授权制造下碳交易对制造/再制造影响及协调机制研究

在授权制造下,为分析碳交易对制造/再制造供应链影响和研究供应链协调机制,基于授权制造分别构建由一个原始制造商和一个再制造商参与的分散决策博弈模型和集中决策博弈模型,对比分析政府碳交易政策对两种决策模式最优解影响,并针对制造商分散决策导致的边际损失问题,给出固定授权费的协调机制。研究主要得到:无论分散决策还是集中决策,当碳交易价格大于某一阈值时,碳交易不仅可以降低两种产品对环境的影响,还增加消费者剩余;分散决策时,在碳交易下原始制造商可以通过降低单位授权再制造费用来增加利润;原始制造商和再制造商可以签订固定授权费的契约来协调供应链利润。     

需求依赖于库存量的供应链商业信用期问题研究

针对需求依赖于初始存货量的供应链商业信用期问题展开研究,而在供应链内供应商的决策是商业信用期,零售商的决策是库存水平.通过分析与证明,分别给出了分散决策与集中决策两种情况下,最优商业信用期及库存水平的决策步骤.为了达到渠道协调的目标,提出了利润补偿机制以对渠道内增加的利润进行重新分配.同时模型的性质也通过数值算例进行了详细说明.     

零售商公平关切下双渠道闭环供应链的协调

在双渠道闭环供应链中考虑零售商具有公平关切行为倾向,针对集中、分散两种决策情形分别建立双渠道闭环供应链定价模型,研究和对比了两种不同决策情形对直销价格、零售价格、回收价格及供应链系统利润的影响.研究表明,分散决策情形的系统利润要低于集中决策情形的系统利润;制造商提供一个由批发价格、直销价格和回收转移价格组成的协调契约可以协调双渠道闭环供应链,但该契约只对零售商有利,对制造商不利,为此,通过增加一个利润共享补充协议或两部定价补充协议可以有效协调双渠道闭环供应链,实现制造商和零售商的双赢;而零售商公平关切行为的存在将增强零售商参与协调时的议价能力,进一步影响零售商利润分享比例或零售商支付给制造商固定费用的变化范围.     

面向制造商资金约束的绿色供应链融资策略研究

考虑了生产绿色产品供应链中,由于制造商由于加大绿色产品投入而面临资金约束时,零售商是否应该参与融资的问题。分别研究了在分散决策和集中决策下,存在资金约束的制造商采用预付款融资策略和银行贷款融资策略对供应链中企业最优决策的影响。给出了不同融资策略下,制造商和零售商的最佳决策。研究表明,在制造商存在资金约束的绿色产品供应链中,在集中决策和分散决策的情况下,零售商都应该采取提前付款折扣为0的融资策略参与制造商融资。同时,对于生产绿色产品的供应链,零售商应对制造商采取激励措施,促使制造商进行绿色技术创新生产绿色度更高的产品,从而扩大市场提高竞争力。最后,应用数值模拟对结论进行进一步验证。     

策略性消费者影响下的双渠道供应链合同选择

研究了存在策略性消费者且零售商在原有线下渠道基础上开通线上渠道时，制造商与零售商供应链合同的选择问题。通过逆推法比较不同供应链合同下，制造商与零售商做分散决策和集中决策获得的收益以及零售商线上线下不同渠道定价决策对供应链整体收益的影响，讨论制造商和零售商的最优决策。得出主要结论为：在一般情况下数量折扣合同能更好的协调供应链，增加整体收益；然而当策略性消费者的耐心程度，对线上销售渠道接受程度增加时，批发价格合同更适用于考虑零售商开通线上销售渠道的情况。     

碳补贴和时滞效应下低碳供应链微分博弈研究

在政府低碳补贴政策下,本文考虑技术的时滞效应,构建政府、制造商和零售商的微分博弈模型,在分散决策下分析了制造商采用远视策略和短视策略时各方的最优决策,并将结果与集中决策下的对应情形进行了比较分析。研究发现滞后效应与政府的最优补贴比率负相关。制造商的短视策略并不一定会损害收益,若滞后时间超过特定阈值,那么企业将不会投资低碳技术。集中决策下减排努力、宣传努力、减排稳定值、商誉稳定值均高于分散决策,但满足一定条件时集中决策的供应链利润会低于分散决策。     

消费者环境意识及碳价约束下供应链减排的转移机制及决策

针对在碳价和消费者环境意识约束下由一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链系统,建立三阶段Stackelberg博弈模型分析供应链集中决策和分散决策下制造商和零售商的决策过程,并对集中决策和分散决策下的减排效果、消费者剩余、制造商转移减排任务系数进行比较分析.通过改变参数值和成本函数进行数值仿真和敏感性分析,检验模型的合理性和鲁棒性.研究发现,分散决策下,制造商是否转移减排任务取决于碳价和消费者环境意识约束,如果制造商转移减排任务,零售商收益、消费者需求和消费者剩余降低;分散决策和集中决策下减排效果不变,但集中决策下消费者需求和消费者剩余较高;集中决策下,制造商同时考虑减排成本和价格策略,消费者剩余增加.     

制造商检验的最优质量水平及影响因素研究

为提高我国食品质量安全水平,对小型、分散的单个供应商和一个制造商构成的食品供应链中,制造商对原材料和最终食品进行质量检测的情况,建立了以供应商和制造商各自的质量水平为决策变量的优化模型,分析了最优质量水平的影响因素和影响效应.并依据结论提出相应建议,如提高消费者对优劣食品的识别能力,发挥制造商在供应链中的监督检验作用等.     

基于企业环境自我规制的电器电子产品供应链决策与协调

电器电子产品制造商与零部件供应商环境自我规制是供应链获得竞争优势的重要战略,也是实现WEEE源头污染控制的关键。考虑供应商环境自我规制的溢出效应,构建四种不同环境自我规制模式下电器电子产品供应链成员的决策与协调模型,分析供应链成员决策和利润变化。发现分散决策时,制造商与供应商同时进行环境自我规制模式最优,单方企业环境自我规制模式次之,且企业环境自我规制不改变制造商在供应链上的利润优势。单方企业环境自我规制模式下,规制方的利润增量总是小于无规制方。与无环境自我规制模式相比,制造商环境自我规制模式下,供应商存在“敲竹杠”行为。最后,针对供应商和制造商同时进行环境自我规制模型,设计了制造商收益共享契约,激励制造商和供应商提高其环境自我规制水平,实现各企业利润的Pareto改进。     

VMCI下考虑顾客退货的供应链联合促销与协调

在允许顾客退货的环境下,以供应商管理寄售库存(VMCI)的供应链为对象,探讨了供应链的促销决策及协调问题。研究发现,集中情景下最优的寄售库存量与促销水平均高于分散情景下的对应值;根据在供应链运营过程中双方成员承担的不同风险设计的滞销补贴-双向促销成本分担契约可以实现供应链协调;期望退货费用不超过某一阈值时,全额退货策略优于不允许退货策略。此外,通过数值仿真揭示了顾客评估风险对利润及协调契约的影响。     

供需不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链组合契约设计

本文研究供需同时不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链契约设计问题,在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链系统中,供应商的努力影响产量的不确定性,零售商的努力影响市场需求的不确定性。首先,利用Stackerberg主从博弈模型计算了分散决策时零售商、供应商的最优期望利润,并将计算结果与集中决策时供应链整体的最优期望利润进行对比。由于双重边际效应的存在,分散决策时供应链的最优期望利润小于集中决策时供应链的最优期望利润。基于此,本文设计了回购和成本分担组合契约来协调该供应链,计算了回购价格和成本分担系数的表达式,得到了回购和成本分担契约下供应商和零售商的最优期望利润。结果表明,在特定条件下,该组合契约不仅可以协调供应链,还可以实现供应链利润的任意分配。最后,通过数值计算,分析了供需双方的决策变量和期望利润随契约参数的变化情况。     

随机需求下供应链商业信用契约协调

研究一个供应商和一个零售商构成的两级供应链面对随机需求时的商业信用契约协调问题。通过分析商业信用对供应商与零售商各自目标利润及供应链的总利润的影响,建立了商业信用契约协调模型,推导了最优信用期和最优订货量,指出通过信用策略可以使双方实现对利润的合理分配与协调。最后通过数值算例说明了所得结论。     

需求不确定下制造商为核心的三级供应链协调

在需求不确定的情境下,研究由单一供应商、制造商和销售商组成的三级供应链系统的协调问题。设计了制造商—销售商采用期权契约,制造商—供应商采用回购契约的联合契约协调机制,分析了集中控制、分散控制和协调机制下供应链系统的最优决策。最后,通过数值算例说明了机制设计的有效性,并对分析结果进行验证。研究结果表明,通过制定合理的契约参数可以使供应链各成员的期望利润相比分散决策时有帕累托改进,从而实现三级供应链系统的协调。     

碳税政策下时变需求依赖库存与价格的供应链协调模型

研究由一个供应商和一个零售组成的二级供应链系统在碳税政策下的协调问题.对于市场需求率为时变函数且依赖于当前库存水平和销售价格的情形,建立分散式和集中式供应链决策模型.比较两种模型得出供应商和零售商合作能够提高供应链的整体利润但是也会产生更多的碳排放.分别利用批发价格契约和两部收费契约协调分散式决策模型得出供应链协调的条件.最后通过数值算例验证理论结果并分析碳税单价对供应链在两部收费契约下实现协调的影响.     

顾客策略行为下基于联合促销努力的风险规避供应链协调模型

本文在考虑顾客策略行为情形下,利用条件风险度量准则建立了带有联合促销努力供应链协调模型,研究了风险规避对销售商和供应商决策行为的影响,得到了如下研究结论:(1)集中决策情形,价格承诺策略既可以激励供应商提高生产量,还能够有效降低顾客策略行为对其产生的负面影响。(2)分散决策情形,销售商风险规避度增大,销售商的订购量将增加,供应商的销售努力也将增加;供应商风险规避度增大,销售商的订购量将减小,供应商的销售努力也将减小;无论供应商和销售商的风险规避如何变化,销售商的销售努力不变。(3)利用回购和成本分担组成的混合契约可以实现供应链完美协调。     

A novel mathematical inventory model for growing-mortal items (case study: Rainbow trout)

Unlike the extensive inventory models for both ameliorating and deteriorating items, incorporating some specific features of these products have mostly been neglected. To fill this research gap, providing an appropriate mathematical inventory model for both ameliorating and deteriorating items is of paramount importance. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel mathematical inventory model for products called growing-mortal items in a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one supplier and one farmer. The proposed inventory model is more precise than analogous inventory models due to the fact that the specific growth function for the item is considered as well as mortality rate. As a case study, the model is applied to rainbow trout, which can be used for other types of growing-mortal items. Moreover, a feeding function is first-ever proposed for rainbow trout regarding the case study. The goal of this paper is to study the growth period in the supplier and then in the farmer sites to maximize the profit of the supplier as a leader and farmer as a follower under a Stackelberg game. To demonstrate how to reduce the inventory system costs by two coordination mechanisms, namely revenue-sharing and revenue and cost sharing, the model is solved under centralized and decentralized cases. Finally, sensitivity analysis on key parameters is also conducted to derive some managerial insights.     

Inventory control of supply chains: Mitigating the bullwhip effect by centralized and decentralized Internal Model Control approaches

In this paper, a two-degrees-of-freedom Internal Model Control structure is incorporated in production inventory control for a supply chain system. This scheme presents an intuitive and simple parametrization of controllers, where inventory target tracking and disturbance (demand) rejection in the inventory level problems are treated separately. Moreover, considering that the lead times are known, this scheme presents a perfect compensation of the delay making the stabilization problem easier to handle. This control structure is formulated for a serial supply chain in two ways (by using a centralized and a decentralized control approach). The behavior of these inventory control strategies is analyzed in the entire supply chain. Analytical tuning rules for bullwhip effect avoidance are developed for both strategies. The results of controller evaluations demonstrate that centralized control approach enhances the behavior with respect to the inventory target tracking, demand rejection and bullwhip effect in the supply chain systems.     

Random yield supply chain with a yield dependent secondary market

This paper considers a simple supply chain with one supplier and one retailer where the supplier’s production is subject to random yield and the retailer faces uncertain demand. There exists a secondary market for acquiring or disposing products by the supplier. We study both the centralized and decentralized systems. In the decentralized system, a no risk sharing contract and a risk sharing minimum commitment contract are analyzed. The supply chain with the risk sharing contract is further analyzed with a constant secondary market price and a yield dependent secondary market price. We present both the supplier’s and the retailer’s optimal strategies and provide insights for managers when making decisions under random yield risk and demand uncertainty. We find that the secondary market generally has a positive impact on supply chain performance and the actual effect of random yield risk on the supply chain performance depends on cost parameters and supply chain contract settings. Under certain conditions, reducing yield randomness may weaken the double marginalization effect and improve the chain performance. From the numerical study, we also show that there exists an optimal commitment level for the supply chain.     

Revenue management for a supply chain with two streams of customers

In this paper, we consider revenue management for a service supply chain with one supplier and one retailer. The supplier has a limited capacity of a perishable product and both the supplier and the retailer face customers. Each customer may choose to buy a product from either the supplier or the retailer by considering prices and the cost associated with switching. For the centralized model, the supplier determines the selling prices for both herself and the retailer, and the retailer simply collects a commission fee for each product sold. We derive monotone properties for the revenue functions and pricing strategies. Further, we show that the commission fee increases the retailer’s price while decreasing the supplier’s and leads to efficiency loss of the chain. For the decentralized decision-making model, the supplier and the retailer compete in price over time. Two models are considered. In the first, the retailer buys products from the supplier before the selling season and in the second the retailer shares products with the supplier in retailing. For both models, we discuss the existence of the equilibrium and characterize the optimal decisions. Numerical results are presented to illustrate properties of the models and to compare the supply chain performance between the centralized and the decentralized models.     

Price fluctuations,information sharing,and supply chain performance

We consider a supply chain consisting of one supplier with finite production capacity and a retailer facing independent and identically distributed demands from end-customers. Existing research advocates that, in a decentralized setting, the retailer and the supplier using stationary order up to policies is efficient. We show that in the presence of information sharing, the supply chain performance can be improved by the supplier offering fluctuating prices. We study two specific settings: (1) the supplier only knows the parameters of the retailer’s inventory policy; and (2) the supplier knows the day-to-day inventory levels at the retailer as well. After establishing structure of optimal policies and developing efficient solution procedures, we perform an extensive computational study to determine the extent of the improvements realizable in the supply chain. We observed that for setting 1, an improvement was realized only when the end-customer demands were highly variable. Even then, the improvement in supply chain performance was less than 1%. Whereas, for setting 2, the improvement in supply chain performance averaged around 5.0% with a maximum of 16.3%.