CXN天然沸石的研究 VI. 耐酸性及不同阳离子型沸石结构的热稳定性

以X射线粉末衍射(XRD)结晶度测定法观测CXN (STI型)天然沸石在不同浓度盐酸(HCl)热溶液中的结构耐酸性, 以及比较和研究用不同方法制备的结构超稳化高硅H-STI-I和H-STI-II沸石及其不同阳离子交换型M-STI (M＝Li, Na, K, Ca, Ag) 系列沸石在程序阶梯升温过程中的结构热稳定性. 用X射线荧光散射(XRF), ²⁹Si与²⁷Al固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)表征超稳化高硅H型沸石的组成与结构性质. 结果表明该天然沸石在浓度低于2 mol/L盐酸中可较长时间保持结构完美. 视阳离子类型不同, 经1173 K焙烧后M-STI-I系列沸石与M-STI-II系列沸石相对结晶度降低百分数分别为2.5%～18% 与0～35%. 在M-STI-I系列沸石中, 焙烧前后相对结晶度下降幅度的次序为K型＜(H, Li, Na)型＜(Ca, Ag)型, 而M-STI-II系列沸石, (Na, K)型＜(Li, H, Ca)型＜Ag型. 从沸石骨架硅铝比、结构缺陷、阳离子种类及其氧化物形成热等方面讨论影响沸石结构热稳定性的因素.     

CXN天然沸石的研究 VI. 耐酸性及不同阳离子型沸石结构的热稳定性

以X射线粉末衍射(XRD)结晶度测定法观测CXN (STI型)天然沸石在不同浓度盐酸(HCl)热溶液中的结构耐酸性, 以及比较和研究用不同方法制备的结构超稳化高硅H-STI-I和H-STI-II沸石及其不同阳离子交换型M-STI (M＝Li, Na, K, Ca, Ag) 系列沸石在程序阶梯升温过程中的结构热稳定性. 用X射线荧光散射(XRF), ²⁹Si与²⁷Al固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)表征超稳化高硅H型沸石的组成与结构性质. 结果表明该天然沸石在浓度低于2 mol/L盐酸中可较长时间保持结构完美. 视阳离子类型不同, 经1173 K焙烧后M-STI-I系列沸石与M-STI-II系列沸石相对结晶度降低百分数分别为2.5%～18% 与0～35%. 在M-STI-I系列沸石中, 焙烧前后相对结晶度下降幅度的次序为K型＜(H, Li, Na)型＜(Ca, Ag)型, 而M-STI-II系列沸石, (Na, K)型＜(Li, H, Ca)型＜Ag型. 从沸石骨架硅铝比、结构缺陷、阳离子种类及其氧化物形成热等方面讨论影响沸石结构热稳定性的因素.     

CXN天然沸石的研究VII. 骨架高硅超稳化改性

以高硅超稳化辉沸石(STI)为基底沸石, 分别经盐酸脱铝或氟硅酸铵脱铝补硅处理后制备的改性H-STI沸石, 其非骨架铝含量明显减少, 而后者骨架硅铝比进一步提高. X射线荧光散射光谱(XRF), ²⁷Al高分辨率魔角旋转固体核磁共振(MAS NMR), 红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征证明改性后的沸石骨架硅铝原子比分别为6.8和11.4. 低温氮吸附表明, 经盐酸处理的高硅STI沸石孔道开放完美, 但经氟硅酸铵处理的样品孔道被部分堵塞. 分段程序升温焙烧表明前者骨架热稳定性略差, 1000 ℃焙烧后结构基本被破坏, 而后者热稳定性较好, 经相同温度段焙烧后仍保持较高的结晶度和热稳定性, 其结构基本实现超稳化.     

CXN天然沸石的研究Ⅶ.骨架高硅超稳化改性

以高硅超稳化辉沸石(STI)为基底沸石,分别经盐酸脱铝或氟硅酸铵脱铝补硅处理后制备的改性H-STI沸石,其非骨架铝含量明显减少,而后者骨架硅铝比进一步提高.X射线荧光散射光谱(XRF),27Al高分辨率魔角旋转固体核磁共振(MAS NMR),红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征证明改性后的沸石骨架硅铝原子比分别为6.8和11.4.低温氮吸附表明,经盐酸处理的高硅STI沸石孔道开放完美,但经氟硅酸铵处理的样品孔道被部分堵塞.分段程序升温焙烧表明前者骨架热稳定性略差,1000℃焙烧后结构基本被破坏,而后者热稳定性较好,经相同温度段焙烧后仍保持较高的结晶度和热稳定性,其结构基本实现超稳化.     

有机-无机骨架杂化酸碱双功能高硅Y型沸石的制备和结构表征

以甲胺水溶液为改性剂, 高硅Y型沸石可在常温下吸附甲胺(MA)制备有机-无机杂化酸碱双功能高硅Y型沸石材料. X 射线粉末衍射(XRD), 固体²⁹Si魔角核磁共振(¹³C及²⁹Si MAS NMR)表征表明甲胺分子与高硅Y型沸石骨架相互作用导致沸石结构发生变化, 骨架上生成新的Si—N键及Si—OH. 以热重分析(TG/DTG), NH₃, CO₂程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD和CO₂-TPD)研究杂化Y型沸石的酸碱性质及其经不同温度焙烧后的变化, 结果表明, 杂化后沸石的酸/碱量, 尤其是后者明显增大, 其原因是骨架上生成了新的Si—OH及Si—N键.     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究 I. 水热稳定性影响因素

以天然CXN沸石为基底材料, 通过离子交换、焙烧和酸处理等方法研究了影响该沸石水热稳定性的因素. XRD, XRF和27Al MAS NMR等结果表明阳离子种类和位置均会影响沸石水热稳定性, 其中铵型CXN沸石的水热稳定性最高. 高温焙烧铵型CXN沸石虽能提高骨架硅铝比, 但骨架缺陷增多导致其水热稳定性下降. 还研究了水蒸汽量、处理温度和时间对沸石骨架结构变化的影响, 结果表明提高温度和水蒸汽量均会降低沸石结晶度, 但处理时间则对结晶度的影响较小.     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究Ⅰ.水热稳定性影响因素

以天然CXN沸石为基底材料,通过离子交换、焙烧和酸处理等方法研究了影响该沸石水热稳定性的因素.XRD,XRF和27Al MAS NMR等结果表明阳离子种类和位置均会影响沸石水热稳定性,其中铵型CXN沸石的水热稳定性最高.高温焙烧铵型CXN沸石虽能提高骨架硅铝比,但骨架缺陷增多导致其水热稳定性下降.还研究了水蒸汽量、处理温度和时间对沸石骨架结构变化的影响,结果表明提高温度和水蒸汽量均会降低沸石结晶度,但处理时间则对结晶度的影响较小.     

CXN天然沸石的研究Ⅰ.离子交换与结构性质表征

采用离子交换和焙烧等方法,对我国CXN天然沸石(STI型)进行改性.应用化学分析,粉末XRD,TG/DTA,~(27)Al MAS NMR,~(29)Si MAS NMR,低温N_2吸附等方法表征相关的结构、离子交换等性质.CXN沸石的晶胞组成Na_(0.2)Mg_(0.1)Ca_(8.4)[Al_(17.2)Si_(54.8)O_(144)]·65H_2O,属富钙型.经离子交换脱出Ca~(2 )后的沸石在焙烧过程中伴随有骨架脱铝,骨架的热稳定性已由原样的500℃以下提高到700℃以上.交换改性后的沸石,呈现反映该沸石微孔特性的Ⅰ型氮吸附等温线.     

以微孔β沸石为硅铝源合成强酸性介孔分子筛

以微孔β沸石为硅铝源,通过碱处理和以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂,合成了具有较强酸性的六方结构介孔分子筛材料B-MCM-41,并采用XRD、N₂吸附脱附、FT-IR、²7Al MAS NMR、HRTEM和水热处理等手段对其进行了结构表征,采用NH₃-TPD对其进行了酸性表征。实验结果表明,B-MCM-41具有明显强于常规介孔分子筛的酸性,且在C⁺₁0混合芳烃加氢脱烷基化反应中表现出了良好的催化性能。这主要是由于碱溶液将β沸石降解为沸石结构单元,在表面活性剂作用下五元环次级结构单元被引入了介孔铝硅酸盐B-MCM-41的结构。     

CXN天然沸石的研究VII. 骨架高硅超稳化改性

以高硅超稳化辉沸石(STI)为基底沸石,分别经盐酸脱铝或氟硅酸铵脱铝补硅处理后制备的改性H-STI沸石,其非骨架铝含量明显减少,而后者骨架硅铝比进一步提高.X射线荧光散射光谱(XRF),27Al高分辨率魔角旋转固体核磁共振(MASNMR),红外(FT-IR)光谱等表征证明改性后的沸石骨架硅铝原子比分别为6.8和11.4.低温氮吸附表明,经盐酸处理的高硅STI沸石孔道开放完美,但经氟硅酸铵处理的样品孔道被部分堵塞.分段程序升温焙烧表明前者骨架热稳定性略差,1000℃焙烧后结构基本被破坏,而后者热稳定性较好,经相同温度段焙烧后仍保持较高的结晶度和热稳定性,其结构基本实现超稳化.     

Characterisation of Siliceous Extra‐Framework Species in DAY Zeolites by 29Si MAS NMR and IR Spectroscopic Measurements

Dealuminated Y zeolites (DAY) were obtained by steaming of NH₄NaY at temperatures between 450 °C and 700 °C. They were characterised by means of ²⁷Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR, IR spectroscopic and XRD measurements. The Si/Al framework ratios of samples were calculated using the ²⁹Si MAS NMR signal intensities, the wave numbers of the double‐ring vibration band w_DR and the asymmetrical TOT valence vibration w_TOT of IR spectra as well as the XRD lattice constant a₀. In contrast to actual Si/Al ratio obtained from w_DR and a₀, the NMR spectroscopic and w_TOT values were determined to be too high because of the superposition of the signals coming from dealuminated zeolite framework and silica gel which forms in the zeolite as a result of steaming. The differently determined Si/Al ratios characterise the siliceous extra‐framework species.     

Reactivity of Extra‐framework Species of USY Zeolites in Alkaline Medium

Zeolites of type USY (ultra‐stable Y) were obtained by steaming of NH₄NaY modification. Samples were modified by subsequent alkaline treatment in KOH solution. USY and USY‐KOH were characterised by chemical element analysis, XRD, IR, ²⁹Al and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopic measurements. Correct silicon to aluminium ratios (Si/Al) were determined by XRD and IR (double ring vibration w_DR) data whereas values calculated according to data of ²⁹Si MAS NMR and IR spectroscopy (asymmetrical TOT valence vibration w_TOT) appeared to be too high., In the latter case, the signals of the zeolite framework were strongly superimposed by that of extra‐framework silica gel (EFSi) formed during steaming. It was found that alkaline leaching induces desilication of silicon‐rich area of the zeolite framework and partial dissolution of EFSi. Silicate ions of both react with likewise dissolved extra‐framework aluminium (EFAl) to form X‐ray amorphous aluminosilicate. Consequently, the superposition of the ²⁹Si MAS NMR signals of the zeolite framework by silica gel was reduced for Q⁴(0Al) but increased for Q⁴ (2Al) and Q⁴(3Al) structure units. A reinsertion of EFAl into the zeolite framework has not been observed.     

One-step synthesis of hydrothermally stable mesoporous aluminosilicates with strong acidity

Using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and aluminium isopropoxide (AIP) as the reactants, through a one-step nonsurfactant route based on PMHS-TEOS-AIP co-polycondensation, hydrothermally stable mesoporous aluminosilicates with different Si/Al molar ratios were successfully prepared. All samples exclusively showed narrow pore size distribution centered at 3.6 nm. To assess the hydrothermal stability, samples were subjected to 100 °C distilled water for 300 h. The boiled mesoporous aluminosilicates have nearly the same N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and the same pore size distributions as those newly synthesized ones, indicating excellent hydrothermal stability. The ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra confirmed that PMHS and TEOS have jointly condensed and CH₃ groups have been introduced into the materials. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR spectra indicated that Al atoms have been incorporated in the mesopore frameworks. The NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption showed strong acidity. Due to the existence of large amount of CH₃ groups, the mesoporous aluminosilicates obtained good hydrophobicity. Owing to the relatively large pore and the strong acidity provided by the uniform four-coordinated Al atoms, the excellent catalytic performance for 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene cracking was acquired easily. The materials may be a profitable complement for the synthesis of solid acid catalysts.     

The Synthesis and Characteristics of Vanadoaluminosilicate MCM-41 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves

A series of vanadoaluminosilicate MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves with various compositions have been hydrothermally synthesized. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as a surfactant in the synthesis. The samples were characterized with nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and solid state NMR. The solid products had the MCM-41 structure and contained only atomically dispersed vanadium and aluminum consistent with framework vanadium and aluminum. The samples were hydrophobic and contained large amount of surfactant in the as-synthesized samples. The surfactant could be removed upon calcination at 450°C. N₂ sorption measurements and TEM demonstrate the high mesoporosity of [V, Al]-MCM-41. The incorporation of vanadium and aluminum into MCM-41 decreased the surface area to some extent. The morphologies of all the samples were the agglomerate of plates. ²⁹Si MAS NMR shows that the pore wall is amorphous. ²⁷Al MAS NMR shows that all of aluminum species were tetrahedrally coordinated even after calcination at 550°C.     

The structure of phosphate and borosilicate glasses and their structural evolution at high temperatures as studied with solid state NMR spectroscopy: Phase separation,crystallisation and dynamic species exchange

In this contribution we present an in-depth study of the network structure of different phosphate based and borosilicate glasses and its evolution at high temperatures. Employing a range of advanced solid state NMR methodologies, complemented by the results of XPS, the structural motifs on short and intermediate length scales are identified. For the phosphate based glasses, at temperatures above the glass transition temperature T_g, structural relaxation processes and the devitrification of the glasses were monitored in situ employing MAS NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Dynamic species exchange involving rapid P–O–P and P–O–Al bond breaking and reforming was observed employing in situ ²⁷Al and ³¹P MAS NMR spectroscopy and could be linked to viscous flow. For the borosilicate glasses, an atomic scale investigation of the phase separation processes was possible in a combined effort of ex situ NMR studies on glass samples with different thermal histories and in situ NMR studies using high temperature MAS NMR spectroscopy including ¹¹B MAS, ²⁹Si MAS and in situ ²⁹Si{¹¹B} REAPDOR NMR spectroscopy.     

Studies on Natural CXN Zeolite： Modification, Framework De-alumination and Ion-exchange

A natural CXN zeolite (stilbite, type code-STI) discovered in China was modified with NH4^ exchange by using ammonium salt and calcinations (procedure Ⅰ), or with NH4 exchange followed by treatment with acid (procedure Ⅱ). The coordination state of Si and A1 atoms in the framework, the property of ion exchange, and the adsorption of the H-STI zeolite samples prepared by different modification procedure were investigated with XRD,EDX,^29Si and ^27Al MAS NMR, Ag^ ion exchange and Ne adsorption. The results of the investigations indicate that different procedure of the modification made variety on the distribution of the framework Si atoms and A1 atoms,the content of non-framework aluminum, and the blocking channels and the shielding effect to the positions of the exchangeable cations. The H-STI zeolite prepared by the procedure Ⅱ possesses high ion exchange capacity, open and perfect pore system, and high thermal stability.     

High magnetic field solid‐state NMR analyses by combining MAS,MQ‐MAS,homo‐nuclear and hetero‐nuclear correlation experiments

A general strategy of structural analysis of alumina silicate by combining various solid‐state NMR measurements such as single pulse, multi‐quantum magic angle spinning, double‐quantum homo‐nuclear correlation under magic angle spinning (DQ‐MAS), and cross‐polarization hetero‐nuclear correlation (CP‐HETCOR) was evaluated with the aid of high magnetic field NMR (800 MHz for ¹H Larmor frequency) by using anorthite as a model material. The high magnetic field greatly enhanced resolution of ²⁷Al in single pulse, DQ‐MAS, and even in triple‐quantum magic angle spinning NMR spectra. The spatial proximities through dipolar couplings were probed by the DQ‐MAS methods for homo‐nuclear correlations between both ²⁷Al–²⁷Al and ²⁹Si–²⁹Si and by CP‐HETCOR for hetero‐nuclear correlations between ²⁷Al–²⁹Si in the anorthite framework. By combining various NMR methodologies, we elucidated detailed spatial correlations among various aluminum and silicon species in anorthite that was hard to be determined using conventional analytical methods at low magnetic field. Moreover, the presented approach is applicable to analyze other alumina‐silicate minerals. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of small pore SAPO-44 type molecular sieve

The hydrothermal transformation of silico–aluminophosphate gel with cyclohexylamine to SAPO-44 has been examined. The hydrothermal crystallisation products of the SAPO have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, nitrogen and water adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, surface analysis and ²⁷Al, ³¹P, and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. Structural changes were observed in the silico–aluminophosphate gel with and without organic template and during the hydrothermal crystallisation. The silico–aluminophosphate gel converted to pure SAPO-CHA phase in 168 h at 473 K. The surface of SAPO-44 was silicon rich as compared with that of SAPO-34 and SAPO-18. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR signal of tetrahedrally coordinated Al observed in the silico–aluminophosphate gel without the organic template was changed to octa-, penta- and tetrahedrally coordinated aluminium upon the addition of the cyclohexylamine template to the SAPO gel. After 3 h of hydrothermal treatment at 473 K however, the ²⁷Al MAS NMR signals of the octahedral and pentacoordinated aluminium were removed. This was also confirmed by ³¹P and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. The tetrahedrally coordinated P and Si were detected within 3 h at 473 K. The sorption capacity and adsorption–desorption trends of the SAPO gels and the crystallisation products were found to be different. ²⁹Si MAS NMR results indicated that the percentage of Si (4Al) and its distribution were significantly affected by the crystallization period. SAPO-44 was thermally stable up to 973 K with phase change observed over the calcination temperature of 1193 K. The SAPO gels and the crystallisation products have also been investigated for their catalytic behaviour in n-hexane and ethanol conversion reactions.