Mode-selective amplification in a waveguide free electron laserwith a two-sectioned wiggler

One important issue in waveguide free electron lasers (FELs) involves an interaction of the electron beam with one waveguide mode at two different resonant frequencies. Since the low-frequency mode often has a higher pain, the usually preferred high-frequency mode is suppressed as a result of mode competition. In this paper, possible control of this mode competition is considered using a nonstandard wiggler magnet consisting of two cascaded wiggler sections with different periods and field strengths. It is demonstrated that with an appropriate differentiation between the two wiggler sections the high-frequency mode may be amplified preferentially. This mode-selective amplification may be used to suppress the low-frequency mode. A small signal gain formulation is developed for a waveguide FEL with such a two-sectioned wiggler arrangement and numerical examples are used to demonstrate its applicability to mode control in waveguide FELs. Effects of wiggler field errors and electron energy spread are also considered. It is shown that the requirement for wiggler field errors and electron energy spread in the two-sectioned wiggler arrangement is similar to that in the usual straight wiggler configuration     

Geometric and algebraic descriptions of a soft scissors mode

Some of the elementary properties of the scissors mode in deformed nuclei are recalled. The effect of a neutron skin on this excitation mode is investigated. It is shown, in the context of a geometric as well as an algebraic model, that the development of a neutron skin can give rise to an additional low-energy mode involving out-of-phase angular oscillations of the skin neutrons against the remaining nucleons of the core. This ‘soft’ scissors mode represents the analogue of the soft dipole mode already postulated to occur in neutron-rich nuclei.     

Instability of a spherical drop in a nonuniform electric field

Analytical calculation in the first order of smallness shows that the equilibrium shape of a drop in the field of a point charge is axisymmetric about the plane passing through the center of mass of the drop normally to the axis connecting the center of mass with the point charge. Whether the equilibrium shape of the drop is stable or not depends on the value of the field parameter, which, in turn, depends on the point charge and the distance to it. There is an asymptotic value of the critical parameter above which all modes become unstable. In the field of the point charge, the mode coupling grows; that is, a mode excited at the zero time generates oscillations of the six nearest modes with amplitudes proportional to that of the initially excited mode. If the initially excited mode loses stability, all the modes coupled with it also become unstable. The surface instability of the drop also develops when the initially excited mode is stable but at least one of the modes coupled with it is unstable.     

Suppression of an acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a liquid-filled spherical shell resonator

The purpose of this paper is to report on the suppression of an approximately radial (radially symmetric) acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a water-filled, spherical shell resonator. The resonator, which has a 1-in. wall thickness and a 9.5-in. outer diameter, was externally driven by a small transducer bolted to the external wall. Experiments showed that for the range of drive frequencies (19.7-20.6 kHz) and sound speeds in water (1520-1570 m/s) considered in this paper, a nonradial (radially nonsymmetric) mode was also excited, in addition to the radial mode. Furthermore, as the sound speed in the liquid was changed, the resonance frequency of the nonradial mode crossed with that of the radial one and the amplitude of the latter was greatly reduced near the crossing point. The crossing of the eigenfrequency curves of these two modes was also predicted theoretically. Further calculations demonstrated that while the radial mode is an acoustic one associated with the interior fluid, the nonradial mode is an elastic one associated with the shell. Thus, the suppression of the radial acoustic mode is apparently caused by the overlapping with the nonradial elastic mode near the crossing point.     

Zero sound in a mixture of a single-component fermion gas and a Bose-Einstein condensate

The resonant dynamics of mediated interactions supports zero sound in a cold atom degenerate mixture of a single-component fermion gas and a Bose-Einstein condensate. We characterize the onset of instability in the phase separation of an unstable mixture and we find a rich collective mode structure for stable mixtures with one undamped mode that exhibits an avoided crossing and a Landau-damped mode that terminates.     

High-purity transmission of a slow light odd mode in a photonic crystal waveguide

We demonstrate a novel scheme to control the excitation symmetry for an odd mode in a photonic crystal waveguide and investigate the spectral signature of this slow light mode. An odd-mode Mach-Zehnder coupler is introduced to transform mode symmetry and excite a high-purity odd mode with 20?dB signal contrast over the background. Assisted by a mixed-mode Mach-Zehnder coupler, slow light mode beating can be observed and is utilized to determine the group index of this odd mode. With slow light enhancement, this odd mode can help enable novel miniaturized devices such as one-way waveguides.     

Defect mode emission of a dye doped cholesteric polymer network

We have observed enhanced fluorescence and laser emission due to a photonic defect mode in a dye doped cholesteric polymer network. The defect is caused by a phase jump of the cholesteric helix at the interface of two stacked layers of a cholesteric polymer film. Fluorescence spectra show an additional resonant mode inside the photonic stop band. Pulsed excitation gives rise to laser emission of the defect mode, with an exceptionally low lasing threshold. The defect mode emission has a circular polarization whose sense of rotation is opposite to that of the cholesteric helix.     

Dynamics of a degenerate parametric oscillator in a squeezed reservoir

Dynamics of a cavity mode which, in addition to interacting to an outside field with squeezed fluctuations, is simultaneously submitted to linear and parametric amplification processes is discussed in the Markovian approximation. The master equation for a density matrix of the cavity field is solved analytically in the Heisenberg picture. Long time asymptotic properties of the cavity mode are studied in the whole range of the evolution parameters and the corresponding decoherence effects are reported. It is also shown that in an appropriate regime of the evolution parameters there exists a unique steady state such that all initial density matrices evolve towards it. This allows engineering cavity states with desired properties.     

Instability of a spherical drop in the field of an electrical dipole

Analytical calculations show that, as a field in which an initially spherical charged conducting incompressible drop is placed becomes more and more nonuniform, coupling between the drop’s oscillation modes grows and the threshold of stability against the electrical field pressure declines. When an electrostatic parameter characterizing the electric field pressure exceeds a value that is critical for a certain mode to be unstable, the amplitude of this mode exponentially grows in an aperiodic manner and the amplitudes of modes coupled with this mode build up in an oscillatory manner, each mode having its own instability growth rate. In all cases, there exists a threshold value of the dimensionless electric parameter above which all oscillation modes are unstable.     

Efficiency of Mode Excitation in an Open Resonator Connected to a Waveguide

Based on an analysis of the equivalent circuit of a reflection open resonator (OR), we derive an expression for the efficiency of mode excitation in such a resonance system and compare the efficiency of excitation of the lowest OR mode by aperture and slot couplers. It is shown that the excitation efficiency of the same mode by each of the considered couplers is high for small diffraction losses and amounts to no less than 95%. To excite an OR with a large distance between the mirrors, it is expedient to use an aperture coupler ensuring a higher efficiency of excitation of the studied mode.     

Controlling chaos based on a novel intelligent integral terminal sliding mode control in a rod-type plasma torch

An integral terminal sliding mode controller is proposed in order to control chaos in a rod-type plasma torch system.In this method, a new sliding surface is defined based on a combination of the conventional sliding surface in terminal sliding mode control and a nonlinear function of the integral of the system states. It is assumed that the dynamics of a chaotic system are unknown and also the system is exposed to disturbance and unstructured uncertainty. To achieve a chattering-free and high-speed response for such an unknown system, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is utilized in the next step to approximate the unknown part of the nonlinear dynamics. Then, the proposed integral terminal sliding mode controller stabilizes the approximated system based on Lyapunov's stability theory. In addition, a Bee algorithm is used to select the coefficients of integral terminal sliding mode controller to improve the performance of the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement in the response speed, chattering rejection, transient response,and robustness against uncertainties.     

Intermittent frequency offset lock of a symmetric three-mode stabilized He-Ne laser to an iodine stabilized He-Ne laser

There is a need for an intense, unmodulated single-frequency stabilized laser light that guarantees absolute optical frequency in a rapid laser calibration or an ultra-high resolution interferometer. To obtain such a light, we developed a new laser system that uses an intermittent frequency offset lock of a symmetric three-mode stabilized He-Ne laser to an iodine stabilized He-Ne laser. The proposed laser system provides two operational modes: (1) independent and (2) slave mode. In the independent mode, frequency of the three-mode laser is stabilized via control of frequency difference between two intermode beats. The resultant output is a single longitudinal mode light of maximum intensity that locates at the top of the gain curve. Frequency instability of 8X10^-12 (at a sampling time of 100 s) which is better than conventional stabilized lasers is attained in the independent mode. Slow optical frequency drift during the independent mode is periodically corrected by the offset lock to the iodine stabilized laser (slave mode), resulting in accurate reset of the frequency drift. After reset of the frequency deviation, the three-mode laser is again operated in the independent mode. Due to such intermittent offset lock, duty factor of the iodine stabilized laser was reduced to a few % of continuous operation.     

Dispersion characteristics of a slow wave structure with a modified photonic band gap

This paper studies the dispersion characteristics of a modified photonic band-gap slow-wave structure with an open boundary by simulation and experiment.A mode launcher with a wheel radiator and a coupling probe is presented to excite a pure TM 01-like mode.The cold test and simulation results show that the TM 01-like mode is effectively excited and no parasitic modes appear.The dispersion characteristics obtained from the cold test are in good agreement with the calculated results.     

Dynamics of coupled vibration modes in a quantum non-linear mechanical resonator

We investigate the behaviour of two non-linearly coupled flexural modes of a doubly clamped suspended beam (nanomechanical resonator). One of the modes is externally driven. We demonstrate that classically, the behavior of the non-driven mode is reminiscent of that of a parametrically driven linear oscillator: it exhibits a threshold behavior, with the amplitude of this mode below the threshold being exactly zero. Quantum-mechanically, we were able to access the dynamics of this mode below the classical parametric threshold. We show that whereas the mean displacement of this mode is still zero, the mean squared displacement is finite and at the threshold corresponds to the occupation number of 1/2. This finite displacement of the non-driven mode can serve as an experimentally verifiable quantum signature of quantum motion.     

Observation of centrifugally driven interchange instabilities in a plasma confined by a magnetic dipole

Centrifugally driven interchange instabilities are observed in a laboratory plasma confined by a dipole magnetic field. The instabilities appear when an equatorial mesh is biased to drive a radial current that causes rapid axisymmetric plasma rotation. The observed instabilities are quasicoherent in the laboratory frame of reference; they have global radial mode structures and low azimuthal mode numbers, and they are modified by the presence of energetic, magnetically confined electrons. Results from a self-consistent nonlinear simulation reproduce the measured mode structures.     

Optical mode-coupling in a ring due to a back-scatterer

The coupling of light waves travelling clockwise and counterclockwise along an optical ring due to a back-scattering element is studied. An asymmetric mode splitting occurs as a consequence of the discontinuity suffered by the waves at the scattering point. The mode splitting shows up in an interference pattern and lends itself to an experimental verification.     

光纤激光经过模清洁器后的强度噪声分析

对1560 nm单频光纤激光光源通过一个光学模清洁器后的强度噪声进行了分析研究.实验观察到模清洁器虽然对于激光的高频强度噪声有明显的抑制作用,但强度噪声特性随频率呈一定周期变化,且在低频处模清洁器对强度噪声有放大作用.本文认为这是由于模清洁器具有类似于光纤延迟线的时延效应,将激光源的部分相位噪声转化为强度噪声.通过理论分析,由相位噪声转化的相对强度噪声幅度与激光相干时间、模清洁器的平均延时参数以及分析频率相关.分析结果与实验测量结果符合良好.此外,通过在光路中加入声光调制器进行反馈调制,激光的线宽从26 kHz压窄至16 kHz,模清洁器的锁定质量明显提高,经过模清洁器后的激光强度噪声有所减小,与理论相符.该结果进一步证实了由相位噪声转化而来的强度噪声与模清洁器的锁定质量无直接关系.通过该研究,完善了光学模清洁器对激光的噪声抑制模型.     

Crossed Andreev reflection in a quantum dot coupled to a topological superconducting single-stranded DNA

We investigate the crossed Andreev reflection (CAR) through a quantum dot (QD) coupled to topological superconducting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It is found that the topological nontrivial states appear in the QD due to leakage of the Majorana zero mode. Majorana zero mode can be identified by measuring the CAR. This device can be used as a Majorana zero mode detector that relies on the system parameters, such as the spin orbit coupling, the twist angle, molecular length. A high efficiency Cooper pair splitter can be realized by regulating the magnitude and direction of the gate voltage. In additions, the signature of CAR is robust against the Coulomb blockade and the disorder induced by distinct amino acids. This work provides an alternative method for detection of Majorana zero mode in ssDNA.     

Higher mode sound transmission from a point source through a rectangular aperture

This paper considers the higher-order scattered and transmitted wave fields that result when an acoustic wave from a point source impinges at an arbitrary angle on a rectangular aperture in a rigid, thick wall. In this analysis, it is assumed that free field conditions exist on both sides of the aperture. Although the full scattered and transmitted pressure fields contain both modal sum and modal coupling effects, the modal coupling effects of the higher-order modes are ignored such that an approximate analytical solution to the uncoupled analysis can be utilized. Experiments have been undertaken to measure the sound pressure levels in the transmitted field that result when sound from a point source impinges on the opposite side of a rectangular aperture. Measurements were made with the source located at the required position to drive a particular in-aperture higher-order mode. The source was also located at positions that did not directly excite any in-aperture higher-order mode at a cut-on frequency. These results indicate that the approximate analysis developed here gives accurate solutions whether or not any mode of the aperture is driven at cut-on. Thus, the method can be used for any relative location of a source from a rectangular aperture of any dimensions.     

Design of a 3-MW 140-GHz gyrotron with a coaxial cavity

A design for a 3-MW 140-GHz gyrotron based on the use of a coaxial cavity is given. The cavity mode is TE_21,13, chosen so that the ohmic heating on both the inner and outer conductors would be low enough for CW operation. The mode selection process, nonlinear, multimode and time-dependent modeling of the beam wave interaction, and gun design are discussed in detail. An inverted magnetron injection gun (MIG) is used to accommodate the inner conductor. The radiation is coupled out via a quasi-optical mode converter, consisting of an irregular cylindrical waveguide section followed by a step-cut launching aperture and a single near-parabolic mirror. The design of these components is also described