Functionalized mesoporous silica supported copper(II) and nickel(II) catalysts for liquid phase oxidation of olefins

Highly ordered 2D-hexagonal mesoporous silica has been functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES). This is followed by its condensation with a dialdehyde, 4-methyl-2,6-diformylphenol to produce an immobilized Schiff-base ligand (I). This material is separately treated with methanolic solution of copper(II) chloride and nickel(II) chloride to obtain copper and nickel anchored mesoporous materials, designated as Cu-AMM and Ni-AMM, respectively. The materials have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-vis diffuse reflectance (DRS) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N(2) adsorption-desorption studies and (13)C CP MAS NMR spectroscopy. The metal-grafted mesoporous materials have been used as catalysts for the efficient and selective epoxidation of alkenes, viz. cyclohexene, trans-stilbene, styrene, α-methyl styrene, cyclooctene and norbornene to their corresponding epoxides in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant under mild liquid phase conditions.     

钴掺杂二氧化钛的光催化制氢性能

采用聚合络合法（PCM）制备出钴掺杂二氧化钛（CO/TiO₂）光催化剂.以热重-差示扫描量热同步热分析（TGA-DSC）,傅里叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱,X射线粉末衍射（XRD）,氮气吸附-脱附,紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis DRS）,X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对材料进行了表征.采用光催化制氧作为探针反应,以氧气的产量评价材料的光催化性能结果表明:采用聚合络合法制备的样品主体成分为锐钛矿晶型的二氧化钛,钴元素呈高度分散,钴的掺杂能够明显提升二氧化钛光催化材料的光催化制氢活性,当钴钛物质的量之比为0.3%时,催化剂具有最佳的光催化制氢活性,达到2499μmol,是同等条件下制备的无掺杂二氧化钛的近六倍.还对钴离子掺杂增强机理进行了探讨.     

纯四方相硫化氧化锆催化剂的制备及其生物柴油合成应用研究

将过硫酸铵浸渍于直接合成的纳米氧化锆晶体表面,经300-500℃高温焙烧处理获得硫化氧化锆催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸附-脱附、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）等分析手段对催化剂的结构性能进行了表征。结果表明,所有的催化剂均展现出纯四方相结构和高的结晶度。其中,经500℃热处理获得的催化剂拥有最高的硫含量和酸性位,将其应用于大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应合成生物柴油,获得了脂肪酸甲酯收率高达84.6%的催化效果,进一步表明该催化剂表面存在优越的超强酸位。     

Turkish perlite supported nickel oxide as the heterogeneous acid catalyst for a series of Claisen–Schmidt condensation reactions

Potentially active and eco-friendly solid acid catalysts have been synthesized by loading different weight percentages (10, 15, and 50) of nickel oxide on thermally activated Turkish perlite through the deposition-precipitation method. Structural features of prepared catalysts were analyzed using BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM-EDX, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), pyridine adsorbed FT-IR, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Pyridine adsorbed FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of the optimum amount of Bronsted acidic sites in a catalyst having 15 wt. % loading of nickel oxide, which was tested for catalyzing a series of Claisen–Schmidt condensation of cyclohexanone and aromatic aldehydes to produce good isolated yield (90%–93%) of 2,6-bis(substituted benzylidene)cyclohexanones, significantly used in anti-tumor and cytotoxic activities. The high catalytic efficiency of the chosen catalyst remains almost intact up to six reaction cycles. On higher wt. % loading of nickel oxide, crystallite size increases along with agglomeration of larger nickel oxide particles on catalyst surface resulting in pore blockage and poor catalytic activity. Loading of NiO on the surface of thermally activated Turkish perlite was confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis, and TEM observations show that the particle size of the preferred catalyst was less than 50 nm. Based on results drawn from XRD, FT-IR, pyridine adsorbed FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS studies, model structures were proposed for Turkish perlite and all prepared catalysts. During this work, the catalytic potential of the preferred catalyst was compared with other previously reported catalysts, and it showed appreciable results. The formed products were further confirmed by their melting point and ¹H-NMR analysis.     

A simple approach for preparing a visible-light TiO2 photocatalyst

The surface of titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been chemically modified with toluene 2,4-di-isocyanate (TDI). The modified titanium dioxide can efficiently absorb visible irradiation. The samples were characterized by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), diffuse reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The as-prepared photocatalyst exhibited good photostability and photocatalytic performance in the degradation of organic compounds. For model organic pollutants, modified titanium dioxide had excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance and the surface chemistry linkage product had high photostability.     

Cu2O微晶的可控制备及可见光催化亚甲基蓝降解性能

以醋酸铜为铜源, 柠檬酸钠为形貌导向剂, 乙二醇和水为溶剂, 采用溶剂热法制备了立方状形貌的Cu₂O微晶. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 X射线光电子能谱( XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等对Cu₂O微晶进行了表征. 结果表明, 在柠檬酸钠与醋酸铜摩尔比为1.0时, 于180 ℃反应5 h可以制备出尺寸分布在0.6~1.5 μm间的均一立方状形貌Cu₂O微晶. 研究了该微晶对亚甲基蓝(MB)在可见光下降解反应的光催化性能. 结果表明, 在H₂O₂存在下, Cu₂O微晶(0.3 g/L)在100 min内对30 mg/L MB溶液的降解率可以达到98%. 该催化剂经过8次循环使用对MB的降解率仍保持在96%以上, 展现了较高的催化活性及良好的稳定性. 通过活性物种的分析对催化体系的光催化机理进行了推测.     

Characterization and catalytic functionalities of copper oxide catalysts supported on zirconia

A series of zirconia supported copper oxide catalysts with varying copper loadings (1.2-19.1 wt %) were prepared by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2. Copper dispersion and metal area were determined by N2O decomposition method. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate the presence of crystalline CuO phase beyond 2.7 wt % of Cu on zirconia. UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the ZrO2 support. XPS peaks intensity ratio of Cu 2p3/2 and Zr 3d5/2 was compared with Cu dispersion calculated from N2O decomposition. TPR patterns reveal the presence of highly dispersed copper oxide at lower temperatures and bulk CuO at higher temperatures. The basicity of the catalysts was found to increase with Cu loading, and the activity of the catalysts was also found to increase with the increase in Cu loading up to 2.7 wt % Cu loading. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and were related to surface properties of the copper species supported on zirconia.     

Cu/BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及可见光催化活性(英文)

利用水热法制备了Cu掺杂的BiVO4复合可见光催化剂,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其进行表征.XRD分析显示所有催化剂都呈现单斜结构.XPS结果显示掺杂元素均以其稳定氧化态形式存在于催化剂表面.DRS谱中掺杂样品的吸收边比纯BiVO4都有不同程度的红移.以甲基橙(MO)的可见光催化降解反应为探针,研究了催化剂的可见光催化性能.结果表明,经Cu掺杂改性的催化剂的催化能力比纯BiVO4有所提高.对其掺杂增强催化能力的可能原因进行了讨论.     

水热法制备Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒

采用水热法制备了Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒, 通过XRD、BET、TEM、FT-IR和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(DRS)对其结构和光学性质进行研究. 结果表明, 水热过程实现了氧化锡的直接晶化, 产物为金红石结构, Fe3+进入SnO2的晶格之中形成固溶体. 这种方法制备的Fe3+改性的SnO2纳米颗粒为单分散状态, 粒径分布均匀, 纯的SnO2未焙烧前平均粒径为6.0 nm, 随着Fe3+添加量的增大, 样品的粒径减小. BET显示纯的SnO2样品比表面积为206.1 m2•g−1, 随着Fe3+添加量增大, 产物的比表面积增大, 同时样品的紫外-可见吸收发生红移.     

A low-temperature, soft chemistry method for the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles in thermally evaporated fatty amine thin films

We demonstrate the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles in a lipid matrix by a simple, low temperature beaker-based process. This is accomplished by electrostatic entrapment of ZrF6(2-) ions within thermally evaporated octadecylamine (ODA) thin films followed by the low-temperature in situ hydrolysis of the entrapped metal ion complexes. The zirconia particles thus formed were of the monoclinic phase and were fairly monodisperse with particles of average size 40 nm. The zirconia crystallites appeared to exhibit preferred orientation indicating epitaxial growth of the crystals within the lipid matrix. The formation of zirconia nanoparticles in the lipid matrix was investigated using quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM), optical absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.     

Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic performance of copper-containing SBA-15 in the phenol hydroxylation

A series of copper-containing SBA-15 samples were successfully synthesized via evaporation-induced self-assembly route. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), (29)Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N(2) sorption, inductively coupling plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that: (1) all the samples exhibited typical hexagonal arrangement of mesoporous structure; (2) copper ions could be incorporated into the framework of SBA-15; (3) the addition of urea in the hydrothermal stage efficiently reduced the leaching of copper and improved the thermal stability of the mesoporous materials. Catalytic performances of the obtained materials were evaluated in the hydroxylation of phenol with H(2)O(2). The catalytic tests showed that the synthesized materials exhibited high activity for this reaction and copper ions in the framework were more active than copper species in the extra-framework position. The nitric acid treatment on the samples removed the bulk CuO species, which resulted in a dramatic increase in the catalytic activity.     

La掺杂Bi2O3的制备、表征与可见光催化活性

采用浸渍法制备了La掺杂Bi2O3(La-Bi2O3)光催化剂,利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和光致发光谱(PL)等分析测试手段对样品的La掺杂量、晶体结构和光谱特征等进行了表征,并以2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)水溶液的降解作为探针反应,考察了样品的可见光催化性能.结果表明,适量的La掺杂能有效抑制Bi2O3由四方相向单斜相转变,并将光吸收范围拓展到550 nm以上.掺杂的La可取代Bi2O3晶格中部分Bi,形成Bi—O—La键,并生成了少量镧铋复合氧化物(La0.176Bi0.824O1.5),它们的存在能有效抑制光生电子-空穴对的复合,从而提高光催化量子产率.可见光照射下2,4-DCP的光催化降解实验表明,La-Bi2O3具有良好的可见光催化性能,并且当La的掺杂量为3%(摩尔分数)时,催化剂的可见光催化效率最高.     

ZnO-rich CdS-ZIF-8 catalyst for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

CdS-ZIF-8 photocatalyst was prepared by introducing a ZnO-rich zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) during synthesis of CdS by a facile solvothermal method, using ZnO-rich ZIF-8 and cadmium acetate [Cd(Ac)₂] as support and CdS precursor, respectively. The introduction of ZnO-rich ZIF-8 and the photodegradation performance of the catalyst for methylene blue (MB) organic dye were systemically investigated. The CdS-ZIF-8 catalysts were also characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption–desorption measurements, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that CdS-ZIF-8 contained ZIF-8, CdS, and ZnO phases. The CdS in CdS-ZIF-8 catalysts exhibited smaller particle size compared with pure CdS. Furthermore, compared with pure CdS, CdS-ZIF-8-30 with introduction of ZnO-rich ZIF-8 exhibited higher surface area (77.3 m²/g) and pore volume (0.103 cm³/g). EDX and FT-IR results suggested that a CdS/ZnO heterostructure was formed, which effectively reduced recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Radical trapping experimental data and band edge position analysis revealed that Z-scheme behavior also played a role in the system. Relying on the combined effect of their structure, the photodegradation efficiency of all the CdS-ZIF-8 catalysts was obviously superior to that of pure CdS for degradation of MB under visible-light irradiation. Photodegradation results illustrated that CdS-ZIF-8 with introduction of 30 mg ZnO-rich ZIF-8 (denoted as CdS-ZIF-8-30) exhibited optimal photodegradation activity.     

氟改性纳米TiO2的制备及其光催化降解甲基橙机理

采用简易的沉淀-氟化-回流晶化法在低温下制备了氟改性纳米TiO₂ (F-TiO₂), 并通过透射电镜(TEM), X射线衍射(XRD), 傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱, X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和漫反射光谱(DRS)等表征手段研究了粉末的形貌、晶型、元素形态和光吸收性质. 结果表明: 实验制得的F-TiO₂为椭圆形纳米颗粒, 粒径为5-8 nm; 氟离子能够有效抑制板钛矿相TiO₂的生成, 并同时提高锐钛矿相TiO₂的晶化度; 修饰的氟主要分布在TiO₂表面, 以化学吸附态为主, 并伴有少量的间隙氟. 光催化降解甲基橙的实验表明, 氟离子改性的TiO₂同时具有较高的全谱和可见光催化活性. 通过碱洗和焙烧的对照实验分析可知, F-TiO₂在可见光下降解甲基橙的机理是源于一种由TiO₂表面吸附氟和间隙氟共同增强的染料敏化降解作用.     

Dehydrogenation of methanol to methyl formate over CuO?SiO2 gel catalyst

CuO−SiO₂ gel catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method and were characterized by UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). It was found that the copper loadings have a strong influence on the reduction and catalytic properties of CuO−SiO₂ gels. A great part of copper oxide is highly dispersed as confirmed by TPR, XRD and DRS data. The catalysts are shown to be active and selective toward methyl formate formation in methanol dehydrogenation due to the presence of highly dispersed copper over SiO₂.     

多孔Ce_(1-x)Nd_xO_(2-y)的微波引诱燃烧合成及其光催化性能研究

采用硝酸铈、硝酸钕、尿素为原料,使用微波引诱燃烧法合成了多孔Ce1-xNdxO2-y固溶体。利用X射线衍射仪、Raman光谱仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电镜、N2吸附-脱附技术、紫外-可见吸收光谱仪等测试手段对产物进行了表征。XRD分析表明,Ce1-xNdxO2-y固溶体的粒径范围在40~60 nm之内,且所有产物为萤石结构。Raman测试表明,在Ce1-xNdxO2-y中,由于Nd3+的掺杂而产生氧空位,且空位浓度随Nd3+掺杂量的提高而增加。红外结果证明,Ce-O键的吸收峰在1400 cm-1左右处,由于Nd3+的掺杂而使得在2346 cm-1的吸收峰消失。从SEM和孔径分布结果可看出,产物为多孔结构。紫外-可见光吸收和可见光催化降解实验表明,随着Nd3+掺杂量的增加,Ce1-xNdxO2-y的紫外吸收增强;由于多孔结构和氧缺位的产生,产物在可见光范围内有较明显的吸收。     

Preparation and characterization of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous yttria-stabilized zirconia by aqueous organic gel route

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3-DOM) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was prepared by aqueous organic gel method through the interstitial spaces between polystyrene spheres assembled on glass substrates. The morphologies and pore size of the porous YSZ were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption. The thermal behavior, the phase and chemical composition of PS/YSZ composite were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that porous YSZ has been formed with the pores arranged in an ordered close-packed three-dimensional structure. Ni/YSZ cermet was also prepared by immersing the 3-DOM YSZ into the solution of nickel nitrate and urea. The electrical conductivity of Ni/YSZ was about 400 S cm⁻¹ between 600 and 800 °C.     

铁酸铜负极材料的微波合成和电化学性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板,硝酸铁和硝酸铜为起始物,采用一步微波法,再经过简单的热处理制备了CuFe₂O₄负极材料,采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等测试技术表征材料的结构和形貌。 电化学测试表明,在100 mA/g电流密度,0.01~3.0 V电压条件下,材料的首周嵌脱锂比容量分别为1202.2和873.2 mA·h/g,循环50周后,嵌锂比容量仍保持在近650 mA·h/g,显示出优异的电化学性能。     

AuCu/ZnAl-LDO复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用浸渍还原法成功将金铜纳米颗粒负载到锌铝水滑石表面(AuCu/ZnAl-LDHs),焙烧制得复合金属氧化物(AuCu/ZnAlLDO)。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)技术对材料的晶型、形貌、元素组成以及光吸收性能进行分析。以邻苯二酚为降解物,研究AuCu/ZnAl-LDO在可见光下的光催化性能。实验结果显示:相比于纯锌铝复合金属氧化物(ZnAl-LDO),AuCu/ZnAl-LDO具有更强的可见光吸收能力。Au、Cu负载比例为5∶1,焙烧温度为400℃的催化剂在5 h内对邻苯二酚的降解率为94.5%,其降解的反应速率常数为ZnAl-LDO的13.4倍。此外,借助理论计算推测了AuCu/ZnAl-LDO电子转移的路径,并以此提出可能的光催化降解机理。