Dynamics modelling of beams with shunted piezoelectric elements

General modelling of a resonant shunting damper has been made from piezoelectric sensor/actuator equations. It is found that an additional damping, which is augmented to a system, is generated by the shunt damping effect. The transfer function of the tuned electrical absorber is derived for both series and parallel shunt circuit. The governing equations and associated boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. The shunt voltage equation is also derived from the charge generated in PZT due to beam vibration. The frequency response function of the obtained mathematical model is compared with that of the tuned electrical absorber and experimental work. The vibration amplitude is reduced about 15 dB at targeted second mode frequency.     

甲烷在空气燃烧的等离子体射流助燃效应的光谱研究

大气压氩等离子体射流是一种非平衡等离子体,能够产生大量的电子、离子、激发态粒子和活性基团,在燃烧过程中这些粒子的参与能够大大降低化学反应的活化能,而等离子体射流的动力学效应影响粒子输运过程,使得等离子体射流具有一定程度的辅助燃烧效果。本实验通过发射光谱测量,分别识别出了在非预混和预混的甲烷燃烧过程参与燃烧的中间物种（OH,CH和C₂）,测量了这些自由基的发射光谱强度随着外部控制变量（放电电压、混合当量比）变化的规律。对于非预混情况,实验发现随着产生等离子体射流放电电压的增大,火焰总体长度变短,火焰面出现褶皱,火焰根部蓝色区域面积不断扩大,在22 kV时,大约占总火焰面积的1/2。对火焰根部的发射光谱测量结果表明,当电压达到16 kV时,发射光谱明显增强,而当电压进一步增大到22 kV时,这些自由基粒子的光谱强度却出现下降,这归因于在等离子体产生的电离风作用下管内气体流速增大,导致燃烧区发生移动远离喷口,使采集到的火焰根部区域变小造成的。另外,研究了在不同的燃料当量比下等离子体射流对预混气体助燃的过程,实验发现燃料当量比为2时,OH(A-X)的光谱发射强度随电压的增大而增强而CH(A-X)和C₂(d)的发射强度在等离子体射流直接作用的情况下减小,反映了在氩等离子体射流参与助燃下燃烧变得更加充分了。实验发现等离子体射流产生大量的自由基以及等离子体电离风对混合过程的影响能够对燃烧过程产生明显影响。     

A Hall effect angle detector for solid-state NMR

We describe a new method for independent monitoring of the angle between the spinning axis and the magnetic field in solid-state NMR. A Hall effect magnetic flux sensor is fixed to the spinning housing, so that a change in the stator orientation leads to a change in the angle between the Hall plane and the static magnetic field. This leads to a change in the Hall voltage generated by the sensor when an electric current is passed through it. The Hall voltage may be measured externally by a precision voltmeter, allowing the spinning angle to be measured non-mechanically and independent of the NMR experiment. If the Hall sensor is mounted so that the magnetic field is approximately parallel to the Hall plane, the Hall voltage becomes highly sensitive to the stator orientation. The current angular accuracy is around 10 millidegrees. The precautions needed to achieve higher angular accuracy are described.     

紧凑型可重复运行的高功率纳秒脉冲源

 讨论了一种低阻抗、高储能密度、可输出中等高压的百ns脉冲形成技术,其输出波形质量较好;采用磁感应电压叠加技术将该脉冲形成装置输出的中等高压脉冲叠加到应用需求的高电压高功率脉冲。研究表明单个感应模块可在2.8 Ω的负载上获得脉冲宽度为220 ns,前沿为50 ns的中等高压脉冲。     

不同E/cB值下同轴绝缘子闪络特性

基于磁场闪络抑制原理,研究了由回路电流产生的同轴自磁场对径向真空固体绝缘界面沿面闪络特性的影响规律。根据同轴结构电场E和磁场B的比值与半径无关、只与电路参数相关的特点,分别设计了E/cB（c为光速）为0.041,0.05,0.056和0.062的四种同轴电极结构,开展了有磁场和无磁场两种条件下电介质的真空沿面闪络实验研究。实验结果表明,在有利于磁场闪络抑制条件的自磁场位形下,真空沿面闪络耐压水平相比无磁场情况有明显提高,且比值E/cB越小闪络电压提高幅度越大。当E/cB比值为0.041时,沿面闪络电压可提高约1.3倍;而当自磁场位形反向时,沿面闪络电压相比于无磁场情况有所降低。     

一台基于串级二极管技术的高强度脉冲硬X射线源

介绍了利用串级二极管产生高强度脉冲硬X射线的方法及其辐射场参数。以“闪光二号”加速器为平台,通过适应性改造,产生快前沿电压脉冲;研制了两级阻抗1 Ω串级二极管,通过串联分压降低二极管端电压、各级二极管电子束独立打靶在空间叠加形成高强度均匀辐射场。解决了悬浮电极绝缘支撑、二极管阴极均匀发射等技术难题,实现了串级二极管的稳定工作。在总电压约700 kV、电流约310 kA条件下,X射线平均能量87 keV,500 cm2上的平均能注量36 mJ/cm2,剂量均匀性（最大值比最小值）达到2∶1。     

单壁碳纳米管薄膜光电器件研究

制备了单壁碳纳米管薄膜光电器件,在偏压和激光器照射条件下可产生净光电流。分别研究了偏置电压、激光功率、照射位置对净光电流的影响。实验表明,激光照射薄膜中点,净光电流随着偏压的增大而增大,随激光功率的增大而趋于饱和,偏压为0.2 V,激光功率为22.7 mW时,净光电流达到0.24 μA;无偏压,激光照射薄膜不同位置时,净光电流值关于器件中心对称分布,照射两端点输出最大光电流,照射中点输出趋于“0”。经分析,在偏压和激光照射薄膜中心位置的条件下,器件因内光电效应可产生净光电流;在无偏压和激光照射的条件下,因光热电效应可产生净光电流,并建立了温度模型,根据单壁碳纳米管的热电势特性推导出了净光电流与光照位置的关系,其符合实验结果;内光电和光热电效应是光电流产生、变化的原因,在偏压和激光照射的一般条件下,净光电流应是两种效应的叠加结果。器件所具有的光电特性使其在光伏器件、光传感器有应用的潜力。     

MILO物理分析与数值模拟

 用二维全电磁PIC方法模拟了空军实验室的磁绝缘传输线振荡器(MILO),分析了MILO的物理图象。在外加电压为500kV与电流60kA时,在L波段获得了1.5GW数值模拟结果,与实验结果符合较好。特别研究了MILO的各参数变化对其运行的影响,得到了一些有价值的物理规律。     

The analysis of excite and probe measurements of relaxation times with fluctuating pulse duration

The effect of fluctuations in the pulse duration of synchronously pumped modelocked pulse trains on excite and probe measurements is discussed. Relaxation times comparable with the pulse durations can be measured even when large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in duration exist. The pump and probe pulse durations are assumed to be correlated. When the probe pulses are the second harmonic of the pump, or vice versa, the third harmonic must also be generated to permit deconvolution of experimental excite and probe data. When the pump and probe pulses have the same time dependence, the excite and probe curves consist of the desired response function convolved with the time-averaged second harmonic autocorrelation function which is easily measured. Deconvolution yields the relaxation time but fluctuations in pulse duration increase the root-mean-square voltage fluctuation at the output of the detector system and limit the accuracy with which the relaxation time can be calculated.     

Electrical measurement of the direct spin hall effect in Fe/InxGa(1-x)As heterostructures

We report on an all-electrical measurement of the spin Hall effect in epitaxial Fe/InxGa(1-x)As heterostructures with n-type (Si) channel doping and highly doped Schottky tunnel barriers. A transverse spin current generated by an ordinary charge current flowing in the InxGa(1-x)As is detected by measuring the spin accumulation at the edges of the channel. The spin accumulation is identified through the observation of a Hanle effect in the voltage measured by pairs of ferromagnetic Hall contacts. We investigate the bias and temperature dependence of the resulting Hanle signal and determine the skew and side-jump contributions to the total spin Hall conductivity.     

Superconducting mechanism of YBaCuO superconductors

Electromagnetic properties of YBaCuO superconductor were measured on applying an external magnetic field to study non-volatile magnetic effect. The voltage increases with increase in applied magnetic flux, but it becomes constant at about 10⁻² T. The appearance of the voltage is ascribed to the trapping of magnetic flux. By changing the density of external magnetic flux, changes in inductance of a coil in which a superconducting bar inserted were also measured. The results showed that the filament model was valid to explain the mechanism of the occurrence of a voltage in superconducting sample. It was concluded that the electromagnetic properties arose from the interaction between the trapped magnetic flux and weak link of the filament formed in the superconducting bulk.     

NiFe/Pt薄膜中角度相关的逆自旋霍尔效应

NiFe/Pt双层薄膜样品在铁磁共振时, NiFe磁矩进动所产生的自旋流注入到Pt层中, 由于逆自旋霍尔效应产生直流电压V_ISHE, 此电压会叠加到NiFe薄膜由于自旋整流效应而产生的电压V_SRE 上, 实验测量所得电压为V_ISHE和V_SRE的叠加. 为了区分这两种不同机理对电压的贡献, 本文采取旋转外加静磁场的方法, 通过分析所测电压随磁场角度的变化从而分离出V_ISHE 的大小. 研究结果表明, 相比于单层NiFe(20 nm)薄膜样品, NiFe(20 nm)/Pt(10 nm)双层膜样品中由于NiFe自旋注入到Pt 中导致铁磁共振线宽增加. 与逆自旋霍尔效应产生的电压相比, 自旋整流效应的贡献较小, 但不可忽略. 本文工作有助于认清铁磁/非磁性金属材料中的自旋相关效应, 并提供了一种准确的分析逆自旋霍尔效应的方法.     

Measuring mechanical properties of ferromagnetic materials by internal induction

The voltage which is generated during the reversal of the magnetization inside the ferromagnetic specimen itself is measured. This internally produced voltage is sensitive to external forces and internal stresses. The method is compared with the application of strain gages.     

A study of electron beams extracted from a plasma produced by laser interaction with a solid target

In this work, wave formation in laser-produced plasma is investigated by an analysis of time-of-flight signal of the electron pulse. Electrons are extracted from a non-equilibrium plasma, generated by pulsed laser ablation on a solid Ge target. The process is represented by ion-acoustic waves, which are generated from an external perturbation, given by the positive bias voltage of a Faraday cup. The characteristics of the waves depend substantially on the geometry of the plasma expansion chamber and on laser fluence, but are independent on bias potential. A KrF excimer UV laser was employed for plasma generation. Measurements were performed at two different laser fluences, 4 and 7 J/cm². The plasma created propagates with a mean velocity of about 1.1?×?10⁴ m/s. A movable Faraday cup was employed in order to collect electrons at different bias voltage values.     

Measurement and calculation of electrostatically induced voltage generated on an ungrounded metal box

When a charged body passes by the front of an ungrounded metal box such as a box of electronic equipment, an electrostatically induced voltage is generated. The induced voltage can cause malfunctions and failure of the equipment. However, whether a voltage is induced in the metal box by a moving charged body and how much is induced is not clear. In this study, measured induced voltages are compared with values calculated for two capacitance-measuring methods. The results will be helpful to estimate the possibility of malfunction and failure by induced voltage and whether a standard test method should be considered.     

Relaxation nature of a current settling upon the application of an electric voltage in LaMnO3 crystals

The electrical conductivity of LaMnO₃ crystals was measured at room temperature to determine that the transition to a stable magnitude of electric current corresponding to the applied voltage has a relaxational nature with a characteristic time of about 10 min. The steady-state value of the current depends on the preceding voltage applied to the sample. The effect was observed in both dc and ac measurements. Detailed characterization of the crystals was performed using magnetic and x-ray methods.     

Temperature effect on threshold voltage and optical property of twisted nematic liquid crystal with applied different voltages

In this paper, temperature-dependent birefringence theory of liquid crystal is used to investigate the temperature effect on the threshold voltage. An expression for describing the non-linear relationship between the threshold voltage and temperature is deduced. In addition, we theoretically discuss the temperature effect on the transmitted ratio of the namatic twisted liquid crystal without the applied voltage and with the applied voltage. It is found that the transmitted ratio is decreased linearly as temperature is increased when the liquid crystal is not applied with voltage, but the transmitted ratio is increased linearly as temperature is increased when the liquid crystal is applied with voltage. The threshold voltages and the transmitted ratio are measured at different temperatures. The experimental data are consistent with the theoretical calculated results.     

The Role of the Field Emission Effect in the Breakdown Mechanism of Direct‐Current Helium Discharges in Micrometer Gaps

This paper contains results of experimental studies of the direct current breakdown voltage curves and volt‐ampere characteristics of discharges generated in a system consisting of two plane‐parallel tungsten and molybdenum electrodes at separations from 100 µ m to 1 µ m. The measurements were performed in the pressure range from 22.5 Torr to 738 Torr. The results are presented in the form of Paschen curves. Based on the measured breakdown voltage curves, the effective yields have been estimated in the case of different cathode materials. Differences between them are attributed to the influence of the work function of the cathode material on the current‐voltage characteristics due to field emission effect in small gaps and high pressures. At low‐pressures, however, vaporation of impurities from the electrodes material becomes significant. The present paper delivers new data on DC breakdown under these experimental conditions and conditions on the validity of the Paschen law in helium and provides better insight into the role of the field emission and the electrode materials on the breakdown voltage. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

20 kV/20 kHz/100 A高压脉冲源设计

设计了一种基于功率金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)为开关的高压脉冲电源。采用自匹配传输线结构线路形式,串联多个以光纤信号隔离触发的MOSFET作为高耐压开关,在传输线的外皮产生2个纳秒脉冲,再用传输线变压器对2个纳秒脉冲进行功率合成,在200 Ω负载上输出了幅度20 kV,重复频率20 kHz,脉冲宽度约40 ns的脉冲。分析脉冲源装置结构,对实验装置建立仿真模型,阐述了输出波形畸变的原因,给出了影响输出脉冲波形特性的因素,为下一步优化波形工作提供了理论参考。     

Advanced theory of driven birdcage resonator with losses for biomedical magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy

A complete time-dependent physics theory of symmetric unperturbed driven hybrid birdcage resonator was developed for general application. In particular, the theory can be applied for radiofrequency (RF) coil engineering, computer simulations of coil-sample interaction, etc. Explicit time dependence is evaluated for different forms of driving voltage. The major steps of the solution development are shown and appropriate explanations are given. Green's functions and spectral density formula were developed for any form of periodic driving voltage. The concept of distributed power losses based on transmission line theory is developed for evaluation of local losses of a coil. Three major types of power losses are estimated as equivalent series resistances in the circuit of the birdcage resonator. Values of generated resistances in legs and end-rings are estimated. An application of the theory is shown for many practical cases. Experimental curve of B₁ field polarization dependence is measured for eight-sections birdcage coil. It was shown that the steady-state driven resonance frequencies do not depend on damping factor unlike the free oscillation (transient) frequencies. An equivalent active resistance is generated due to interaction of RF electromagnetic field with a sample. Resistance of the conductor (enhanced by skin effect), Eddy currents and dielectric losses are the major types of losses which contribute to the values of generated resistances. A biomedical sample for magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy is the source of the both Eddy current and dielectric losses of a coil. As demonstrated by the theory, Eddy current loss is the major effect of coil shielding.