基于摩擦系数优化的车人碰撞事故再现研究

行人摩擦生物力学特性对车人碰撞事故再现结果有直接的影响,但由于人体结构的复杂性和交通事故的突发性特点,导致行人与汽车、道路的接触特性很难通过试验的方式获取,本文探讨了基于仿真试验的车人碰撞事故行人摩擦生物力学特性分析方法,并通过蒙特卡罗方法验证摩擦特性的可靠性.将该特性应用于车人碰撞类型的交通事故过程再现进行验证,仿真结果表明:所得到的摩擦特性精度高、可靠性高,能够满足车人碰撞交通事故再现对行人摩擦特性精度要求,为交通事故中所涉及的行人摩擦生物力学特性分析提供了新的途径.     

基于人体多方位运动的三维自主导航定位算法

基于MEMS传感器的行人导航通常利用行人航迹推算算法解算出人体位置的坐标对行人定位。传统行人航迹推算算法只能用于单一前进行走运动模式,不适用于人体实际的多方位运动模式。因此,提出了一种多方位运动三维自主导航定位算法,利用三轴加速度计数据对行人进行步态检测和步长估计,在分析了加速度计单轴数据的基础上,讨论了4类运动模式的识别方法,推导出适用于人体多方位运动模式的航迹推算公式。在智能手机平台上进行测试验证,实验结果表明,所提出的多方位运动模式自主导航定位算法在人体实际运动中,定位误差小于3.2%,很大程度上提高了导航精度。     

用管轴流速确定动脉中血液振荡流的速度剖面

本文通过求解圆管内血液振荡流的基本方程，求得圆管内血液流的速度与压力梯度之间的关系式，文章提出一种利用管轴外流速计算管内压力梯度，进而确定血液振荡流动速度分布的方法，该方法用于检测活体血管内血液振荡流的速度剖面，具有操作简单，精度较高的优点，最后，以人体颈动脉为例，讨论血液周期振荡流的速度分布特征，发现在任意时刻，除了邻近管壁速度迅速降为零之外，沿管截面速度分布相当均匀，呈现出与定常流不同的速度分布特征。     

汽车工程中的若干力学问题

汽车的设计、开发和使用离不开力学.简述汽车的发展历史、主要组成及其性能.介绍汽车工程中的几个关键力学问题,包括汽车轮胎力学、行驶稳定性分析、驱动与阻力、振动与噪声、碰撞力学与车身耐撞性、撞击损伤生物力学、行人保护力学等.展望了汽车工程中需要关注的力学问题.     

一种基于人体运动状态识别的行人航迹推算方法

针对目前行人导航技术中人体运动状态分类不完善和运动状态识别精度不足而导致定位精度不高问题,提出一种基于人体运动状态识别的行人航迹推算(PDR)算法.定位人员首先通过手持智能手机,在多种运动状态随机切换情况下,利用基于合加速度波形的单峰值检测法,完成不同运动状态下的步频及计步检测;然后通过分析和筛选加速度的时域特征,构建...     

便携式人体皮肤摩擦性能测试仪的研制

随着对人体皮肤摩擦学特性研究的展开,目前还没有适用的设备对脸颊?额头等不规则形状部位进行测试,本文研制了一种便携式的摩擦性能测试仪,并在不损害皮肤情况下进行人体皮肤摩擦性能测试,结果表明:该测试仪使用方便?性能可靠.在0.2 2N 的接触正压力和10 60nml/S 的滑行速度范围内,皮肤摩擦系数与施加的接触正压力及滑行速度无关.自然状态下,手背?手掌?前臂屈侧?前臂伸侧?前额部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距较小,但脸颊部位皮肤摩擦系数女性却远大于男性.护肤品处理后,各测试部位皮肤摩擦系数在性别间的差距都有所缩小.     

基于人体下肢运动学机理的行人导航方法

利用人体运动特征实现行人导航是近年来导航技术领域新兴的研究方向之一。针对惯性测量组件足部安装方式在人体较高过载的运动中无法有效实现零速修正的问题,研究了一种惯性测量组件在人体下肢分布式安装,基于人体下肢运动学机理构建虚拟足部惯性测量组件,从而实现人体导航定位的方法。阐述了行人导航系统的结构与虚拟惯性传感组件的构建机理,研制了系统原理样机。实验结果表明所提出的方法在人体较高过载的行进中可有效克服测量信息超量程、冲击等因素对导航解算的影响,定位精度约为行进距离的6%,并通过分析总结了影响该类型行人导航系统性能的各项主要因素,为进一步研究提供了一定的理论与技术基础。     

关于荡秋千力学原理的一个注记

将人体简化为质点,讨论了荡秋千过程中速度、能量和人体做功的关系. 指出在最低点从蹲 姿转换为站姿时,依据动量矩守恒原理速度将增加;因而人体肌肉需要克服重力做功以增加 势能,还需要克服离心力做功以增加动能. 在最高点从站姿转换为蹲姿时,速度保持为零, 且因人体倾斜势能减少较小. 具体给出了秋千荡起高度的公式.     

锥头刚性钨弹贯穿铝合金靶理论模型与应用

利用柱腔膨胀理论,提出了带有圆锥形头部的刚性杆式钨弹侵彻和贯穿薄铝靶板的理论模型.该模型考虑了弹靶之间的摩擦效应的影响.推导获得了弹体撞击并侵彻和贯穿靶体全过程中的弹体速度和弹体贯穿靶体时的剩余速度解析表达式,给出了弹体的速度时程曲线.通过比较理论与基于MSC.DYTRAN软件的有限元数值结果,验证了理论模型的适用性.基于理论模型的结果表明,弹体锥头长度越大,弹体剩余速度越高.弹体越细,其贯穿靶威力越大.弹靶之间的摩擦将降低弹体的剩余速度.计算也进一步表明,考虑摩擦的影响,弹锥头长度存在对应于获得最大剩余速度的某一最佳值.     

激光干涉测速技术

在材料的高压状态方程和动力学特性研究中,经常利用冲击波加载。这类实验需要高精度测量自由面速度,两种不同材料的界面速度及各种不同材料的粒子速度等。目前,世界上已有几十台激光干涉仪用于冲击波物理的研究,成功地测量了飞片速度,自由面速度,波后粒子速度及界面速度等。     

Computerized instrumentation system for monitoring the tractor performance in the field

A high precision computerized instrumentation package was developed and mounted on a 50 kW tractor to monitor and measure various performance parameters of a tractor and implement system. The system was intended to be used for the compilation of a database of draft requirements of tillage implements. The system designed to measure: three-point linkage forces, ground speed, tillage depth, fuel consumption, forward speed, slip, engine speed, hydraulic pressure and fluid temperatures. The data acquisition unit was based on a high speed multi processors Campbell Scientific CR3000 data logger linked to a microcomputer using suitable transducer. The average calibration constants for the rear wheel speed, fuel consumption and three point linkage transducers were 0.0364 m/pulse, 0.000142857 l/pulse and 0.66 mV/kN respectively. The data acquisition system was capable of scanning rate up to 100 K sample/s. Data acquisition system was developed to measure draft of primary tillage implements in vertisol.     

非定常空泡闭合区域最大压力的理论研究

当物体在流体中高速运动产生空泡时,空泡通常以回射流的形式闭合在物体表面上,并在闭合位置对物体表面产生流体超压. 在物体表面上的空泡闭合位置一般不是固定的,其位置根据物体运动速度的变化、空泡压力的变化及重力场中的位置等因素而在物体表面发 生快速移动,在非对称情况下,这种移动超压会极大影响运动物体的稳定性. 基于势流理论研究了重力场中非定常垂直空泡闭合区域中最大压力的存在位置,推导了最大压力的理论公式,揭示了最大压力与空泡发 展速度之间的关系,证明了最大压力点的两个特殊流体性质. 最后设计了测量空泡闭合区域最大压力的验证性试验,并将理论计算结果与试 验测量结果进行了对比,验证了理论研究结果.     

Improvement of traction performance and off-road mobility for a vehicle with four individual electric motors: Driving over icy road

To control speed and wheel slip for severe conditions of tire-surface interaction is a challenging task in the design of traction control system for electric vehicles with off-road capability. In this regard, the present paper focuses on a specific traction control for an electric vehicle with four individual in-wheel motors over icy road. The study demonstrates that a proper integration of the speed controller and wheel slip controller can essentially improve the mobility of the vehicle in the cases of acceleration and slope climbing. The paper discusses relevant case studies with particular attention given to the system architecture (sliding mode and PID control methods), extremum-seeking algorithm for maximum tire-road friction and corresponding slip value, and experimental validation of the tire model used in the controller with the help of the Terramechanics Rig in the Advanced Vehicle Dynamics Laboratory (AVDL) at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.     

REBOUNDING OF GALILEAN CANNON FROM A RIGID WALL1)

研究了Galilean炮——即若干个直径递增的弹性球组成的球链---撞击刚性壁回弹的问题。采用三种力学模型：分离刚体的多次"弹性"碰撞、多刚体的接触碰撞、以及有限元模拟,对球链撞击问题进行了分析,旨在给出碰撞结束后末端小球的飞离速度与入射速度的比值。研究表明：球链碰撞反弹后将会散开,末端小球的飞离速度明显大于球链入射速度;当入射球链间存在间隙时,末端小球的速度增幅更加明显。通过实验展现了这种末端小球回弹速度增加的现象。     

Flutter of slender bodies under axial stress

The equations of motion of flexible slender bodies with constant body sections immersed in a uniform axial flow are discussed and used to derive some simple results for the divergence speed and the flutter speed. The results are compared with a classical waving flag result in two-dimensional flow. The slender body result for the flutter speed is compared with values obtained from wind tunnel experiments for some low budget paper strips.     

Flutter of slender bodies under axial stress

The equations of motion of flexible slender bodies with constant body sections immersed in a uniform axial flow are discussed and used to derive some simple results for the divergence speed and the flutter speed. The results are compared with a classical waving flag result in two-dimensional flow. The slender body result for the flutter speed is compared with values obtained from wind tunnel experiments for some low budget paper strips.     

Generalized transformation design: Metrics,speeds, and diffusion

We show that a unified and maximally generalized approach to spatial transformation design is possible, one that encompasses all second order waves, rays, and diffusion processes in anisotropic media. Until the final step, it is unnecessary to specify the physical process for which a specific transformation design is to be implemented. The principal approximation is the neglect of wave impedance, an attribute that plays no role in ray propagation, and is therefore irrelevant for pure ray devices; another constraint is that for waves the spatial variation in material parameters needs to be sufficiently small compared with the wavelength. The key link between our general formulation and a specific implementation is how the spatial metric relates to the speed of disturbance in a given medium, whether it is electromagnetic, acoustic, or diffusive. Notably, we show that our generalized ray theory, in allowing for anisotropic indexes (speeds), generates the same predictions as does a wave theory, and the results are closely related to those for diffusion processes.     

在质量块冲击作用下刚架大挠度响应的实验研究

本文报道刚架跨中受到以不同速度运动的质量块冲击时动态大挠度响应的实验研究工作,实验测取了冲击点位移、速度随时间变化的曲线及某些关键点的动态应变历史,由此描述了在响应过程中,质量块与刚架间动量动能的传递过程,找出了塑性区域形成和扩展的规律。研究表明:初始撞击接近于理想非弹性,动态荷载不宜简化为瞬时冲量,此时初始冲击动能与刚架所能吸收的最大弹性能之比即便很大,响应中弹性成分仍占有很大的比例,能量比率作为判断是否宜于采用刚塑性解答的条件已不再充分;刚架在初始撞击中吸收的能量和冲量与初始动能和动量之比,仅与刚架承受初始撞击的相当质量和冲击物质量之比有关,而与冲击速度无关,文中给出了二者的关系式。     

A device to regulate rotational speed using a rotating regulator with electrorheological fluid

The authors propose a device consisting of a rotating regulator within an electrorheological fluid (ERF), in which the rotational speed of the rotating body can be regulated by supplying an electric field. This new type of device with ERF is relevant to engineering applications and can play a role in braking as well as in rotation regulation. The ERF used here consists of a colloidal suspension of smectite particles in a solvent. The experimental conditions are fixed in a range of comparatively small rotational speed. The authors clarified the hydrodynamic and electrical effects of the shape of the rotating disk, the kind of solvent contained in the ERF, the temperature, the electrode gap and the electric field strength on the steady characteristics of the torque, the electric current density and the electric power to a rotational speed. From the torque and rotational speed data, empirical equations were derived using nondimensional parameters for the purpose of convenient engineering design. The authors also clarified the correlation between the hydrodynamic and steady electric characteristics of the device and the transient characteristics of torque, the electric current and the rotational speed.     

多重网格法求解轴流压气机内部流场

提出了一种能够与显式时间推进法、有限体积差分格式、粘性体积力法有效地配合使用的有效地配合使用的多重网格法来解轴流压气机内部流场。作者对美国NASA37^#跨音速轴流压气机转子内部流场的数值计算表明,多重网格法的计算结果与试验结果吻合, 同时该多重网格法的收敛速度比不用多重网格法加快了1．5倍。