卟啉框架材料在光催化领域的应用

卟啉分子对可见光具有较强吸收能力,被广泛应用于光催化和光敏化材料的设计开发。 基于卟啉单元设计构筑框架结构材料,可以借助框架结构的大比表面积和可调控孔结构,实现对卟啉单元光物理化学性质的修饰和调控,达到提高材料光催化量子产率和光催化选择性的目的。 本文综述了卟啉基金属有机框架材料(MOFs)、卟啉基共价有机框架材料(COFs)、以及卟啉基多孔共价有机聚合物(COPs)在光催化领域的研究进展,通过归纳需要解决的关键问题,对卟啉框架材料的未来发展进行了展望。     

MOFs在催化有机分子转化中的应用

金属有机框架化合物（MOF）,又称多孔性配位聚合物,是有机配体与金属离子自组装而成的一类新型有机-无机杂化多孔材料,是纳米材料的重要组成部分。与其他多孔材料相比,MOFs具有较大的比表面积、高的孔隙率以及结构和性质可调等特性,使其在非均相催化领域具有良好的应用前景。本文首先对MOFs催化的背景进行简述,然后对近年来报道的MOFs用于有机分子催化转化反应的进展进行了综述及展望,以期为MOFs催化有机反应的设计和开发提供参考。     

多酸-有机聚合物超分子自组装杂化材料

多酸具有多样的拓扑结构和优异的理化性质,在催化、光电材料和药物等领域显示出广阔的应用前景。多酸-有机聚合物超分子自组装杂化材料不仅有效融合了多酸丰富的功能特性和有机聚合物良好的加工性,而且其有序的自组装结构还赋予材料更多优异的功能调控性。静电复合、氢键作用、共价键连等超分子策略是将多酸引入到聚合物基质中的有效方法。本文总结了多酸-有机聚合物超分子杂化材料近几年的最新研究进展,重点介绍了这类杂化材料的构筑策略、其有序的自组装行为以及超分子功能特性的调控等。     

多孔氢键有机框架(HOFs):现状与挑战

氢键有机框架（HOFs）已经发展成为一类独特的晶态多孔材料,它一般是由有机或金属-有机构建单元通过分子间的氢键相互连接而形成的框架材料.由于氢键强度弱和柔性强,因此大部分HOFs的框架都比较容易坍塌.然而,通过合理地选择刚性且具有特定几何构型的构建单元、引入穿插或π-π作用和静电作用等其它分子间的作用力,稳定且多孔的HOFs也逐渐地被制备出来.与其它含有机组分的晶态多孔材料如金属-有机框架（MOFs）和共价有机框架（COFs）相比,HOFs具有自己的特点,例如：温和的合成条件、高度的结晶性、溶剂加工性、容易修复和再生等.HOFs的这些特点能够使其成为一类独特的功能多孔材料.本综述主要概述了稳定且多孔HOFs设计的一些基本原则,系统总结了构筑HOFs常用的超分子合成子以及脚手架,重点综述了近十年HOFs在气体吸附与分离、质子传导、异相催化、荧光和传感、生物应用、对映体拆分和芳香化合物的分离、环境污染物去除和有机结构测定等领域的重要进展.     

具有纳米孔洞的金属-有机超分子聚合物与功能材料

本文介绍了近几年来一个热门的研究领域-纳米超分子笼和具有纳米孔洞的金属-有机聚合物的研究现状和发展趋势。目前该领域的研究主要集中在:设计合成有机桥联配体并与金属离子自组装成各类具有纳米孔洞的超分子化合物和一维、二维或三维的金属-有机聚合物,应用结构化学研究手段,研究它们的自组装规律、空间结构、电子结构及其物理化学性能,寻找这两类化合物在生物工程与功能材料等领域中的应用。     

羧酸类金属有机框架材料的合成及应用

金属-有机框架材料(Metal-Organic?Frameworks,简称MOFs)是由金属离子（簇）与有机桥接配体通过配位共价键或弱相互作用自组装形成的一类具有分子内孔隙的有机-无机杂化材料。羧酸类MOFs材料中金属中心和有机羧酸配体的可变性导致了其结构和功能的多样性,在气体的吸附与分离、荧光、传感、药物传输以及电催化等多个领域展现了独特的应用前景,并被认为是当今科学上最有前途的材料之一。对于有机配体的选择,从早期易坍塌的含氮杂环类配体过渡到了如今稳定性好的羧酸类配体,解决了不少以前出现的MOFs材料结构单一易坍塌问题。     

聚合物有机框架的药物输送应用

传统脂质体和许多纳米药物输送技术通过对药物的包埋实现药物运载与释放。金属有机框架、共价有机框架及超分子有机框架等杂化和组装结构具有明确的孔径和粒径,可以通过物理吸附和化学连接负载不同的药物,为药物输送提供了新的载体材料。本文简要总结这几种框架型结构在药物负载与输送方面的研究进展,分析不同框架结构作为药物载体的结构特点与优势,并结合脂质体药物输送技术,展望有机框架结构在药物输送方面的实际应用潜力和挑战。     

超分子有机框架:具有周期性孔结构的超分子聚合物

本文概述了水相周期性超分子有机框架(supramolecular organic frameworks,SOFs)的研究进展.首先介绍了水相超分子聚合物和多孔材料研究的背景,然后分别描述了二维单层、三维金刚石型和立方型SOF的构建、结构表征及功能.最后就SOF的未来应用前景做出了分析和展望.     

超分子有机框架:水相周期性自组装孔结构

概述了水相超分子有机框架组装方面最近的进展. 在简述了利用多头基单体构筑超分子组装体的背景之后, 介绍了利用三头基和四头基分子形成超分子网络组装体的重要例子, 着重描述了利用刚性预组织平面三角形单体和四面体单体, 通过葫芦脲[8]对4-苯基吡啶盐堆积二聚体的包结作用, 在水相构筑二维和三维超分子有机框架的进展, 并简要叙述了在水相表征周期性自组装结构的仪器分析方法. 最后就超分子有机框架构筑的单体设计及其可能的应用及功能做了分析与展望.     

共价有机框架COF66/COF366的电子结构:从单体到二维平面聚合物

二维共价有机骨架(COFs)是由有机小分子结构单元通过共价键连接形成的一类新型的、具有周期性多孔网络框架结构的结晶性聚合物,在未来的光电功能材料领域有着优异的应用前景.因此,研究COFs结构与性质之间的内在关系,并以此反馈分子设计,将对此类光电功能材料的发展有着至关重要的意义.以共价有机框架66(COF66)和共价有机框架366(COF366)为例,分析了有机构建单元、COFs片段分子和周期性二维平面聚合物前线轨道能级/分布以及电子性质,阐述了有机构建单元与COFs电子结构之间的内在关系.计算结果表明,有机构建单元小分子的几何构型会影响其二维周期性平面聚合物的结构.另外,有机构建单元自身的前线轨道能级的相对位置会直接影响到COFs片段分子前线轨道的能级和分布,也决定了片段分子的电离势和电子亲和能.COFs周期性结构的电子性质与片段分子相似.因此,有机构建单元的前线轨道能级以及匹配情况决定了COFs周期性结构的电子性质.除此之外,中心分子和连接分子之间的共轭相互作用越大,电子耦合作用也相应较大,价带顶和导带底则会相对比较分散,会更有助于载流子在二维平面结构内的迁移.     

Water‐Soluble Three‐Dimensional Polymers: Non‐Covalent and Covalent Synthesis and Functions†

Water‐soluble three‐dimensional (3D) polymers are structurally ideal for the construction of ordered porous materials for in‐situ and tunable loading and release of guests. For many years, studies on ordered porous materials have been confined to crystalline solids. Since 2014, self‐assembly has been developed as a robust strategy for the preparation of water‐soluble 3D polymers that possess defined and intrinsic porosity. Through the encapsulation of cucurbit[8]uril for aromatic dimers, ordered diamondoid supramolecular organic frameworks can be assembled from tetrahedral monomers. With [Ru(bipy)₃]²⁺‐derived octahedral complexes as precursors, cubic supramolecular metal‐organic frameworks have been assembled. One supramolecular organic framework has also been utilized to prepare the first homogeneous covalent organic framework through the [2+2] alkene cycloaddition, whereas the quantitative formation of the hydrazone bonds can be utilized to synthesize flexible porous organic frameworks. The new water‐soluble ordered and flexible polymeric frameworks are able to include drugs and biomacromolecules to accomplish in situ loading and intracellular delivery and to enrich photosensitizers and catalysts to enhance discrete visible light‐induced reactions. This review highlights the advances.     

多孔骨架固定分子催化剂催化CO2加氢制备甲酸研究进展

近年来, 大气中CO₂含量急剧增加, 导致了严重的温室效应. 将CO₂作为C1资源转化为燃料或精细化学品引起了越来越多的关注. 开发高效、 稳定、 可回收利用的催化剂成为CO₂资源化利用的关键. 在众多的CO₂加氢催化剂中, 功能性多孔骨架材料固定型分子催化剂展示出优异的性能, 成为研究的热点之一. 功能性骨架材料, 如多孔有机聚合物(POPs)、 共价有机骨架(COFs)和金属有机骨架(MOFs), 具有比表面积大、 热稳定性高和可调性等特点, 在设计合成催化剂方面发挥着重要作用. 本文介绍了POPs/COFs/MOFs多孔骨架材料固定分子催化剂的开发及在催化CO₂合成甲酸领域的最新进展.     

Superstructure-Induced Hierarchical Assemblies for Nanoconfined Photocatalysis

Most attempts to synthesize supramolecular nanosystems are limited to a single mechanism, often resulting in the formation of nanomaterials that lack diversity in properties. Herein, hierarchical assemblies with appropriate variety are fabricated in bulk via a superstructure-induced organic–inorganic hybrid strategy. The dynamic balance between substructures and superstructures is managed using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as dual building blocks to regulate the performances of hierarchical assemblies. Significantly, the superstructures resulting from the controlled cascade between COFs and MOFs create highly active photocatalytic systems through multiple topologies. Our designed tandem photocatalysis can precisely and efficiently regulate the conversion rates of bioactive molecules (benzo[d]imidazoles) through competing redox pathways. Furthermore, benzo[d]imidazoles catalyzed by such supramolecular nanosystems can be isolated in yields ranging from 70 % to 93 % within tens of minutes. The multilayered structural states within the supramolecular systems demonstrate the importance of hierarchical assemblies in facilitating photocatalytic propagation and expanding the structural repertoire of supramolecular hybrids.     

Porous Frameworks Based on Supramolecular Ball Joints: Bringing Flexibility to Ordered 3D Lattices

XOFs-type materials (X=M, C, S, that is, metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks and supramolecular organic frameworks, respectively) share a common unifying feature: mutual spatial orientation of constituting components is strictly directional and unchanging by design. Herein, we illustrate an alternate design for porous architectures, as rigid joints constituted by coordinative (MOFs), covalent (COFs), or hydrogen-donor/acceptor (SOFs) bonds, are replaced by supramolecular ball joints, which confer unprecedented flexibility, especially angular, to porous networks. The obtained frameworks remain highly organized but are also permutable: lacking a forced convergence towards an immutable minimum energy structure, these systems remain able to adjust depending on external conditions. Results of POF (permutable organized framework) synthesis is a family of structures rather than a single pre-determined three-dimensional arrangement, as we demonstrate with an illustrative set of 5 XRD structures.     

Configurational Selectivity Study of Two-dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Isomers Containing D2h and C2 Building Blocks

The isomerization of covalent organic frameworks(COFs) materials is still a mysterious and attractive topic. Diversified monomer structures are still urgently needed to explore the in-depth mechanism of isomerization in these special COFs. This work provides a new D_2h monomer for the construction of [D_2h+C₂] 2D COFs isomers. A new D_2h monomer adopted here was proven to tend to form a single pore framework structure.     

Reticular synthesis of covalent organic borosilicate frameworks

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of a new crystalline 3D covalent organic framework, COF-202: [C(C6H4)4]3[B3O6 (tBuSi)2]4, formed from condensation of a divergent boronic acid, tetra(4-dihydroxyborylphenyl)methane, and tert-butylsilane triol, tBuSi(OH)3. This framework is constructed through strong covalent bonds (Si-O, B-O) that link triangular and tetrahedral building units to form a structure based on the carbon nitride topology. COF-202 demonstrates high thermal stability, low density, and high porosity with a surface area of 2690 m2 g-1. The design and synthesis of COF-202 expand the type of linkage that could be used to crystallize new materials with extended covalent organic frameworks.     

Dimension-Controllable and Photo-Responsive Supramolecular Organic Framworks through Cucurbit[8]uril-based Self-Assembly

Dimension-controllable supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) with aggregation-enhanced fluorescence are hierarchically fabricated through the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and coumarin-modified tetraphenylethylene derivatives (TPEC). The three-dimensional layered SOFs could be constructed from the further stacking of two-dimensional mono-layered structures via simply regulating the self-assembly conditions including the culturing time and concentration. Upon light irradiation under the wavelength of 365 nm, the photodimerization of coumarin moieties occurred, which resulted in the transformation of the resultant TPEC\begin{document}$ _n $\end{document}/CB[8]\begin{document}$ _{4n} $\end{document} two-dimensional SOFs into robust covalently-connected 2D polymers with molecular thickness. Interestingly, the supramolecular system of TPEC\begin{document}$ _n $\end{document}/CB[8]\begin{document}$ _{4n} $\end{document} exhibited intriguing multicolor fluorescence emission from yellow to blue in the time range of 0\begin{document}$ - $\end{document}24 h at 365 nm irradiation, possessing potential applicability for photochromic fluorescence ink.     

Recent advances of hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) derivatives: Their applications in self-assembly and porous organic materials

As a rigid and planar aza-based heteroaromatic scaffold, hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) exhibits excellent electron-deficient property and high π-π stacking tendency, which makes it an ideal building block in the construction of supramolecular architectures and functional materials. In addition, HATs have also been picked out as building blocks for the construction of novel porous organic polymers, one of the most attractive fields of porous materials in the past decade, which includes intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), π-conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this digest paper, the synthetic methods of HAT derivatives have been briefly introduced and some recent advances of HATs in the applications of supramolecular self-assembly and porous organic materials have been highlighted.     

共价有机框架材料在吸附领域的研究进展

共价有机框架材料(Covalent Organic Frameworks,COFs)是由有机结构单元通过共价键连接的具有期性结构的多孔化合物。共价有机框架材料具有永久的孔隙、高的比表面积、可调的孔径、易于功能化和高的水热稳定性等优点,广泛应用于许多领域。本文总结了COFs目前主要的合成方法,介绍了COFs在吸附领域的应用和发展。最后,文章指出未来的研究重点是发展更多有机反应和键连方式,合成具有高度稳定性和结晶度、成本低廉的功能性材料。