大黄酚光敏化产生自由基和单重态氧

应用电子自旋共振技术研究由中草药大黄中分离纯化的大黄酚光敏化活性. 在氮气饱和的二甲基亚砜中, 用波长大于430 nm 可见光照射大黄酚产生半醌负离子自由基, 且随着还原型辅酶的加入而增强, 表明自由基来源于光敏剂的基态和激发态之间发生了电子转移. 在空气饱和的二甲基亚砜中, 产生可以被DMPO捕获的超氧负离子自由基, 实验证明该自由基不是由单重氧产生, 并与DMPO、大黄酚、氧气和照射时间有关. 光照大黄酚也能产生单重态氧、羟基自由基. 从而说明大黄酚的光敏机制包含电子转移的Ⅰ型机制(Type I)和能量转移的Ⅱ型机制 (TypeⅡ). 作为光敏化活性评价, 测量得到大黄酚、大黄素、大黄的蒽醌混合物产生超氧负离子自由基的相对产率分别为1.8, 1.1, 1.0, 单重态氧的相对产率分别是0.36, 0.53, 0.14. 因此, 这种短波长吸收的光敏剂有可能在光动力医疗微血管类疾病有潜在的应用前景; 同时大黄中初提的蒽醌衍生物的混合物有可能作为一种廉价的光活化农药.     

焦脱镁叶绿酸-a作为光活化农药的光活化机理研究

介绍了焦脱镁叶绿酸-a作为光活化农药的可能性, 利用激光光解时间分辨吸收技术和自旋捕获EPR技术对其光活化机制进行了研究. 研究发现, 焦脱镁叶绿酸-a的光活化反应主要沿II型即单线态氧机制进行. 另外, 还就单线态氧对选定的光敏氧化靶分子(DNA, 亚油酸和L-色氨酸)的作用情况进行了探索.     

光活化杀虫剂研究进展

光活化杀虫剂是近年来发展起来的一种廉价、高效、低毒农药,它们比传统农药具有更广泛的应用前景,对农业发展将会产生巨大的促进作用.本文综述了光活化杀虫剂的研究进展,讨论了光活化杀虫剂的作用机理、种类和抗性。     

双光子诱导产生单重态氧的三重态光敏剂的研究

自2001年以来,双光子敏化产生单重态氧的三重态光敏剂的研究取得了一定的进展。双光子三重态光敏剂对肿瘤组织的近红外激光和红外激光的光动力治疗作用具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点分析了近些年已报道的双光子三重态光敏剂种类,如疏水性、水溶性等不同的敏化剂;介绍了可以根据分子的激发态性质、利用化学手段对双光子三重态敏化剂的性质以及光敏产生单重态氧的量子产率进行调控;概括了双光子三重态敏化剂的相对和绝对双光子横截面的测量方法;总结了双光子三重态敏化剂发展中面临的一些关键问题,并展望了双光子三重态敏化剂的发展方向。     

单重态氧化学VIII.类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化产生单重态氧的ESR研究

用电子自旋共振(ESR)方法研究类卟啉稀土配合物([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏产生单重态氧的II型机制。利用2,2, 6, 6-四甲基哌啶(TEMP)对单重态氧的捕捉, 测定所生成的氮氧自由基的ESR信号, 经加NaN3和CD3OD的实验, 证实了([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏作用可有效地产生单重态氧, 并观察到在实验所用的浓度范围内, 随着光敏剂浓度加大, 生成的单重态氧也增加, 同时比较了几种不同稀土离子配合物产生单重态氧的差别。结合氧的消耗和氮氧自由基的ESR线宽变化对氧浓度的依赖性, 证明了类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化生成单态氧的II型反应在光动力光疗中起关键作用。     

单重态氧化学VIII.类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化产生单重态氧的ESR研究

用电子自旋共振(ESR)方法研究类卟啉稀土配合物([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏产生单重态氧的II型机制。利用2,2, 6, 6-四甲基哌啶(TEMP)对单重态氧的捕捉, 测定所生成的氮氧自由基的ESR信号, 经加NaN3和CD3OD的实验, 证实了([CO2H-APPC)Gd]Cl2)光敏作用可有效地产生单重态氧, 并观察到在实验所用的浓度范围内, 随着光敏剂浓度加大, 生成的单重态氧也增加, 同时比较了几种不同稀土离子配合物产生单重态氧的差别。结合氧的消耗和氮氧自由基的ESR线宽变化对氧浓度的依赖性, 证明了类卟啉稀土配合物光敏化生成单态氧的II型反应在光动力光疗中起关键作用。     

两性聚合物光敏剂的合成及性能

本文设计合成了一种用于光动力治疗的聚合物光敏剂PDPA-AMA-BOD。研究表明,在pH中性时,聚合物自组装形成胶束,疏水端的光敏剂被包裹在疏水内腔中,处于局部高浓度聚集态,引发homo-FRET效应,单重态氧效率大幅降低;而在弱酸性条件下,由于疏水端的氨基功能团质子化,胶束形态被破坏,聚合物分子均匀分散水中,降低了光敏剂的自粹灭,PDPA-AMA-BOD具有较高的单重态氧效率。PDPA-AMA-BOD的pH响应特性赋予其在肿瘤细胞弱酸性环境中光动力靶向治疗肿瘤的能力。     

竹红菌甲素的光化学——Ⅳ.竹红菌甲素敏化二苯胺光氧化反应的研究

本文研究了以竹红菌甲素为光敏剂敏化二苯胺的光氧化反应。分离并鉴定了在乙腈和甲醇两种溶剂中的反应产物,初步探讨了反应机制。由实验结果推断,在乙腈中二苯胺与单重态氧反应生成N-苯基对醌亚胺。在甲醇中,占优势的是通过与单重态氧无关的反应途径生成N-苯基对醌亚胺。溶剂甲醇也参与了反应,生成一种新产物。二苯胺与单重态氧的反应只占一小部分。     

雪松烯的光氧化反应研究

以次甲基兰为光敏剂, 甲醇为溶剂, 用通氧光照产生的单重态氧与雪松烯反应,产物只有一种。用元素分析、红外光谱。核磁共振谱、质谱以及高压液相色谱等方法测定了产物的分子结构。并讨论了光氧化反应的动力学控制和立体效应。     

几种萘酞菁硅配合物的光动力效应的研究

研究了7种轴向配位的萘酞菁硅配合物的激发态性质、产生单重态氧的能力及对几种氨基酸的光敏氧化能力.研究表明,对于相同浓度的不同配合物来说,随着轴向配位基团推电子能力的逐渐增强,激发三重态寿命降低,产生单重态氧的能力逐渐下降,而产生单重态氧的能力是光敏氧化氨基酸反应速率的决定因素,因此,其光敏氧化氨基酸的一级反应速率常数逐渐减小.     

Mineralization of Organophosphorous Pesticides by Electro-generated Oxidants

In this study we have investigated organophosphorous pesticides destruction by oxidizing system, which was synthesized in the polluted aqueous sulfuric acidic solutions by constant current conducting. Bulk electrolyses with lead electrode were performed in an undivided cell under amperestatic conditions to study the oxidative cleavage of commercial pesticides and pure active ingredients. The pesticides were completely destroyed following pseudofirst-order kinetics estimated according to chemical oxygen demand (COD) data and phosphate ions accumulation. The assessment of decay rate constants shows the high mineralization degree. Moreover, the general current efficiency corresponds to high impact of chemical reactions in the bulk along with electrochemical interactions and defines the reasonable treatment process time as 120 min. The decay rate constants obtained by phosphate formation are higher for glyphosate than rate constants estimated by COD. It may be explained by P–C bond breaking and phosphate ions cleavage. For further study of organophosphorous pesticides oxidation pathways in detail by described process, the conditions of electrolysis should be milder.     

Pesticides: Behavior in Agricultural Soil and Plants

This review considers potential approaches to solve an important problem concerning the impact of applied pesticides of various classes on living organisms, mainly agricultural crops used as food. We used the method of multi-residual determination of several pesticides in agricultural food products with its practical application for estimating pesticides in real products and in model experiments. The distribution of the pesticide between the components of the soil-plant system was studied with a pesticide of the sulfonylureas class, i.e., rimsulfuron. Autoradiography showed that rimsulfuron inhibits the development of plants considered as weeds. Cereals are less susceptible to the effects of pesticides such as acetamiprid, flumetsulam and florasulam, while the development of legume shoots was inhibited with subsequent plant death.     

Photosensitized DNA damage and its protection via a novel mechanism

UVA, which accounts for approximately 95% of solar UV radiation, can cause mutations and skin cancer. Based mainly on the results of our study, this paper summarizes the mechanisms of UVA-induced DNA damage in the presence of various photosensitizers, and also proposes a new mechanism for its chemoprevention. UVA radiation induces DNA damage at the 5'-G of 5'-GG-3' sequence in double-stranded DNA through Type I mechanism, which involves electron transfer from guanine to activated photosensitizers. Endogenous sensitizers such as riboflavin and pterin derivatives and an exogenous sensitizer nalidixic acid mediate DNA photodamage via this mechanism. The major Type II mechanism involves the generation of singlet oxygen from photoactivated sensitizers, including hematoporphyrin and a fluoroquinolone antibacterial lomefloxacin, resulting in damage to guanines without preference for consecutive guanines. UVA also produces superoxide anion radical by an electron transfer from photoexcited sensitizers to oxygen (minor Type II mechanism), and DNA damage is induced by reactive species generated through the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with metal ions. The involvement of these mechanisms in UVA carcinogenesis is discussed. In addition, we found that xanthone derivatives inhibited DNA damage caused by photoexcited riboflavin via the quenching of its excited triplet state. It is thus considered that naturally occurring quenchers including xanthone derivatives may act as novel chemopreventive agents against photocarcinogenesis.     

Photocytotoxicity of hypericin in normoxic and hypoxic conditions

The normoxic and hypoxic photocytotoxicity of hypericin has been examined on A431 cells as assessed by the Neutral Red method, using cell-culture flasks made of polystyrene and glass, different hypericin concentrations and light fluences. Using polystyrene flasks, lower hypoxic photoactivities of hypericin than those in normoxic conditions are seen under low fluence. In these conditions the hypoxic photocytotoxic effect can be (partially) rescued by increasing the fluence. However, a completely different outcome is observed when using glass flasks, since most of the hypoxic photocytotoxicity is lost under these conditions. The differences can be explained in terms of efficiency of deoxygenation of the medium present in polystyrene or glass flasks. Polystyrene holds large amounts of oxygen that effuses very slowly. Glass, on the other hand, does not cause this inconvenience. Therefore the type of material of the container used to investigate the oxygen dependency of the photobiological activity of photosensitizers dramatically influences the outcome of the hypoxic experiments. Our results unequivocally prove that the cytotoxic effect induced by photoactivated hypericin is completely oxygen dependent. Hence hypericin does not differ from other phototherapeutics used in photodynamic therapy of cancer, since haematoporphyrin derivative and the second-generation photosensitizers used all seem to depend on the presence of oxygen for their antitumour activity.     

中国农药自主创制

农药是农业发展的保障,农业的发展离不开它。中国是农业大国,农药创制必须得依靠自己。中国农药的发展与中国农业现代化发展同频共振。新农药创制是一个系统工程,需要各个学科都能达到高科技水平。当今,中国的农药研究已经站在一个更高的起点和水平上,用自己原创的理论、方法、手段和靶标进行农药创制;一定程度上,中国的农药研究在某些领域已经开始引领全球农药发展。结合新中国成立后我国农药的发展状况,本文总结了70个自主创制农药产品。依据新创制农药的类型、创制时间、创制单位、主要作用对象、作用方式、作用机理等,概述了中国新创制农药的发展历程。     

Pesticides and other organic micro pollutants in the river Elbe

The main components of organic micro pollution regularly found in the river Elbe, belong to the wide spectrum of pesticides, nitro and chloro benzenes and the chelating agents, especially ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The level of organic micro pollution with pesticides and the other organic micro pollutants in the upper and middle reaches of the river Elbe between Schmilka and Wittenberge was determined over a period of nearly three years. Four sample preparation methods (SPE: solidphase extraction and LLE: liquid-liquid extraction both with and without derivatization) have been used to analyze a wide spectrum of pesticides with different polarities by GC/ECD, NPD and MS. The pesticide pollution caused by the triazines decreases significantly from 0.35 g/l (mean value) in 1992 up to 0.15 g/l (mean value) in 1994. The correlation with the river water flow shows the diffuse character of the triazine input. In the last year of the pesticide screening a change to the more polar substances such as phenoxyalkanoic acid and nitrophenol pesticides as well as chloralkanoic acid pesticides have been noticed. The origin of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be explained by the waste influence, supported by the good correlation of the TCA course with the chloroform concentrations determined.     

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides in Finland

Abstract

The annual use of pesticides in Finland counted as ingredients has been around 2000 tons from the seventies. Herbicides, which are mostly used in agriculture, are almost 80% of the total use of pesticides. Amount of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides is about 170000. Farmers are the largest group among exposed persons. Their number is around 50000 but their exposure periods last only for few days every summer. In greenhouses, around 20000, and in forestry, nearly 1500 workers are exposed to pesticides with more regular and longer lasting exposure than that of farmers. In the Finnish Register of Occupational Diseases, 79 cases caused by pesticides were reported during the years 1972-1991. Most of the cases were from greenhouses, agriculture and forestry. Typical symptoms in reports were toxic eczema or acute symptoms. Occupational exposure of workers to pesticides in Finland has been mainly studied by the Kuopio Regional Institute of Occupational Health since 1978. Exposure levels have been evaluated by occupational hygienic measurements and biological monitoring. Field studies done in agriculture, forestry and greenhouses revealed that exposure of the workers in most cases is at low level. Skin contamination is the main factor of exposure. Therefore, the use of personal protective clothing is essential for minimising exposure. Situations, where risk for exposure is high, are the dilution of formulation before spraying, preparation of equipment on fields, and contamination of skin when the work is started immediately after applications on fields and in greenhouses.     

Dithiaporphyrin derivatives as photosensitizers in membranes and cells

We synthesized a series of analogues of 5,20-diphenyl-10,15-bis(4-carboxylatomethoxy)phenyl-21,23-dithiaporphyrin (I) as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photosensitizers differ in the length of the side chains that bind the carboxyl to the phenol at positions 10 and 15 of the thiaporphyrin. The spectroscopic, photophysical, and biophysical properties of these photosensitizers are reported. The structural changes have almost no effect on the excitation/emission spectra with respect to I's spectra or on singlet oxygen generation in MeOH. All of the photosensitizers have a very high, close to 1.00, singlet oxygen quantum yield in MeOH. On the contrary, singlet oxygen generation in liposomes was considerably affected by the structural change in the photosensitizers. The photosensitizers possessing short side chains (one and three carbons) showed high quantum yields of around 0.7, whereas the photosensitizers possessing longer side chains showed smaller quantum yield, down to 0.14 for compound X (possessing side-chain length of 10 carbons), all at 1 microM. Moreover a self-quenching process of singlet oxygen was observed, and the quantum yield decreased as the photosensitizer's concentration increased. We measured the binding constant of I to liposomes and found Kb = 23.3 +/- 1.6 (mg/mL)-1. All the other photosensitizers with longer side chains exhibited very slow binding to liposomes, which prevented us from assessing their Kb's. We carried out fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to determine the relative depth in which each photosensitizer is intercalated in the liposome bilayer. We found that the longer the side chain the deeper the photosensitizer core is embedded in the bilayer. This finding suggests that the photosensitizers are bound to the bilayer with their acid ends close to the aqueous medium interface and their core inside the bilayer. We performed PDT with the dithiaporphyrins on U937 cells and R3230AC cells. We found that the dark toxicity of the photosensitizers with the longer side chain (X, VI, V) is significantly higher than the dark toxicity of sensitizers with shorter side chains (I, III, IV). Phototoxicity measurements showed the opposite direction; the photosensitizers with shorter side chains were found to be more phototoxic than those with longer side chains. These differences are attributed to the relationship between diffusion and endocytosis in each photosensitizer, which determines the location of the photosensitizer in the cell and hence its phototoxicity.     

Influence of Triazole Pesticides on Wine Flavor and Quality Based on Multidimensional Analysis Technology

Triazole pesticides are widely used to control grapevine diseases. In this study, we investigated the impact of three triazole pesticides—triadimefon, tebuconazole, and paclobutrazol—on the concentrations of wine aroma compounds. All three triazole pesticides significantly affected the ester and acid aroma components. Among them, paclobutrazol exhibited the greatest negative influence on the wine aroma quality through its effect on the ester and acid aroma substances, followed by tebuconazole and triadimefon. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that the triazole pesticides also changed the flower and fruit flavor component contents of the wines. This was attributed to changes in the yeast fermentation activity caused by the pesticide residues. The study reveals that triazole pesticides negatively impact on the volatile composition of wines with a potential undesirable effect on wine quality, underlining the desirability of stricter control by the food industry over pesticide residues in winemaking.