热化学模型对高超声速磁流体控制数值模拟影响分析

针对等离子体流场的模拟准确性问题及其对高超声速磁流体控制的影响,通过数值求解三维非平衡Navier-Stokes流场控制方程和Maxwell电磁场控制方程,建立了三维低磁雷诺数磁流体数值模拟方法及程序,分析了不同空气组分化学反应模型和壁面有限催化效率等因素对高超声速磁流体控制的影响.研究表明:不同空气组分化学反应模型对高超声速磁流体流场结构、气动力/热特性控制的影响不容忽视;对于本文计算条件,Park化学反应模型在组分模型一致性、等离子体模拟准确性等方面具有一定优势;磁控热防护效果,受壁面有限催化复合系数影响较大,两者呈非线性关系,不同表面区域差异较大;磁场对磁阻力伞及其磁阻力特性影响,受壁面催化效应的影响相对较小.     

磁流体发电──它的物理原理及研究进展

磁流体发电是一种新型的发电方式,它具有高效率、低污染等优点.由于它是将热能直接转换为电能,再加上充分利用热能的措施,因而可以大大提高效率,从而大量地节省煤、石油等初级能源的消耗,并且废热少,热污染少,甚至可以完全消除化学污染.同时,由于它能快速启动,故在国防上有重要意义. 磁流体发电是一项涉及许多近代学科和技术(如等离子体物理、磁流体力学、高温热物理、高温材料和技术、超导技术等)的大型综合性课题.它的基本原理,同普通发电机一样,是法拉第电磁感应定律.对其物理原理的阐述,主要围绕磁流体发电机主体并从电、磁、导体及其运…     

输运与撕裂模相互作用下等离子体的时空结构

本文应用等离子体一维输运模型与撕裂模理论,对于不同的输运模型和托卡马克放电参数下撕裂模的演变进行了数值研究。结果表明,能量过程是影响等离子体宏观稳定性行为的一个不可低估的重要因素,它们与磁流体稳定性的相互影响,会使其磁流体形态构成多种时间或空间结构,等离子体温度、密度等宏观参量也将表现出不同的时空特征。 关键词：     

开环磁流体发电工质——燃气等离子体的化学平衡组成及热力和电物理性质

本文叙述了添加有碱金属作为电离种子的燃气等离子体的化学平衡组成,平衡态和“冻结态”热力和电物性的计算方法和结果。在计算中考虑了23种成分,20种热电性质。并讨论了这些性质对磁流体发电机特性的影响。 计算的条件和范围是: 燃烧剂:柴油。 氧化剂:富氧空气,其中氧重量比φ=0.2315(空气)—1.0(纯氧)。 余氧系数α_∑:0.7—1.1 氧化剂预热温度T_p:从常温—2000K。 种子碳酸钾水溶液浓度m:(?)从0.5—1.0(干粉)。 燃气含钾率ε:从0.01—0.03(重量比)。 压力p:从0.6—8.0公斤/厘米~2。 温度T:从2000K—绝热燃烧温度,步长100K 磁感应强度B:2或5韦泊/米~2。 计算结果已被应用于磁流体发电机的设计、理论分析和等离子体诊断。     

半导体泵浦亚稳态惰性气体激光器理论建模与性能分析

建立了半导体泵浦亚稳态惰性气体激光器(DPRGL)速率方程模型,以Ar为例,仿真分析泵浦强度、亚稳态原子数密度以及增益介质长度对DPRGL工作性能的影响。结果表明:高泵浦强度(约kW/cm2)条件下DPRGL理论上具有大于55%的光-光效率;亚稳态原子数密度和增益介质长度对激光器性能影响具有等价性;实际中需综合优化泵浦强度、亚稳态原子数密度、增益介质长度等激光器参量以实现激光器最大的光光转换效率。     

液相放电等离子体特性与激波特性的数值分析

以能量平衡方程为基础,采用不同的电导率唯象模型描述了液相放电等离子体圆柱形通道特性,得到了通道内半径、温度、电阻、电流和耗散能量随时间的变化关系,还给出了距离放电间隙中心一定距离处的冲击波压力变化,并与前人利用等离子体通道球状模型计算得到的结果进行了比较。结果表明:把等离子体通道看成球状和看成圆柱状在描述通道压力和通道半径时差异显著,而在描述其他物理特性时差别不大;三种电导率模型在描述等离子体通道物理特性时,变化趋势大体相同,而在描述激波特性时,电导率模型σ₂更符合实际;通过对比电学参数与压力参数的变化,就可以在实验中根据实验数据以及具体的研究问题进行模型的适用性选择。     

Rotamak中离子运动对旋转磁场电流驱动的影响

研究了旋转磁场电流驱动理论模型中离子运动的影响。考虑无限长的等离子体柱,在二维(r, θ)磁流体理论模型的基础上,采用电子运动方程和离子运动方程,并考虑离子的径向运动速度,建立了新的二维磁流体理论模型。然后把得出的结果与离子静止模型下的结果进行比较,并讨论了相应的物理过程。这个模型同样适用于平行于磁场线(Z方向)的流动效应和场旋转位形的压力平衡的理论计算。     

等离子体中电子弹性散射截面及电导率计算

本文研究了近理想等离子体中的电子弹性散射过程.利用Debye-Hückel模型考虑等离子体环境对电子与离子间相互作用的屏蔽效应.结合分波法计算了不同Debye长度情况下,电子与不同核电荷数离子散射的分波相移和微分散射截面.研究了散射波函数、分波相移和微分截面随等离子体屏蔽参数的变化规律.最后,基于Spitzer公式, 初步讨论了分波法计算的等离子体的电导率与卢瑟福公式计算的电导率之间的区别.     

考虑磁场对碰撞影响的等离子体输运过程

本文考虑了强磁场对碰撞过程的影响,用Bogoliubov方程来讨论强磁场中等离子体的输运过程。当分布函数随空间的变化比较缓慢、在Debye屏蔽距离内等离子体的密度、温度的变化可以忽略时,得到了计算强磁场中等离子体输运过程的一般方法。最后计算了沿磁场方向的电导率,电导率随磁场的增加而增加。在温度10~6K,电子密度10~(12)cm~(-3),磁场强度约为9T时,考虑磁场对碰撞影响所计算出的电导率,要比忽略磁场对碰撞影响所得结果大22.3％。     

等离子体中电子弹性散射截面及电导率计算

本文研究了近理想等离子体中的电子弹性散射过程．利用Debye-Htickel模型考虑等离子体环境对电子与离子间相互作用的屏蔽效应．结合分波法计算了不同Debye长度情况下，电子与不同核电荷数离子散射的分波相移和微分散射截面．研究了散射波函数、分波相移和微分截面随等离子体屏蔽参数的变化规律．最后，基于Spitzer公式，初步讨论了分波法计算的等离子体的电导率与卢瑟福公式计算的电导率之间的区别．     

Numerical study on performance of disk MHD generator using frozen inert gas plasma

In an magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator using a frozen inert gas plasma (FIP), the availability of a frozen argon plasma, the influence of plasma uniformity at the generator inlet on the performance, and the feasibility of a large-scale generator are numerically examined by /spl gamma/-/spl theta/ two-dimensional simulation. The FIP is produced by pre-ionizing inert gas without an alkali metal seed at the generator inlet, then the ionization degree of the plasma is kept almost constant in the whole of the channel because of considerable slow recombination of the inert gas just like frozen reaction plasma. It is found that not only helium, but also argon frozen plasma MHD generation is realized, although highly accurate control of inlet ionization degree is necessary for argon. It is important to reduce the nonuniformity of plasma properties at the generator inlet in order to raise the maximum enthalpy extraction ratio. Even for the large-scale generator with 1000-MW thermal input, the ionization degree is kept almost constant in the whole of the channel and the high performance is obtainable. This result is extremely attractive for the FIP MHD generator.     

Investigation of a Hall MHD channel with an ionization-unstable plasma of inert gases

We investigate a promising scheme for using ionization-unstable plasmas of pure inert gases as the working medium for a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) closed-cycle generator. Our experiments were carried out using a disc Hall MHD channel, with the flux of ionized gas created in a shock tube. Our working gas was xenon. In these experiments we measured the gas pressure, the flow velocity, the concentration and temperature of the electrons, the azimuthal current density, the distribution of potential in the channel, and the value of the near-electrode voltage drop. We recorded voltage-current characteristics for various values of magnetic field and load resistances. The results of these experiment showed that in an ionization-unstable plasma of inert gases without admixtures of alkali metal, the effective conductivity in the Hall channel increases significantly with increasing degree of criticality of the magnetic field, and the value of the maximum specific power extracted increases more rapidly than the specific power calculated by assuming “frozen” ionization. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 6–11 (December 1997)     

Plasmas in MHD power generation

The plasma found in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator is discussed. An MHD generator is an expansion engine. It delivers electric rather than mechanical power and there are virtually no upper limits to the temperature it can tolerate, the rapidity of its response, or the power a single unit can be designed to deliver. The behavior of the plasma is uncomplicated compared to that encountered in some other devices, and yet complex, because of the precision with which one needs to know it. The topics included are: generator configurations; electron density; electron mobility; mixture rules; the Hall effect; uniformity; two-temperature plasma; ionization growth at a channel inlet; ionization instability; high enthalpy extraction experiments; segmenting; electrode voltage drop; arcs and electrodes; electrical effects of slag; current control; and waves     

Electrical properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>: equilibrium vs dynamic electrical conductivity

The present work reports semiconducting properties of high purity TiO₂ determined in the gas/solid equilibrium, as well as during controlled heating and cooling in the range 300–1,273 K. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity is considered in terms of the activation enthalpy of the formation of ionic defects and the activation enthalpy of the mobility of electronic defects. These data, determined from the dynamic electrical conductivity experiments, are compared to the electrical conductivity data determined in equilibrium. It is shown that only the equilibrium electrical conductivity data for high-purity TiO₂ are well defined. It is shown that the activation energy of the electrical conductivity determined in equilibrium differs substantially from that for the dynamic electrical conductivity data during cooling and heating. It is concluded that the formation enthalpy term determined from the dynamic conductivity data is determined by the heating/cooling rate rather than materials’ properties.     

SILEP-1 COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PLASMA IN THE CHANNELS OF MHD GENERATORS

Abstract

The development of devices capable of measuring the elctrical conductivity of plasma is a complex task that requires solution of a number of problems, including high flow velocities and high plasma temperatures, aggressive media, strong magnetic fields, and large Hall potentials. At the Institute for High Temperatures we have solved these problems in the course of developing we have solved these problems in the course of developing a computer system, SILEP-1, for measuring the electrical conductivity of plasma in the U-25B MHD generator.     

Generation of nanoparticles by spark discharge

The production of nanoparticles by microsecond spark discharge evaporation in inert gas is studied systematically applying transmission electron microscopy, mobility analysis and BET surface area measurement. The method of spark discharge is of special interest, because it is continuous, clean, extremely flexible with respect to material, and scale-up is possible. The particle size distributions are narrow and the mean primary particle size can be controlled via the energy per spark. Separated, unagglomerated particles, 3–12 nm in size, or agglomerates can be obtained depending on the flow rate. The nanoparticulate mass produced is typically 5 g/kWh. A formula is given, which estimates the mass production rate via thermal conductivity, evaporation enthalpy and the boiling point of the material used. We showed that with gas purified at the spot, the method produced gold particles that were so clean that sintering of agglomerated particles occurred at room temperature. The influence of a number of parameters on the primary particle size and mass production rate was studied and qualitatively understood with a model of Lehtinen and Zachariah (J Aerosol Sci 33:357–368, 2002). Surprisingly high charging probabilities for one polarity were obtained. Spark generation is therefore of special interest for producing monodisperse aerosols or particles of uniform size via electrical mobility analysis. Qualitative observations in the present study include the phenomenon of material exchange between the electrodes by the spark, which opens the possibility of producing arbitrary mixtures of materials on a nanoscale. If spark generation of nanoparticles is performed in a standing or almost standing gas, an aerogel of a web-like structure forms between surfaces of different electrical potential.     

Dependence of properties of hydrogenated microcrystalline and amorphous silicon films prepared by planar magnetron sputtering in inert gas

Microcrystalline and amorphous hydrogenated silicon films were preparaed by rf planar magnetron sputtering in the four kinds of inert gas, i.e., He, Ne, Ar, and Kr. The dependence of such properties as x-ray diffraction, ir spectra, absorption coefficient, hydrogen content, dark conductivity and photoconductivity on the kind of inert gas was investigated. Such deposition conditions as hydrogen partial pressure, sputtering pressure and rf power were also studied mainly in relation to the microcrystallization of the films. Microcrystalline films with noticeably high deposition rate could be obtained in the case of Kr and Ar, compared to the case of He and Ne. Hydrogen concentration was found to correlate to the photoconductivity and activation energy of dark conductivity except for the case of He. Photosensitivity was appreciably larger for amorphous film than for microcrystalline one. Especially in the case of Kr, it was considerably larger than in other cases.     

Singlet delta oxygen generation for Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers

The development of Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers is based on the generation of singlet delta oxygen. To improve the overall efficiency of these lasers, it is necessary to increase the generator production and yield of singlet delta oxygen at low and high pressure, respectively, for subsonic and supersonic lasers. Furthermore, the water vapor content must be as low as possible. A generator model, based on gas-liquid reaction and liquid-vapor equilibrium theories associated with thermophysical evaluations is presented. From model predictions, operating conditions have been drawn to attain the following experimental results in a bubble-column: by increasing the superficial gas velocity, the production of singlet delta oxygen is largely improved at low pressure; by mixing chlorine with an inert gas before injection in the reactor, this yield is maintained constant up to higher pressure. A theoretical analysis of these experimental results and their consequences for both subsonic and supersonic lasers are presented.This work was performed with the support of the Direction des Recherches, Etudes et Techniques.     

螺旋位错对螺旋型硒化铋纳米片电学特性的影响

利用场效应晶体管和导电原子力显微术,系统研究了螺旋型和平面型硒化铋纳米片的电学特性.结果显示,两种纳米片均体现出高的电导率及类金属导电特性.与平面型样品相比,有更高的载流子浓度和更低的迁移率.导电原子力显微术表征表明,螺旋型纳米片中的螺旋位错边缘相比平台有更高的电导,反映出螺旋位错可以提供更多的载流子.补偿了样品的低迁移率特性,提升了样品的电导率.