基于COMSOL 的感应耦合等离子体炬多物理场研究

为了优化锂微粉等离子体球化的工艺,对感应耦合等离子体炬进行二维建模,将电磁场计算域扩展到等离子体放电区域之外的空气区域,利用COMSOL 软件进行多物理场模拟。得到了等离子体的电磁场、温度和速度分布,并对分布形成的物理机制进行分析。模拟发现等离子体区域线圈段存在上下两组对称的回流涡,线圈段中部靠近约束管处等离子体速度分布杂乱,有激烈的径向打壁现象,乱流预计会对约束管壁相应位置造成一条环状的破裂效果。基于模拟结果,提出在采用感应耦合等离子体球化锂微粉的工艺工程中,可以将注粉口下移,绕开上回流涡。     

非平衡感应耦合等离子体流场与电磁场作用机理的数值模拟

以航天领域中研究再入飞行器热防护系统的感应耦合等离子体(inductively coupled plasma, ICP)风洞为研究对象,通过流场-电磁场-化学场-热力场-湍流场多场耦合求解研究ICP风洞流场与电磁场的分布特性及其相互作用机理.数值模拟中,基于热化学非平衡等离子体磁流体动力学模型准确模拟了空气ICP的高频放电、焦耳加热、能量转化、粒子内能交换等过程,通过多物理场耦合计算模拟得到了100 kW级ICP风洞内空气等离子体的电子温度、粒子数密度、洛伦兹力、焦耳加热率、速度、压强、电场强度的分布规律.研究结果表明:在感应线圈区靠近等离子体炬壁附近,等离子体流动处于热力学非平衡状态;洛伦兹力对感应线圈区空气粒子的动量传递和电子热运动起着控制作用.     

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对感应耦合氩气热等离子体的速度分布特性以及各操作参数对等离子体速度分布的影响进行了细致的研究。研究结果表明,与直流电弧热等离子体相比,感应耦合热等离子体速度小,弧流集中,速度峰值出现在等离子体炬下游,在线圈段上游出现明显的回流现象。此外,送气流量、感应电流等操作参数对等离子体速度分布有明显影响。研究结果可为等离子体球化粉末颗粒及其他应用提供理论指导。     

氩气感应耦合等离子体速度与温度数值模拟

为了获得用于研究再入飞行器热防护系统的感应耦合等离子体风洞流场数据,基于流场、电磁场和化学场的多场耦合建立了非平衡态感应耦合等离子体数值模型。利用该模型对不同入口质量流率和不同工作压力下的感应耦合等离子体进行了数值模拟,得到了相应工作参数下感应耦合等离子体温度与速度的分布特性。计算结果表明:等离子体中心线上的速度随着入口质量流率的增大而增大,而随着工作压力的增大而减小;同时,等离子体中心线上的温度随着入口质量流率的增大而减小,而随着压力的增大先减小后增大。这些结果可为感应耦合等离子体风洞优化设计及其工业应用提供理论指导。     

氩气感应耦合等离子体速度与温度数值模拟

为了获得用于研究再入飞行器热防护系统的感应耦合等离子体风洞流场数据，基于流场、电磁场和化学场的多场耦合建立了非平衡态感应耦合等离子体数值模型。利用该模型对不同入口质量流率和不同工作压力下的感应耦合等离子体进行了数值模拟，得到了相应工作参数下感应耦合等离子体温度与速度的分布特性。计算结果表明：等离子体中心线上的速度随着入口质量流率的增大而增大，而随着工作压力的增大而减小；同时，等离子体中心线上的温度随着入口质量流率的增大而减小，而随着压力的增大先减小后增大。这些结果可为感应耦合等离子体风洞优化设计及其工业应用提供理论指导。     

大功率热平衡感应耦合等离子体数值模拟及实验研究

感应耦合等离子体发生器是"临近空间高速目标等离子体电磁科学实验研究装置"的核心部件之一,常用于模拟高焓高速等离子体鞘套环境,为了研究大功率射频中压下感应耦合等离子体发生器的放电特性,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法研究其内部的传热与流动特性.本文基于局域热力学平衡条件,通过湍流场-电磁场-温度场的多场耦合开展了功率为100—400 kW的大尺寸射频中压感应耦合等离子体的数值模拟,并通过光强与光谱实验验证.结果表明:大功率等离子体发生器中的电磁场分布类似于中小型功率等离子体发生器;放电能量耗散主要发生在感应线圈所在的区域;石英管内壁温度在线圈所在处比其他区域较高,等离子体呈环状高温结构;等离子体受温差效应与电磁泵效应影响使得入口处产生回流涡.同时开展相应条件下的放电实验发现氩气放电的轴向图像呈边缘高亮与中心暗的环状结构,并通过光谱诊断系统测量氩等离子体的发射光谱,得到发生器电子温度的空间分布, COMSOL仿真温度结果与放电图像光强、光谱测得电子温度较为符合,验证了采用热力学平衡态条件进行数值模拟结果的有效性.本文数值模拟的结果可用于感应耦合等离子体发生器的优化设计及耐温评估.     

超音速等离子体炬的数值模拟

介绍了描述大气压下超音速等离子体炬内等离子体特性的磁流体力学模型，在二维近似下，对会聚-扩展型喷口等离子体炬进行了数值模拟，获得了等离子体炬内等离子体速度、温度、压力以及马赫数的分布.结果表明超音速等离子体炬内的流场特性可以分为亚音速、跨音速和超音速三个明显的区域. 关键词： 等离子体炬 磁流体力学 数值模拟     

感应耦合氩等离子体反应器内流场的三维数值模拟（英文）

感应耦合等离子体反应器内流场的三维数值模拟可以揭示其复杂的空间分布.利用PROE软件建立反应器的三维模型.假设等离子体是良好的导体,结合麦克斯韦方程组以及电磁学和流体力学方程,经过推导得到磁流体力学的连续、动量、能量方程.利用FLUENT软件的二次开发功能完成耦合计算.磁场的矢量方程通过复矢量技术和UDS得到解决,利用UDS定义变物性参数和添加源项.在C语言的基础上编写UDF.将划分好网格的模型和UDF导入FLUENT中,应用基于压力法的求解器进行模拟运算.通过模拟运算得到了反应器内电磁场、温度场、速度场的分布图.最后进行了二维模拟和三维模拟的对比,以验证文中所进行模拟所得结果的可行性.     

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为了提高等离子体废物处理效率,根据磁流体动力学理论,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,采用磁矢量势的方法对直流双阳极非转移型电弧等离子体炬进行了二维轴对称数值模拟。计算中采用了SIMPLE算法。数值模拟得到了等离子体的温度、速度等分布。结果表明,等离子体的温度随着轴向距离的增加而减小,随弧电流增加而增加;其速度随着轴向距离的增加而先增大后减小,随弧电流增加而增加;等离子体炬出口处的温度和速度随着径向距离的增加而减小。这些结果与实验结果基本相符。     

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采用感应耦合热等离子体作为高温热源,对形状不规则的铬粉末进行了球化处理,研究了送粉速率对球形粉末的流动性、球化率的影响,并采用金相显微镜和霍尔流速计对球形粉末的表观形貌和流动性进行了测定.研究结果表明:形状不规则的粉末经过等离子体处理后,绝大部分以上的粉末均变为球形或类球形.对于粒径在200~300目之间的铬粉,随着送粉速率的增加,球化后的粉末流动性逐渐增强,球化率增加;当送粉速率为35g.min?1时,其流动性和球化率分别约为56.18s/50g和85.6%,两者均达到了最佳效果.     

Numerical analysis of nitrogen-mixed argon plasma characteristicsand injected particle behavior in an ICP torch for ultrafine powdersynthesis

A numerical model is presented for the analysis of plasma characteristics of an ICP torch and gas mixing effects on the plasma when a nitrogen gas is added into the argon plasma as a carrier or sheath gas at the torch inlet, The fluid equations describing the plasma flow and temperature fields and the diffusions between two different gases are solved along with a magnetic vector potential equation for electromagnetic fields. The trajectory and the temperature change with time for a particle injected into the plasma are also investigated by a plasma-particle interaction model to find out optimum injection conditions for the synthesis of ultrafine nitride ceramic powders, It is found from the calculations that the nitrogen-mixed argon plasma with a nitrogen sheath gas is more favorable than the plasma with a nitrogen carrier gas for the reaction kinetics of nitride synthesis. It is also found that the radial injection through the holes of the tube wall Is preferable to the axial injection at the torch inlet for the complete evaporation of injected particle and the effective chemical reaction of reactant vapor with nitrogen. For the radial injection in an ICP torch of 20 cm in axial length, the optimum injection locations and initial velocities of 50 μm aluminum particles are found for synthesizing aluminum nitride are in the range of 6~12 cm apart from the torch inlet and over 15 m/s, respectively     

Numerical modelling of a direct current non-transferred thermal plasma torch for optimal performance

A laminar steady-state 2D axisymmetric model of a direct current (DC) thermal plasma torch using a magneto-hydrodynamic approach has been developed. The model takes into account the entire torch system comprising the plasma gas injection, the inner region of the torch, and the jet exiting into the ambient environment. Numerical results are obtained for two different power inputs chosen from published experimental data. The temperature predictions at the torch exit are found in good agreement with experimental results. Velocity analysis of the plasma jet has been presented and the impact of electromagnetic force on jet velocity is analysed. The Lorentz force arising due to the coupling of fluid motion and electromagnetic forces shoots up the jet velocity to significantly high values near the cathode tip. Temperature and velocity profiles are in good agreement with the characteristics of a long laminar plasma jet. An operating value of heat transfer coefficient (h) has been suggested for optimal torch operation, thus ensuring a low anode erosion rate and acceptable thermal efficiency. The argon torch has the maximum temperature and longest jet length among the plasma gases considered.     

Ar介质感应耦合等离子加热器能量转化与流动特性

对感应耦合等离子(inductively coupled plasma,ICP)加热器内能量转化过程与分布规律、 流动特性的研究和认识能够为高频等离子加热器的设计提供理论指导,同时能够为加热器向大功率、多介质、广适用方向的发展提供支撑.基于二维轴对称、层流流动和局部热力学平衡等假设条件,利用COMSOL对百千瓦级Ar介...     

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In order to optimize the process of plasma spheroidization of the lithium micro-powder, a 2-D model of inductively coupled thermal plasma torch is presented. The calculating domain of the electromagnetic field is extended to the air region outside the plasma discharge region and multi-physics coupling calculation was performed by using COMSOL software. The plasma electromagnetic field, temperature and velocity distributions are obtained. The physical mechanism of distributions is analyzed. The simulation found that there are two sets of symmetrical reflux vortices in the coil section of the plasma region. The velocity distribution which locates in the center of coil section and closes to the wall of confinement tube is in disorder. The plasma particles hit the wall along the radial direction. Disorderly flow may cause a rupture area along the circular tube wall. Based on the simulation results, it is proposed that in the process of inductively coupled plasma spheroidization, powder injection port can be moved down to avoid the upper reflux vortex.     

Computational Model of Thermal‐Fluid Flow in a Radio‐Frequency Plasma Torch

The paper aims to clarify the modelling results concerning the heat transfer and fluid flow in a radio‐frequency plasma torch with argon at atmospheric pressure. Fluid numerical simulation requires the coupling of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and thermal phenomena. This model combines Navier–Stokes equations with the Maxwell's equations for compressible fluid and electromagnetic phenomena successively. A numerical formulation based on the finite element method is used. In this study, fluid flow and temperature equations are simultaneously solved (direct method, instead of using the indirect method) using a finite elements method (FEM) for optically thin argon plasmas under the assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and laminar flow. Appropriate boundary conditions are given, and nonlinear parameters such as the thermal and electrical conductivity of the gas and input power used in the simulation are detailed. We have found that the source of power is located on the torch wall in this type of inductive discharge. The center can be heated by conduction and convection via electromagnetic phenomena (power loss and Lorentz force). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of multiphysics field coupling mechanisms for a high power ICP wind tunnel

We take the established inductively coupled plasma(ICP) wind tunnel as a research object to investigate the thermal protection system of re-entry vehicles. A 1.2-MW high power ICP wind tunnel is studied through numerical simulation and experimental validation. The distribution characteristics and interaction mechanism of the flow field and electromagnetic field of the ICP wind tunnel are investigated using the multi-field coupling method of flow, electromagnetic, chemical, and thermodynamic field. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. Thereafter, the wind tunnel pressure, air velocity, electron density, Joule heating rate, Lorentz force, and electric field intensity obtained using the simulation are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that for the 1.2-MW ICP wind tunnel, the maximum values of temperature, pressure, electron number density, and other parameters are observed during coil heating. The influence of the radial Lorentz force on the momentum transfer is stronger than that of the axial Lorentz force. The electron number density at the central axis and the amplitude and position of the Joule heating rate are affected by the radial Lorentz force. Moreover, the plasma in the wind tunnel is constantly in the subsonic flow state, and a strong eddy flow is easily generated at the inlet of the wind tunnel.