径、运动速度及能焓的变化而引起的源项，计及颗粒的运动与加热对等离子体的速度场与温度场的影响；在颗粒的运动轨迹与加热历程计算中，考虑流体阻力和热泳力对颗粒运动与加热的影响；并在等离子体的速度场与温度场和颗粒的运动与加热之间进行迭代计算。通过对铝颗粒与     

关于"猜想与假设"教学中几个问题的讨论

本文作者对“猜想与假设”结合教改实践作了较深入探索，对大家有一定的参考价值．科学地把握科学探究中的每个要素并付诸实践，是课程改革实验研究的主要内容，也是困难之处，欢迎大家结合实验实践开展研究和讨论．     

Li掺杂熔融织构YBCO晶体的面内磁阻

在0～9T范围内测量了磁场平行于P轴时Li掺杂熔融织构YBCO样品面内电阻的温度关系．我们用A～H模型拟合实验数据．结果表明，以R／Rn=20％作为高阻区和低阻区的分界线，R～T曲线可分别用R=Rn{I0[CH^-p（1-t）^q]}^-2来描述，其中Rn是正常态的电阻Rn=-5．36＋0．145T．p=0．78，1．88和q=1．5,3．5分别是高阻区和低阻区的拟合参数．     

"探究液体压强与哪些因素有关"教学设计

全日制义务教育《物理课程标准》主题二“运动和相互作用”中，对液体压强知识提出的教学要求是：“通过实验探究，学习压强的概念；能用压强公式进行简单计算；知道增大和减小压强的方法．”与过去的教学大纲相比，新课标降低了对知识层次的要求，强调学生通过实验探究学习压强的概念，对压强的概念没有终结性的要求．另外，新课标还强调了压强公式的应用和在实际问题中知道增大和减小压强的方法．这一要求上的变化，体现了要鼓励学生积极投入到探究知识、联系丰富多彩的生活和生产活动中去的教育理念．     

白光和红绿蓝光LED可调光源研制

为了提高LED光源色温和亮度的调节精度和准确度,结合色温由低向高变化时光色所呈现的渐变特点,提出了一种低色温白光LED灯珠、高色温白光LED灯珠加红绿蓝光LED灯珠补偿式调光的方法.将色温分成三个部分进行调节,每个部分选用不同的LED灯珠组合来进行调光.实验结果表明:不同组合情况下的LED光源的初始输出色温相对于目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;亮度可以在保证色温不变的情况下独立进行调节,初始输出值与目标值的偏差范围在1％以内;经过微调之后可以达到目标值;达到了色温和亮度独立调节的要求;光源发光稳定,不会因为长时间工作而影响调节精度.     

Atomic and electronic structures and stability of icosahedral nanodiamonds and onions

The relative stability of alternative carbon nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry, such as diamond-like nanocrystallites and multiwalled fullerenes (onions), is investigated using the parametric model and the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method. It is demonstrated that an increase in the size of particles and their hydrogenation favor the stabilization of diamond-like nanocrystallites. The formation of “intermediate” nanostructures consisting of diamond-like nanocrystallites inside the fullerene cage is revealed. The electronic spectra of icosahedral carbon nanoparticles are calculated.     

Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen

Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C₅H₄O₂). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1 ±2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11±6 eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations.     

Spin and Statistics and First Principles

It was shown in the early seventies that, in Local Quantum Theory (that is the most general formulation of Quantum Field Theory, if we leave out only the unknown scenario of Quantum Gravity) the notion of Statistics can be grounded solely on the local observable quantities (without assuming neither the commutation relations nor even the existence of unobservable charged field operators); one finds that only the well known (para)statistics of Bose/Fermi type are allowed by the key principle of local commutativity of observables. In this frame it was possible to formulate and prove the Spin and Statistics Theorem purely on the basis of First Principles.     

Visualization and interferometry for cylindrical and spherical sample tomography and profilometry

A technique combining image processing and laser interferometry for visualizing and detecting the deformation of transparent cylindrical and spherical sample is proposed. This deformation includes geometric deformation such as volume transition in profilometry and physical deformation such as refractive index change in tomography. Phase contour lines are used for quantitative analysis and graphical representation of the deformation. This method allows us to visually detect the spatial variation of the deformation field and to evaluate the test quality such as misalignment of optical system. A theoretical analysis using phase contour map to characterize the deformation field is described in detail. A method using phase contour map to qualify the interferometric test is proposed. Analysis of test examples is carried out. Suggestions on using phase contour line method to ameliorate test system design are finally discussed.     

Nonlocal potentials and their exact and approximate local and velocity-dependent equivalents

We show that good approximations to the exact equivalent local potential (ELP) and damping factor of a nonlocal Perey-Buck potential can be calculated in the partial wave WKB approximation of Horiuchi. The exact ELP and damping factor are obtained by means of a method previously given by one of us. We also confirm that an approximate ELP proposed by Bauhoff et al. is of comparable accuracy as the Horiuchi approximation. Thesel-dependent ELP's exhibit reduced attraction in the interior and provide a test for higher order WKB approximations. We subsequently obtain an equivalent velocity dependent potential (EVDP) which is even exactly wave function equivalent to the original nonlocal potential. This almost local potential, unlike the trivial equivalent local potential, is smooth and well-behaved and is therefore particularly useful in nuclear reactions where the off-shell behaviour of the potential is important.