四轮客货车安全车速实时监测模型的研究

考虑实际坡度条件下, 提出了基于压力传感器的汽车重心与安全车速实时监测系统的多元力学模型. 建立了考虑车辆重心高度、路面纵横双向坡度及路面半径等因素的车辆安全车速控制力学模型, 并在三维模型分析的基础上提出监测与报警机理, 可为汽车安全系统提供安全车速与重心计算的多维力学模型, 为研制汽车安全车速实时监测系统提供了必要参数与依据.     

头部与大挠度弹性板的撞击响应特性分析

在行人与汽车碰撞的研究中，头部-汽车发动机罩撞击损伤是重要的内容．把此问题简化为柔性球体与大挠度弹性板的大变形撞击响应问题，采用有限元方法分析了头部与汽车发动机罩撞击的动态响应特性，得出了相关因素对撞击响应的影响特点，并提出了具有行人保护作用的发动机罩的设计原则．为非线性动态响应力学问题的研究提供参考．     

基于压力传感器的汽车重心实时监测力学模型

介绍了传统车辆重心测定的方法，提出了基于压力传感器的汽车重心实时监测机理的力学模型．利用该模型能实时监测汽车的整车重量、重心位置，提供安全装载和安全车速监测与报警，可为汽车安全系统提供可靠的重心计算力学模型，为研制汽车重心实时监测系统提供了必要参数与依据．     

会爬墙的汽车玩具

叙述汽车玩具依靠气流吸力和摩擦力实现爬墙行驶的力学原理,以及为设计所进行的摩擦力测试方法.以爬墙汽车玩具为缩微模型的爬壁机器人具有广阔的应用前景.     

高速铁路工程中若干典型力学问题

高速铁路是一个复杂的系统工程,涉及一系列关键力学问题.本文讨论高速铁路工程中的3个关键固体力学问题:高速铁路轮轨滚动接触力学问题、高速列车关键结构部件疲劳问题和高速列车与线路结构动态相互作用问题;概述了其研究进展与工程应用;提出了今后进一步结合高速铁路工程需求的研究方向.     

岩土力学近期发展浅议

本文对岩土力学研究中的几个主要方面作了简要的介绍与讨论,包括岩土介质的本构关系、 岩体断裂性质、节理与层面问题、现场测试、室内试验有待解决的问题、岩土介质与上部结构物的共同作用、环境岩土力学与工程、数值分析与计算机辅助设计以及岩土力学与工程中的不确定性问题.文中还对学科发展与工程应用、数值计算与数值模拟、研究方法与技术途径、新领域与学科之间的相互渗透以及岩土力学与工程当前的有利与不利之处分别作了简要的说明与讨论.     

钢结构格构柱设计理论的力学问题

借助钢结构格构柱设计理论的换算长细比、横向最大剪力以及分肢承载力三个重要力学问题的解决思路和求解技巧的演绎教学,培养学生发现工程中的力学问题、寻找解决力学问题的途径、服务工程设计的能力,引导学生深刻认识力学理论在解决工程问题中的重要作用,进而激发学生学习力学理论的兴趣,实现学生探究、解决工程问题的创新思维、创新能力的培养目标.     

颗粒材料计算力学专题序

颗粒材料广泛地存在于自然环境、工业生产和日常生活等诸多领域, 其受加载速率、约束条件等因素的影响具有复杂的力学行为. 颗粒材料常与流体介质、工程结构物耦合作用并共同组成复杂的颗粒系统, 并呈现出非连续性、非均质性的复杂力学特性. 目前, 离散元方法已成为解决不同工程领域颗粒材料问题的有力工具, 然而其在真实颗粒形态的构造、接触算法、颗粒与流体及工程结构的耦合模型、多介质和多尺度问题, 以及高性能大规模计算等方面仍面临着诸多亟待解决的问题.《力学学报》组织了“颗粒材料计算力学”专题的7篇综述或研究论文, 分别从研究进展、理论模型及工程应用方面反映了颗粒材料计算力学研究领域上的最新研究进展, 为颗粒材料计算力学交叉领域的研究提供参考.      

汽车是如何被提升到楼层上的

 通过设计汽车提升架的工程实例介绍,交流如何应用力学的基础知识来解决工程中技术 难题的体会. 希望通过实例的介绍,可以将这些有益的经验与同仁分享和交流.     

农业工程中力学问题研讨会纪要

<正> 为了促进力学和农业生产实践相结合,中国力学学会和中国农业工程学会于1991年12月17日至19日在北京农业工程大学联合组织召开了“农业工程中力学问题研讨会”.来自全国各地的约40位代表参加了研讨会,交流、介绍和探讨了农业工程中的各种力学问题.中国力学学会副理事长薛明伦主持了17日上午的开幕式.中国力学学会王仁理事长、余寿文副理事     

“Wheels vs. tracks” – A fundamental evaluation from the traction perspective

The issue of wheeled vehicles vs. tracked vehicles for off-road operations has been a subject of debate for a long period of time. Recent interest in the development of vehicles for the rapid deployment of armed forces has given a new impetus to this debate. While a number of experimental studies in comparing the performances of specific wheeled vehicles with those of tracked vehicles under selected operating environments have been performed, it appears that relatively little fundamental analysis on this subject has been published in the open literature, including the Journal of Terramechanics. This paper is aimed at evaluating the tractive performance of wheeled and tracked vehicles from the standpoint of the mechanics of vehicle–terrain interaction. The differences between a tire and a track in generating thrust are elucidated. The basic factors that affect the gross traction of wheeled and tracked vehicles are identified. A general comparison of the thrust developed by a multi-axle wheeled vehicle with that of a tracked vehicle is made, based on certain simplifying assumptions. As the interaction between an off-road vehicle and unprepared terrain is very complex, to compare the performance of a wheeled vehicle with that of a tracked vehicle realistically, comprehensive computer simulation models are required. Two computer simulation models, one for wheeled vehicles, known as NWVPM, and the other for tracked vehicles, known as NTVPM, are described. As an example of the applications of these two computer simulation models, the mobility of an 8 × 8 wheeled vehicle, similar to a light armoured vehicle (LAV), is compared with that of a tracked vehicle, similar to an armoured personnel carrier (APC). It is hoped that this study will illustrate the fundamental factors that limit the traction of wheeled vehicles in comparison with that of tracked vehicles, hence contributing to a better understanding of the issue of wheels vs. tracks.     

近空间高超声速飞行器气动特性研究的若干关键问题

在30$\sim$70km空域机动飞行的高超声速飞行器的优点是可以耦合利用所处空域的空气产生的升力和高速飞行的离心力进行远距离机动滑翔飞行,具有重要的实用价值.尽管过去数十年在高超声速流动研究方面取得显著进展,但在设计研究近空间远程滑翔的高超声速飞行器方面仍然存在许多挑战,特别是对特定飞行条件下的流动机理了解不清楚.本文介绍了作者研究团队在开展近空间高超声速飞行器有关的关键气动问题方面的研究进展,主要包括:建立了近空间高超声速飞行的流动模型,发展了系统的相关计算空气动力学方法,针对高空高速飞行条件下稀薄气体效应和真实气体效应的耦合作用影响研究了合适的滑移边界条件,考虑了不同组分存在条件下的温度、速度和压力的滑移效应影响;提出了飞行器气动外形的动态优化方法,获得了可工程实用化的高升阻比飞行器气动外形;建立了高速飞行器动稳定性理论,在实现高超声速飞行器动态稳定飞行方面取得重大进展;最后讨论了高超声速飞行器设计中进一步需要关注的若干关键技术和科学问题、可能解决的途径及其所涉及的学科发展方向.      

RESEARCH PROGRESS IN THE INJURY AND PROTECTION TO VEHICLE AND PASSENGERS UNDER EXPLOSIVE SHOCK LOADING

在当前反恐战争和地区武装冲突迫切形势下,如何提高车辆及人员的防护能力是诸多学科工作者面临的共同挑战。综述了威胁车辆安全的常见爆炸物、其作用原理和影响爆炸物作用载荷的因素,阐述了爆炸物爆炸冲击对车辆的破坏和人员损伤的各类不同形式。在此基础上分析了相关的实验、表征和模拟技术的研究进展,总结了国内外车辆爆炸防护结构的研究现状,包括轻质防护材料和结构的研发趋势,展望了车辆爆炸防护结构设计的研究趋势。     

A skid steering model with track pad flexibility

The paper describes a model for predicting the skid-steering performance of tracked vehicles that allows for the flexibility of the track pads. It thus accounts for the reductions in friction moment that are observed as the radius of the turn is increased. The pad model computes a compound slip function and takes account of the shear stiffness of the pad and the limiting friction between the pad and the ground. Vehicle dimensions and the equations of motion are entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The equations are solved using the Excel Solver routine. This avoids the need for specialised software or programming skills. It also gives good insight into the mechanics of steering and the factors affecting performance. Predicted sprocket torques for a Jaguar vehicle turning at different radii show good agreement with experimental measurements. The steering performance of an example six axle 24 tonne vehicle is computed and compared with that using the early Merritt/Steeds model that ignored track pad flexibility. The flexible pad model generally shows the vehicle to be slightly oversteer, whereas the Merritt/Steeds model predicts the vehicle to be understeer. At higher speeds the maximum cornering acceleration is likely to be limited by available power at the sprockets. Altering the static weight distribution of the vehicle shows that a forward weight distribution tends to cause a more oversteer response with reduced limiting lateral acceleration. With a rearward weight distribution, the vehicle response tends towards neutral to slight understeer. This is in contrast to Ackerman steered wheeled vehicles with pneumatic tyres where moving the CG forward tends to a more understeer response. Using the concept of static margin as applied to wheeled vehicles, it is suggested that a uniform or slightly forward weight distribution would make tracked vehicles less sensitive to external disturbances (cambered roads for example).     

Prediction of impacts of wheeled vehicles on terrain

Traffic of off-road vehicles can disturb soil, decrease vegetation development, and increase soil erosion. Terrain impacts caused by wheeled off-road vehicles were studied in this paper. Models were developed to predict terrain impacts caused by wheeled vehicles in terms of disturbed width and impact severity. Disturbed width and impact severity are not only controlled by vehicle types and vehicle dimensions, but also influenced by soil conditions and vehicle dynamic properties (turning radius, velocity). Field tests of an eight-wheeled vehicle and a four-wheeled vehicle were conducted to test these models. Field data of terrain–vehicle interactions in different vehicle dynamic conditions were collected. Vehicle dynamic properties were derived from a global position system (GPS) based tracking system. The average prediction percentage error of the theoretical disturbed width model is less than 20%. The average absolute error between the predicted impact severity and the measured value is less than an impact severity value of 12%. These models can be used to predict terrain impacts caused by off-road wheeled vehicles.     

Exploring cold regions autonomous operations

The US Army must update its vehicle fleet to be better equipped for potential future military conflicts in northern climates (US Army, 2017). This process involves considering manned, optionally manned, and unmanned vehicles as viable options in the future. Optionally manned and unmanned vehicles in the armed forces have substantial benefits because they can operate without direct driver input or are able to perform missions deemed too dangerous for troops. Optionally manned vehicles allow the driver to shift some, or all, focus away from the task of driving the vehicle. In some cases, these autonomous vehicles may perform better than a human driver by rapidly sensing and reacting to terrain changes. Onboard sensing and decision making are equally applicable to both fully autonomous and teleoperated vehicles. This work will focus on the terrain sensing, waypoint navigation, and teleoperation potential of an optionally manned or unmanned vehicle. Results from a vehicle demonstration on two different terrain conditions will provide the basis for additional terrain sensing and autonomous vehicle development work in the coming year.     

Features of internal and external flows in high-speed vehicles with a magnetohydrodynamic air-intake

The features of the internal and external flows in high-speed vehicles with a magnetohydrodynamic air-intake ensuring additional deceleration of the supersonic flow are considered. Preliminary investigations carried out earlier showed that this MHD flow control makes it possible significantly to increase the gasdynamic component of the vehicle thrust. However, there are significant negative effects, mainly the development of an additional vehicle drag force associated with the magnetic field. Thus, there arises a complex of interrelated problems with opposite effects on the resulting characteristics of the vehicle. In the present study these questions are investigated both on the basis of developed physicomathematical models and numerical methods and by means of the combined optimization of the internal duct profile and the external configuration of the vehicle. It is shown that a strategy for improving the vehicle characteristics can only be chosen by simultaneously analyzing the features of the internal (magnetohydrodynamic) and external (gasdynamic) flows.     

A comparison of ground vehicle mobility analysis based on soil moisture time series datasets from WindSat,LIS, and in situ sensors

Soil moisture is a key terrain variable in ground vehicle off-road mobility. Historically, models of the land water balance have been used to estimate soil moisture. Recently, satellites have provided another source of soil moisture estimates that can be used to estimate soil-limited vehicle mobility. In this study, we compared the off-road vehicle mobility estimates based on three soil moisture sources: WindSat (a satellite source), LIS (a computer model source), and in situ ground sensors (to represent ground truth). Mobility of six vehicles, each with different ranges of sensitivity to soil moisture, was examined in three test sites. The results demonstrated that the effect of the soil moisture error on mobility predictions is complex and may produce very significant errors in off-road mobility analysis for certain combinations of vehicles, seasons, and climates. This is because soil moisture biases vary in both direction and magnitude with season and location. Furthermore, vehicles are sensitive to different ranges of soil moistures. Modeled vehicle speeds in the dry time periods were limited by the interaction between soil traction and the vehicles’ powertrain characteristics. In the wet season, differences in soil strength resulted in more significant differences in mobility predictions.     

Accomplishments and future tasks in off-road transportation

In the first public lecture in a series on “Transportation Technology and Environment” at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, in late 1971, Dr. Bekker describes the development of the rationale now accepted for selecting vehicle design parameters at the conceptual stage. As examples of contemporary off-road vehicle development, he mentions tracked articulated vehicles and lunar roving vehicles. The need for rational, systematic thinking in modern vehicle design is stressed. A warning is given not to be lulled into trying to apply air cushion vehicle design criteria, originally developed for seagoing operations, to land operations. Dr. Bekker also identifies the need for laboratory simulation of ACVs operating over land, and reminds his audience that ecological considerations can no longer be ignored in vehicle design.