共振域矩形介质光栅的逆向设计

采用模态法研究了共振域光栅分束器及闪耀光栅等光学器件的设计原理及逆向设计方法,给出了-1级非偏振闪耀光栅的典型设计示例。研究表明,自准直角入射时,光束在光栅内传输将激发产生离散模,通过调节离散模透过光栅传输时的累积相位差,可对衍射光进行调控,实现偏振(非偏振)分束、偏振(非偏振)闪耀等功能。采用严格耦合波法对基于模态法逆向设计的-1级非偏振石英闪耀光栅的几何参数进行验证,计算结果显示两者非常吻合,证明了该方法的正确性。     

Optical vortices generated by dislocations in a cholesteric liquid crystal

We report the observation of optical vortices in a laser beam propagating through the stripe pattern of a cholesteric liquid crystal. The liquid crystal is confined in a cell with homogeneous boundary conditions and forms a diffraction phase grating. Optical vortices are produced by edge dislocations of the cholesteric grating. The vortices show up as spots of zero light intensity in the diffraction maxima. There is one spot in each +1 and -1 diffraction maximum and two spots in diffraction maxima +2 and -2.     

Fabrication and efficiency measurement of a multilayer-coated ion-beam-etched laminar grating for extreme ultraviolet region

We fabricate and measure a multilayer-coated ion-beam-etched laminar grating for the extreme ultraviolet wavelength region. The fabrication process is carefully controlled so that the grating groove and multilayercoating parameters well meet the design targets. At an incident angle of 10°, the peak diffraction efficiency of the ＋1st order is 20.6% at 14.56 nm and that of the -1st order is 22.1% at 14.65 nm, both close to the theoretical limits.     

嵌入式镀膜光栅的数值模拟研究

嵌入式镀膜光栅是将平行四边形的介质膜层,以亚波长量级的周期嵌入波导中.针对该光栅在不同偏振态、不同角度入射下的各级衍射效率问题,本文基于严格耦合波分析理论,对该光栅进行建模与数值分析.结果表明,在TE模入射时,该光栅的一级衍射效率可随膜厚在[0,37％]内变化,其余非零级次的衍射效率低于2％.衍射特性可以满足平视器成像的效率递增要求,同时可以减少能量的损失与杂散成像光线.当入射光束的角度在纵向[45°,70°]、横向[-15°,15°]内变化时,一级衍射效率的变化平稳,可以保持平视器不同视场的成像能量均匀.针对入射光偏振态、光栅材料、嵌入膜层倾角、光栅周期对衍射特性的影响,给出了相应的数值分析,可为波导全息平视器中衍射元件的制作提供理论指导.     

Polarizing beam splitter of a deep-etched fused-silica grating

We described a highly efficient polarizing beam splitter (PBS) of a deep-etched binary-phase fused-silica grating, where TE- and TM-polarized waves are mainly diffracted in the -1st and 0th orders, respectively. To achieve a high extinction ratio and diffraction efficiency, the grating depth and period are optimized by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis, which can be well explained based on the modal method with effective indices of the modes for TE/TM polarization. Holographic recording technology and inductively coupled plasma etching are employed to fabricate the fused-silica PBS grating. Experimental results of diffraction efficiencies approaching 80% for a TE-polarized wave in the -1st order and more than 85% for a TM-polarized wave in the 0th order were obtained at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Because of its compact structure and simple fabrication process, which is suitable for mass reproduction, a deep-etched fused-silica grating as a PBS should be a useful device for practical applications.     

Polarization-controlled switching between diffraction orders in transverse-periodically aligned nematic liquid crystals

Transverse-periodic-oriented nematic liquid crystals (LCs) are a special type of optical axis grating that are capable of very high efficiency diffraction (theoretically, 100%) in thin layers of materials with thickness comparable to the radiation wavelength. In particular, they fully diffract linearly polarized input beam into circularly polarized +1st and -1st diffraction orders. We experimentally demonstrate switching between diffraction orders of such gratings when the polarization of the incident beam changes from right-circular to left-circular and vice versa with the aid of an electrically controlled LC phase retarder. Such a setup in which the diffraction efficiency and direction are controlled externally, without application of an electric field to the transverse-periodic grating, provides additional control opportunities and does not compromise the quality of the grating. The grating used in the experiment was 1.5 microm thick and had a period of 4 microm. The contrast ratio of switching between the +1st and -1st orders was as high as 267:1 for a He-Ne laser beam with a switching time of 6.6 ms.     

Modelling of finite-size grating waveguide filters on the basis of a free-space diffraction approach

The field reflection coefficientR of a high strength and short length waveguide grating section is obtained by resorting to a free-space diffraction approach whereby the waveguide grating is excited by means of a virtual high index prism. The effective index of the guided mode, the coupling coefficient between contradirectionally propagating modes of the grating waveguide as well as the modal field are first obtained in the case of an infinite grating by interpreting the results given by an exact diffraction solution by means of a three-wave coupled mode formalism. These results are then introduced in the coupled wave analysis of the structure of finite extent to provide the field at the entrance of the waveguide grating section where the usual overlap integral with the incident field delivers the reflection coefficient. We neglect only the result of radiation mode propagation. This assumption can be made when the grating section is longer than the propagating length of all the leaky modes.     

Modelling of finite-size grating waveguide filters on the basis of a free-space diffraction approach

The field reflection coefficient R of a high strength and short length waveguide grating section is obtained by resorting to a free-space diffraction approach whereby the waveguide grating is excited by means of a virtual high index prism. The effective index of the guided mode, the coupling coefficient between contradirectionally propagating modes of the grating waveguide as well as the modal field are first obtained in the case of an infinite grating by interpreting the results given by an exact diffraction solution by means of a three-wave coupled mode formalism. These results are then introduced in the coupled wave analysis of the structure of finite extent to provide the field at the entrance of the waveguide grating section where the usual overlap integral with the incident field delivers the reflection coefficient. We neglect only the result of radiation mode propagation. This assumption can be made when the grating section is longer than the propagating length of all the leaky modes.     

Polarization-independent triangular-groove fused-silica gratings with high efficiency at a wavelength of 1550 nm

We describe polarization-independent triangular-groove fused-silica gratings illuminated by incident lights in the C + L bands as (de)multiplexers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application. The physical mechanisms of the grating can be shown clearly by using the simplified modal method with consideration of the corresponding accumulated average phase difference of two excited propagating grating modes, which illustrates that the grating structure depends mainly on the ratio of the average effective indices difference to the incident wavelength. Exact grating profile is optimized by using the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). With the optimized grating parameters, the grating exhibits diffraction efficiencies of greater than 90% under TE- and TM-polarized incident lights for 101 nm spectral bandwidths (1500-1601 nm) and it can reach an efficiency of more than 99% for both polarizations at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Without loss of metal absorption, coating of dielectric film layers, the designed triangular-groove fused-silica grating should be of great interest for DWDM application.     

梯形介质膜光栅衍射特性分析

基于严格耦合波理论建立了梯形介质膜光栅的衍射机理模型,利用该模型讨论了底角为70°的梯形介质膜光栅-1级的衍射行为.通过对梯形介质膜光栅的占空比、槽深和剩余厚度的优化,设计了应用于1053 nm和51.2°角度入射的梯形介质膜光栅.对于顶层为HfO2的介质膜光栅,当槽深为200 nm,剩余厚度为100 nm,占空比为0.35时.其衍射效率优于99.5%,而对于顶层为SiO2的梯形光栅,为获得99.5%的衍射效率.其槽深为800 nm,剩余厚度为320 nm.而且,获得同样的衍射效率,顶层为HfO2的梯形光栅具有更宽的光谱特性.数值计算表明,严格耦合波理论模型对梯形介质膜光栅衍射效率的计算具有很好的收敛性和稳定性.     

Nonlinear Model of Record and Readout of Holographic Transmission Diffraction Gratings in Absorbent Photopolymers. II. Numerical Modeling and Experiment

The temporal dynamics of harmonic amplitudes and refractive index grating profiles is modeled numerically for the theoretical model of the (N+1)th spatial harmonic of the refractive index grating constructed on the basis of the solution of coupled kinetic photopolymerization equations derived in [1] with allowance for the absorption for N = 2. Solutions of the self-consistent diffraction problem [1] are used to analyze numerically the diffraction efficiency and angular selectivity of recorded gratings. Model parameters of the experimentally investigated photopolymer material are estimated by means of a comparison of the experimental data on the diffraction kinetics and angular selectivity with the results of model calculations presented in [1]. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 85–92, July, 2005.     

基于严格耦合波理论的多层介质膜光栅衍射特性分析

基于严格耦合波理论建立了多层介质膜光栅的衍射机理模型,给出了TE波自准直条件下多层介质膜光栅衍射效率的表达式.以－1级衍射效率为评价函数,分析了表面浮雕结构分别为HfO₂和SiO₂材料的介质膜光栅获得衍射效率优于96%的结构参数.数值计算表明,顶层材料为HfO₂的介质膜光栅具有更宽的结构选择范围.最后分析了介质膜光栅的制备容差和允许的入射角度范围. 关键词： 衍射效率 多层介质膜光栅 严格耦合波理论     

高损伤阈值矩形石英闪耀光栅的设计分析

 采用模态法分析了矩形亚波长石英闪耀光栅的设计原理,给出了1.06 μm工作波长的矩形亚波长石英闪耀光栅的设计示例。研究表明,要设计性能优良的-1级透射闪耀光栅,应使0/1阶传输模的累积相位差为π的奇数倍。设计的透射闪耀光栅能够使TM偏振光和TE偏振光获得近100%的-1级衍射效率,且具有较大的加工容差,较宽的入射波长和入射角变化适应范围。     

布儒斯特角附近的透射光栅传输特性

 减小光栅表面的反射率以得到更高的衍射效率是目前光栅设计与制造中需要解决的重要问题之一。提出利用偏振光沿布儒斯特角入射时具有的特性来实现降低光栅表面反射率的方案,介绍了这种方案的物理模型,并利用严格耦合波分析法进行了模拟计算。计算结果显示,对入射光为TM偏振,波长0.35 μm,当光栅周期较长为2.80 μm时,以布儒斯特角入射的光波,它的表面反射被大大抑制;当光栅周期较短为0.21 μm时也有类似的结论,并且透射光的一级衍射效率极大值出现在刻槽深度为3.50 μm处附近,衍射效率大于95%。     

高密度相位光栅的偏振选择性

高密度光栅具有与传统光栅不同的性质,其衍射特性往往是偏振相关的。本文针对1550nm波长TE/TM偏振入射光和0.5的光栅占空比,利用严格耦合波分析数值计算了不同光栅周期下0级及-1级的衍射效率。研究表明,相比周期为1550nm的光栅,当周期为1200nm时,偏振相关衍射效应明显增强,当光栅周期为890nm时,TE偏振光的衍射效率随着光栅深度呈正余弦变化,而TM偏振光的衍射效率始终集中在0级,具有偏振选择性。通过模式方法,利用模式中的有效折射率概念,研究了不同周期下被入射光所激发的两种光波模式通过光栅区域传播所累积的相位差;基于双光束干涉,模拟了0级和-1级的衍射效率。结果表明,利用严格耦合波分析的数值计算结果符合模式方法的理论预期,对于高密度相位光栅的偏振选择性给予了合理的物理机制解释。     

Bragg反射齿型平面凹面衍射光栅性能研究

本文基于Bragg反射光栅是一维光子晶体的一种特例结构, 提出利用一维光子晶体理论进行Bragg衍射光栅的设计并对其性能进行研究分析. 根据一维光子晶体理论, 建立了罗兰圆结构的凹面椭圆Bragg蚀刻衍射光栅, 研究了TE/TM模式下器件的分光特性以及入射角度改变对器件角色散造成的影响; 同时, 文中对比了空气介质型和金属铝线型椭圆Bragg蚀刻衍射光栅的光学性能. 研究结果表明: 选择合适的器件参数, 可以实现TE/TM模式下1.465-1.615 μm范围内波长衍射效率在95% 以上, 且空气介质型结构光栅的通道均匀性要优于金属铝线型结构光栅; 入射角在30°-60°范围内变化时, 相同入射角度下, TM模式下器件角色散大于TE模式. 基于Bragg衍射光栅设计的波分复用器是一种尺寸小、衍射效率高的新型EDG 波分复用器, 为未来密集型EDG波分复用器发展提供了一种新的设计思路.     

Cu∶KNSBN晶体衍射效率的角度选择性研究

耦合波理论是分析光折变晶体的基本方法,由耦合波理论可以得到光折变晶体的衍射效率具有角度选择性。针对这一结论,利用Cu:KNSBN晶体中的双光束耦合,从理论和实验两个角度做了分析,实验结果和理论分析基本吻合。结果表明,对于一定厚度的Cu∶KNSBN晶体,双光束的写入角存在着一个最佳值,使得Cu:KNSBN晶体的衍射效率最大。     

长周期光纤光栅模式与耦合的研究

长周期光纤光栅是在光纤纤芯中沿轴向形成折射率周期性调制的带阻型光纤器件。与光纤布拉格光栅不同，它表现为前向传播的纤芯基模与同向传播的各阶次包层模式在特定波长的耦合。研究了纤芯基模、包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）及其有效折射率随波长的变化，研究了纤芯基模与包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）的耦合系数。研究表明，纤芯基模与一阶低次包层模式的有效折射率随波长增大而减小，纤芯基模与HE1t产生的耦合系数远大于与EH1t的耦合系数，并且包层模式次数较低时，耦合系数随次数的升高而增加。这与以前的研究结果有所不同。     

Surface plasmon resonance sensor based on diffraction grating with high sensitivity and high resolution

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on diffraction grating with high sensitivity and high resolution is proposed. The sensitivity of grating coupled SPR sensor based on angular interrogation is enhanced by replacing +1st diffraction order of metallic grating with −1st diffraction order to excite the surface plasmon. To improve the resolution of grating-based SPR sensor, aluminum is used as an SPR-active metal. The reflectivity dip of the Al-based sensor is sharper than an Au-based one, which is the mostly widely used as SPR-active metal. And 3-nm-thick gold film is deposited on the grating surface in order to protect the Al layer from getting oxidized. Numerical simulations show that the sensor not only has high sensitivity and high resolution, but also exhibits good linearity.     

Polarization ellipse and Stokes parameters of a stochastic electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam propagating through a polarization grating

An analytical propagation formula for the cross-spectral density matrix of a stochastic electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model (EGSM) beam after propagating through a polarization grating is derived with the help of a tensor method. The statistics properties, particularly the degree of polarization, polarization ellipse and Stokes parameters, of the EGSM beam on propagation after passing through a polarization grating are studied numerically. Our results clearly show that the statistics properties of the EGSM beam on propagation are closely determined by the initial parameters of the EGSM beam and the parameter of the polarization grating. The polarization grating provides one way for modulating the polarization properties of an EGSM beam.