金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第三讲 钢铁中钼的测定(续)

2 .4　抗坏血酸还原 硫氰酸盐直接光度法用氯化亚锡作还原剂的硫氰酸钼(Ⅴ )光度法的缺点已如上述。如采用还原能力低于氯化亚锡的抗坏血酸作还原剂 ,则钼 (Ⅵ )只能被还原为五价 ,从而使显色反应的灵敏度、色泽的稳定性均有改善 ,分析结果的重现性也较好。特别是在分析含钨钢时 ,钨(Ⅵ )的干扰也相对较小。迄今为止 ,用抗坏血酸作还原剂钼的硫氰酸盐光度法虽然已获较广泛的应用 ,但尚未纳入标准方法。(1 )方法 1　钢铁中钼的快速测定———抗坏血酸还原、硫氰酸盐光度法[摘自《材料化学分析方法》一书的增补修改稿 ,上海材料研究所 ,1 981 …     

读者园地

问 :1.形成杂多酸后与原钼酸相比其还原性有何差异 ?2 .用磷钼蓝光度法测定磷时 ,常用的还原剂有哪些 ?浙江读者———张伟答 1.可以查得钼酸盐中的Ｍｏ(Ⅵ )的标准电极电位Ｅ°Ｍｏ(Ⅳ ) /Ｍｏ(Ⅴ ) 为 0 .4Ｖ (ｖｓ .ＮＨＥ ,0 .5ｍｏｌ·Ｌ- 1Ｈ2 ＳＯ4 介质 ) ,但硅钼杂多酸中的Ｍｏ(Ⅳ )的标准电极电位在相同条件下提高到 +0 .5 9Ｖ ,磷钼杂多酸中的Ｍｏ(Ⅳ )的标准电位值则提高到 +0 .63Ｖ。由此可见 ,在杂多酸分子中的Ｍｏ(Ⅳ )与钼酸盐中的Ｍｏ(Ⅳ )相比 ,更易于被还原剂还原 ,生成呈蓝色的“杂多蓝”。答 2 .还原 12 磷钼杂多酸的…     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第三讲 钢铁中钼的测定(续)

2 .7　对硫氰酸盐萃取光度法的讨论(1)　方法的优缺点在 2 .3及 2 .5节的讨论中都提到了在水溶液中显色时 ,硫氰酸钼 (Ⅴ )络离子存在着灵敏度不够高、稳定性较差等问题。对水溶液中显色条件的研究主要是解决这些问题 ,而其中解决稳定性是一个核心问题。2 .6节选录的 4则方法 ,由于采用了萃取方法 ,使上述缺点得到一定的克服 ,由于钼 (Ⅴ )与硫氰酸盐所形成的橙红色络合物是一种离子型络合物 ,有很大的离解度 ,[ＭｏＯ(ＮＣＳ) 5]2 - 络阴离子的不稳定常数达 8× 10 - 2 。因此为了使反应中能保持尽可能多的钼 (Ⅴ )离子以 [ＭｏＯ(ＮＣＳ) …     

新试剂1-(2,6-二溴-4-硝基苯)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯与汞的显色反应及应用

三氮烯试剂与第ＩＢ、ＩＩＢ族金属元素有高灵敏的显色反应 1 [1] ,可用来测定样品中微量的Ｃｄ2 + 、Ｈｇ2 + 、Ｚｎ2 + 、Ｎｉ2 + 。随着表面活性剂引入该显色体系 ,使该试剂与金属离子显色反应的灵敏度有了很大的提高。目前报道的三氮烯显色剂与Ｈｇ2 + 显色反应的灵敏度一般在ε =1 .0× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1左右 ,但也有部分试剂的灵敏度较高 ,如ＯＣ Ｃａｄｉｏｎ[2 ] 的ε =1 .77× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＤＮＡＡＢ[3 ] ε=1 .74× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＭＤＡＡ[4]的ε=1 .8× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＡＰＤ…     

2,6-二溴-4-氯偶氮胂与铅、铋显色反应

1　引　　言含卤素的不对称变色酸双偶氮类试剂是稀土元素的优良显色剂 ,这类试剂用于铅、铋的测定也有一些报道。有文献用 2 ,6 二溴 4 氯偶氮胂在 1 .2ｍｏｌ Ｌ高氯酸中测定了铜合金及粗铜中微量铋 (ε为 9.0× 1 0 4Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 )。实验发现 ,该试剂在 3 0ｍｏｌ ＬＨＣｌＯ4介质中与铋显色反应有更高的灵敏度 (ε为 1 .0 5× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 )。在该条件下 ,Ｐｂ2 +不干扰Ｂｉ3 +的测定 ;在 0 .1ｍｏｌ ＬＨＣｌＯ4中 ,两者均与试剂显色 ,其摩尔吸光系数分别为 4 .4 6× 1 0 4和 1 .0 3×1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ…     

考马斯亮蓝G光度法测定钼的研究

考马斯亮蓝Ｇ是一种生物染色剂 ,在分析测定中多用于蛋白质的测定[1 ,2 ] 。近年也有人用此试剂做催化动力学分析中的指示剂[3 ,4] 。我们在研究中发现 ,考马斯亮蓝Ｇ用于缔合物体系测定阳离子 ,有较好的结果。本文研究了以铜离子为催化剂 ,在抗坏血酸存在下的钼 硫氰酸盐 考马斯亮蓝显色体系 ,建立了一个灵敏的测定钼的方法。该方法灵敏度高 ,其表观摩尔吸光系数ε50 0 =2 .3 1×1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1 ·ｃｍ- 1 。线性范围宽 ,钼的浓度在 0～2 1 μｇ/2 5ｍＬ范围内符合比尔定律。选择性较高 ,显色时间短 ,适合于生产中使用。该方法可用于合…     

Mo－SCN－CV显色体系测定钼的研究与应用

本文研究了在阿拉伯树胶存在下，以Ｃｕ（２＋）为催化剂的钼－硫氰酸盐－结晶紫高灵敏新显色体系及钼的分光光度测定条件。在０．３２ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２ＳＯ４介质中，缔合物的最大吸收波长λｍａｘ＝６００ｎｍ，表观摩尔吸光系数ε＝５．３８×１０５Ｌ·ｃｍ（－１）ｍｏｌ（－１），Ｍｏ（Ⅵ）在０－７μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内符合比耳定律。方法用于钢铁中钼的测定，结果准确。     

钼(Ⅵ)--氧化苏木色精-抗坏血酸--氯化钠体系的显色行为与天然水和尿中钼的简便测定

钼(Ⅵ)-氧化的苏木色精二元体系及钼(Ⅵ)-氧化的苏木色精-抗坏血酸三元体系的酸性水溶液,经沸水浴加热一定时间,出现很灵敏的显色反应,它们用于测钼的表观摩尔吸光系数分别为2.5×10~6和2.14×10~7。本文继续研究钼(Ⅵ)-氧化的苏木色精-抗坏血酸-氯化钠四元体系的显色行为,分光光度测定钼的条件,以及应用于天然水和尿中痕量钼的不分离简便测定。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行：第五讲 金属材料中钨的测定（续）

(2)显色反应要求的酸度钨(Ⅴ)与硫氰酸盐的显色反应宜在较强的盐酸介质中进行。在按方法的溶样条件下,所进行的盐酸对显色反应的影响的试验结果表明,盐酸浓度低于c(HCl)=3 mol·L-1,显色反应速度缓慢,且钼(Ⅴ)的干扰严重,钨(Ⅴ)显色反应的灵敏度也稍低;盐酸浓度大于4.5 mol·L-1,经10 min显色反应可完成,而盐酸浓度达6.0 mol·L-1,经8~10 min显色即完成且灵敏度也比其他较低酸度时略高。按所引方法操作时显色溶液中盐酸浓度约为5 mol·L-1。过高的盐酸浓度(大于6.5 mol·L-1)容易使硫氰酸盐分解,对显色反应不利。(3)钨(Ⅵ)的还原剂与硫氰…     

5,7-二磺酸基萘基重氮氨基偶氮苯与镉的显色反应及其应用

1　引　　言三氮烯类试剂是用于测定镉等过渡金属离子的有机显色剂。我们合成的 5 ,7 二磺酸基萘基重氮氨基偶氮苯(ＤＳＮＡＢ) ,由于共轭体系扩大和在萘环上引入两个 -ＳＯ3 Ｈ基 ,有利于在水相发色和测定 ,使灵敏度得到了很大的提高。实验结果表明 ,在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ 10 0为增敏剂 ,在硼砂 ＮａＯＨ介质中 ,试剂与镉显色反应的摩尔吸光系数可达 3.7× 10 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,高于其它苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯类衍生物 ;在 1.2ｍｏｌ/Ｌ氨水介质中 ,摩尔吸光系数也可达 3.1× 10 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,选择性也有改善。该显色剂已用于萃取…     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Homo- and hetero-complexes of exchangeable apolipoproteins in solution and in lipid-bound form

The self-association state of human plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in solution and in complexes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) varying in stoichiometry was studied in sub-micromolar concentration range by gel filtration, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching and energy transfer measurements with apolipoprotein labeled with lysine-specific fluorescent dyes. Together, these results confirm the equilibrium scheme for various apoE structures in solution: oligomer (in aged preparations) <==> 'closed' tetramer <==> 'open' tetramer ('molten globule' state) <==> native or partially denatured monomer <==> fully denatured monomer. Within DMPC:apoE discoidal complex (125:1) the apolipoprotein association state seems to be intermediate between that in solution and in larger vesicular complex (1000:1); for both complexes, the degree of exposure of fluorescein chromophores into water phase decreased. Hetero-associates of apoA-I and apoC-III-1 in solution and in the complexes with DMPC appear to behave similarly to apoE. When extrapolated to native HDL particles, 'molten globule' state seems to be a structure responsible for the interaction of exchangeable apolipoproteins with phospholipid. For a first time, the location of various apolipoprotein molecules on disc periphery was confirmed. The lysine residue(s) seems to locate closely to reacting residue(s) within apolipoprotein molecules in associates, however, with different package constraints for discoidal versus vesicular complexes with phospholipid.     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.     

Fluorimetric quantification of clodronate and alendronate in aqueous samples and in serum

The bisphosphonates clodronate and alendronate are drugs in the therapy of osteoporosis or Paget's disease. They are highly hydrophilic and therefore of low oral bioavailability. Determination methods for bisphosphonates are often laborious and expensive equipment is needed. The presented quantification method based on kinetic measurement of the fluorescence decrease of an Al³⁺-morin complex can be used to determine the bisphosphonate content in aqueous and plasma samples. The intra- and inter-assay accuracies were found to be within 98.8% and 102.3% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.2% and 105.0% of the target samples for alendronate. The LOQ was defined as 15.6 ng/ml for clodronate and 62.5 ng/ml for alendronate. In serum samples, intra- and inter-assay accuracy was found to be within 99.0% and 101.6% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.8% and 102.6% of the target samples for alendronate. In serum samples, the LOQ was defined as 1.55 mg/ml for clodronate and 0.39 mg/ml for alendronate. Though less sensitive in serum, the presented method could support research on the development of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo for the investigated and other structurally related bisphosphonates.