双组分混合物沸腾换热的理论研究

本文利用动态微液层模型对双组分混合物的沸腾换热现象进行了理论预测。本模型认为沸腾换热的机理主要是由于在气泡的周期生长过程中所形成微液层的蒸发。模型中考虑了气泡生长过程中液体传质的影响,给出了气泡生长过程中传热面上气-液-固接触的动态构造,计算结果与实验结果能够较好的符合。     

Einstein制冷循环气泡泵的性能研究

基于Einstein制冷循环设计了气泡泵实验装置,以氨水为工质,对给定工况下气泡泵的性能进行研究。对沉浸比和加热功率对气泡泵的提升性能的影响进行分析,并将实验值与理论模型进行比较。结果表明:气泡泵的液体输送特性与气泡泵提升管管径、沉浸比、加热功率有关;气泡泵的液体流量随着加热功率增大、沉浸比的增大而增大,提升管内径对液体流量的影响不明显。实验结果与理论模型分析结果相一致。     

单压吸收式制冷机中气泡泵稳态工作特性研究

搭建可视化的气泡泵性能实验系统,以常压饱和水为工质,对单压吸收式制冷机中气泡泵的稳态工作过程进行实验研究,就加热功率和沉浸比对气泡泵提升性能的影响进行了分析。实验结果表明,相同沉浸比下,液体的提升量随着加热功率增加而增加,但增加的速率却随加热功率的增加而减缓;较大的沉浸比有利于降低启动加热功率,提高气泡泵的效率;分析结果对气泡泵的优化设计提供了实验依据,对单压吸收式制冷机性能的提高具有重要意义。     

局部沸腾液滴内部气泡动态行为研究

本文采用微加热器对液滴进行局部加热,并对其蒸发沸腾现象进行了可视化研究。液滴局部加热后产生局部沸腾现象,内部生成单气泡,气泡附着在加热基板上,持续生长,当达到某个临界点气泡破裂。在加热初期,气泡生长速度很快,随着加热过程的不断进行,气泡的生长速度逐渐放缓;随着气泡生长顺序的不断推迟,最大直径减小;加热功率的提升会增加气泡的生长速度,缩短气泡的生长时间。通过对气泡破裂过程的研究,气泡破碎过程开始于气泡上方的液膜断裂,形成不稳定的瑞利流和向上喷射的液滴,在表面张力的作用下,恢复初始状态,气泡破裂直径大小会影响液滴的波动幅度与周期。     

短时微重力下气泡尾流效应的动力学特性研究

实验研究了微重力环境中,不同热流密度时尾流效应对气泡动力学过程的影响。结果表明,微重力下气泡的尾流效应比常重力时更加明显,低热流密度时尾流对气泡动力学行为影响微弱,中高热流密度时尾流影响效果显著。尾流区内液体的水平流动促进了原生气泡间相互碰撞、合并过程,垂直加热面的流动则给气泡施加了向上的曳力,从而降低了气泡生长周期和脱离半径。尾流区内过冷液体的冷却作用使气泡内形成负压,液体从微柱结构内被吸入气泡底部,为其长大提供新鲜液体,避免局部干斑。尾流效应与微柱结构相互作用,能有效促进加热面的气泡合并和脱离过程,提高表面换热能力。     

声场中气泡群的动力学特性

以水为工作介质,考虑了液体的轻微可压缩性,研究了声场中气泡群的动力学特性,对单一型和混合型气泡群内微泡的初始半径、气泡的数目及声频率和声压对气泡动力学特性进行了数值研究．分析了各参数对气泡运动特性和气泡崩溃时所产生压力脉冲的影响．研究了单一型气泡群内气泡动力学的混沌特性,分析了气泡处于混沌特性下两次崩溃压力脉冲特征,结果表明：适合的参数有利于提高声空化处理效果．     

异质原子对液体气泡成核影响的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了池沸腾中液体层加入异质原子对气泡成核的影响.分析了异质原子能量参数对液体起始气泡成核时间和温度的影响及其机理.结果表明,当异质原子能量参数小于液氩能量参数时,液体起始气泡成核时间缩短,起始温度降低.当异质原子剂能量参数大于液氩能量参数时,液体起始气泡成核时间增加,起始温度升高.异质原子在壁面上的吸附及在液体中的扩散行为影响固液界面性质,较大能量参数的异质原子扩散系数较小,更多能量参数较大的原子吸附在固体表面上使得壁面势能壁垒增加,导致沸腾时间延迟,液体需要吸收更多的热量克服势能壁垒,进而提高沸腾起始温度.能量参数较小的异质原子扩散系数较大,异质原子更容易分散到液体中,使得壁面附近液体层势能减小,液体层更容易气泡成核行为.     

微通道局部加热气泡动力学实验研究

实验研究了在水平放置的低高宽比聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)微槽道(300μm×60μm)内的局部位置给予恒定热流密度条件下气泡的核化沸腾、生长和运动情况,实验中的工质采用FC-72,并用真空泵抽至室温下的饱和气压。研究发现微通道内起始沸腾需要比常规槽道更大的壁面过热度,液体流量和加热速率对气泡的生长和运动有很大的影响。     

Einstein制冷循环中气泡泵的试验研究

通过自行设计的可视化气泡泵实验装置,以氨水工质为研究对象,针对不同实验工况条件下的气泡泵的性能进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:气泡泵的液体流量随着提升管管径,沉浸比和加热功率有关,并且随着沉浸比和加热功率的增加而增大;沉浸比的增大而增大;气泡泵的效率也与沉浸比和加热功率有密切的关系:气泡泵的效率随着沉浸比的增加而增加,随着加热功率的增加表现为减小的趋势。     

对流梯形微通道内气液两相流动的数值研究

采用VOF方法,对梯形微通道内不可压缩气液两相流动进行了数值模拟研究,详细分析了气泡形成过程,以及当量直径、截面形状、液体表面张力和粘度等对气泡液柱形成过程和长度的影响,拟合出微通道气泡液柱长度计算公式。结果表明:气泡液柱的长度受表观气速和表观液速的影响较大;表面张力对气泡尺寸的影响较小,当液体粘度增加为水粘度的10倍时,形成的气泡形状不规则。增大表面张力,形成气泡的时间增加;增大粘度,形成气泡的时间减小。     

微液层模型预测过冷沸腾的临界热流密度

本文利用微液层模型对过冷沸腾的临界热流密度（CHF）进行了理论预测。过冷沸腾的强化换热主要是通过单个气泡的形成和消失造成的对流换热强化而引起的。对等热流面,CHF在高过冷区趋近于常数;对等温面,CHF随过冷度的增加而增加。过冷度增加时,蒸发换热量减少,总热流密度主要由蒸发区外的导热引起。     

回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调换热部件的两相流模拟

本文着眼于一种回收湿焓的新风换气节能空调,基于Volume of Fluid算法,建立其核心换热部件波纹板换热器板外两相流传热传质的计算模型,并利用该模型模拟分析了壁面热流密度、喷淋水入口温度、喷淋水量、气相进口速度及板间距等因素对板外传热性能的影响。结果表明:热流密度对壁面温度、两相界面温度的影响是线性的;壁面热流密度增大、冷却水喷淋密度减小、气相进口速度提高、板间距减小对传热传质效果具有强化作用。     

辐射换热的分区计算研究

本文利用蒙特卡洛法模拟圆柱形参与性介质内的辐射换热过程,分区计算了温度仅沿轴向(一维)变化和同时沿轴向和径向(二维)变化的吸收、发射、各向异性散射介质的边界热流分布,将各子区域的边界面假想为等效黑体面,采用由子区间的投射热流计算假想等效黑体面温度的方法,通过分别对介质温度分布一维和二维两种变化情况的研究表明,分区方法可以大大节省计算机内存,同时子区间介质的温度水平,几何尺寸比例以及各区间重合的光学厚度是影响热流分布精度的主要因素。     

间接蒸发冷却式板式换热器热工特性实验研究

本文介绍了研制过程中一种由带弧形表面凸起物的换热板所组成的，间接蒸发制冷板型换热器的热工特性，主要研究了影响换热效率E，板面水温及热流密度的影响因素，实验研究表明：换热器效率受喷水的水／气比值影响不大，受迎面风速影响较大，一次风干球温度的提高使得换热器效率及热流密度均有所提高，本组换热片换热效率在一定长度下，在二次风／一次风之比为0．8时，为0．80左右，文中分析了能效比EER在各种情况下的变化。     

Buckling and free vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shells subjected to a temperature-specified boundary condition

Linear thermal buckling and free vibration analysis are presented for functionally graded cylindrical shells with clamped-clamped boundary condition based on temperature-dependent material properties. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGM) shell are assumed to vary smoothly and continuously across the thickness. With high-temperature specified on the inner surface of the FGM shell and outer surface at ambient temperature, 1D heat conduction equation along the thickness of the shell is applied to determine the temperature distribution; thereby, the material properties based on temperature distribution are made available for thermal buckling and free vibration analysis. First-order shear deformation theory along with Fourier series expansion of the displacement variables in the circumferential direction are used to model the FGM shell. Numerical studies involved the understanding of the influence of the power-law index, r/h and l/r ratios on the critical buckling temperature. Free vibration studies of FGM shells under elevated temperature show that the fall in natural frequency is very drastic for the mode corresponding to the lowest natural frequency when compared to the lowest buckling temperature mode.     

含对流与蒸发表面的有限厚度材料的双曲型热传导分析

本文对于含有对流与蒸发表面的有限厚度材料,在遭受一脉冲表面热流作用时的双曲型热传导进行了分析,采用热势函数描述的双曲型热传导方程来描述该问题,并用有限差分法进行数值求解．同时,本文还就表面对流与蒸发对材料表面与内部瞬态温度变化的影响以及材料双曲型热传导对表面蒸发的影响进行了分析．     

Dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface based on measurements of thermal radio emission at a frequency of 60 GHz

We study the dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface on the basis of laboratory radiometric measurements of the time dependence of thermal radio emission of water at a frequency of 60 GHz, which is related to air turbulization above its surface by a fan. We recover the dynamics for the temperature profile in water and in a viscous sublayer of air as well as for the heat flux through the water-air interface. The flux components related to evaporation and heat exchange and the rate of evaporation from a unit surface are determined. An equation for determining the thickness of the viscous sublayer in the air from the heat flux value is obtained;this thickness is about 2 mm under the experimental conditions. The process dependence on the water turbulence is established and methods for determining the thermal film thickness are proposed. In the absence of turbulence in unstable stratified water we observed the development of a periodic convective process from the time the critical value of the Rayleigh number was reached. The heat exchange dependence on the presence of petroleum film on the water surface is studied. It is found that for a film thickness of 5 μm the heat exchange rate decreases by a factor of 3 because of the petroleum presence. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 351–369, March, 1997.     

湿分分层土壤中热湿迁移与水分蒸发的实验研究

在自然环境下,对土壤中温度和湿分分布以及水分蒸发的动态特性进行了实验研究,分析了干饱和层对土壤热湿迁移及水分蒸发的影响。结果表明: (1)在周期性变化的大气环境条件下,土壤温度、湿分含量和水分蒸发强度在一天内变化;随着土壤温度的降低,土壤水分含量在晚上会出现略有增加的情况。(2)形成干饱和层后,水分蒸发锋面由土壤表面下移至非饱和层与干饱和层界面处,水分蒸发强度明显减弱,干饱和层的厚度增长缓慢。(3)随着干饱和层不断向深处发展,土壤温度的日变化幅度增大,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤温度变化呈现出明显的滞后性。     

Critical phenomena at evaporation in a thin liquid layer at reduced pressure

This research is concerned with the problem of heat transfer in a thin liquid layer on a horizontal surface, which evaporates at reduced pressure, when structures shaped as “funnels” and “craters” appear on its surface under the action of vapor recoil force. An approximate model that takes into account the surface tension force, gravity force, vapor recoil force, and disjoining pressure is developed. For the experimentally realized shape of curved surface, in the frames of the model, the distribution of vapor recoil force, temperature, pressure, shear stresses, and local heat fluxes along the interface is found. The density of the heat flux corresponding to appearance of a crater at the place of an array of funnels is estimated. The results are in good agreement with the experimental measurements and the estimates by the Kutateladze formula for the first critical heat flux density.     

Steady parallel flow in an evaporating fluid heated from sidewalls

Evaporation is ubiquitous in nature, but very few attempts have been made in the past to couple the effects of evaporation with fluid flow behavior. In this theoretical paper we have discussed the effects of evaporation on the dynamics of steady state thermocapillary convection in a two-dimensional rectangular container. The liquid is heated by differentially heated sidewalls and mass loss from the interface due to evaporation is compensated by the liquid entering into the container through a lower inlet, thus keeping the thickness of the liquid layer constant. We show that for an evaporating liquid one can obtain a plane parallel base state profile which depends on the evaporative mass flux.