全二维气相色谱法用于不同石油馏分的族组成分布研究

一直以来采用化学法、色谱法或质谱法等多种方法联用分析不同石油馏分中一 些目标化合物和芳烃含量，但这些方法操作繁琐，迫切需要改进。作者采用全二维 气相色谱方法（GC×GC）研究不同沸程范围的蒸馏汽油、煤油柴油和裂化柴油的烷 烃（P）、烯烃＋环烷烃（O＋N）和1－4环芳烃（A）的族分离新方法。经过对柱系 统进行选择和对色谱条件进行优化，一个GC×GC方法即可实现对不同石油馏分的族 组成分离和目标化合物分离。用标准物对油品中一些特征组分进行定性，并对特征 组分和不同沸程的石油馏分的P，（O＋N），A族组成进行定量和比较，定量结果的 相对标准偏差（RSD）≤2.3。一个GC×GC方法便可完成原来要几个美国测试和材料 协会（ASTM）方法才能完成的任务。     

全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱用于莪术挥发油分离分析特性的研究

用全二维气相色谱 /飞行时间质谱 (GC×GC/TOFMS)研究莪术挥发油。对GC×GC与GC的分离特性和GC×GC/TOFMS与GC/MS的定性能力进行了比较。在相同条件下 ,GC分离出 87个峰 ,GC×GC分出约 5 0 0个峰 ,GC/MS和GC×GC/TOFMS鉴定出匹配度大于 80 0的组分分别为 4 6种和 2 2 7种。除此之外 ,GC×GC/TOFMS对每一个组分可给出三维定性信息 ,定性可靠性大大提高。研究结果显示与传统的分析技术相比 ,GC×GC/TOFMS在中药挥发油成分分析领域有很大的优势     

石油样品全二维气相色谱分析的分离特性

汽油、柴油等石油产品是典型的复杂混合物体系。一维气相色谱 (1DGC)分离能力不够 ,重叠十分普遍 ,定性不准确 ,族之间也不能分离干净。研究了全二维气相色谱 (GC×GC)用于石油样品分析的分离特性。对一特定的石脑油进行研究 ,一次进样实现了烷、环烷和芳烃 (PNA)的族分离。与 1DGC比较 ,GC×GC的正交分离、族分离、瓦片效应等特性使其峰容量大、灵敏度高、定性更简单准确 ,适合复杂混合物体系的分析 ,也是一种检测痕量杂质的有效手段。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱分析焦化柴油中饱和烃的分子组成

建立了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)分析柴油馏分中饱和烃的分子组成的方法。结合谱库检索、质谱图解析、沸点与分子结构关系和全二维谱图特征,定性(或归类)了焦化柴油饱和烃组分中1057个化合物单体,其中正构烷烃排列规律性最强,一环~三环环烷烃按照极性和沸点的差异呈瓦片状分布在其上方。另外,还准确区分了在一维气相色谱上共流出的正构烷基环己烷和正构烷基环戊烷,以及正构 α 单烯烃。根据质谱采集的总离子流色谱图,采用峰面积归一化法得到了饱和烃组分的碳数分布结果,并将该方法应用于研究不同类型柴油馏分饱和烃的分子组成特点。结果表明,催化裂化和焦化柴油馏分饱和烃组分的化合物类型和分布各不相同。分子组成分析能为油品加工工艺机理的研究提供方法支持。     

全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GC/TOFMS)用于烟叶中挥发、半挥发性碱性化合物的组成研究

建立了烟叶中挥发性、半挥发性碱性化合物组成研究的全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC×GC/TOFMS)分析方法, 并用所建立的方法对香料烟中碱性化合物进行了表征. 对比了一维气相色谱和全二维色谱方法用于烟叶碱性组分组成分析的效果. 一维色谱质谱方法共鉴定出45种碱性化合物. 用所建立的全二维气相色谱方法, 采用TOFMS谱图库检索结合全二维特有的包含结构信息的二维谱图, 通过族分离和结构谱图鉴定, 鉴定出了香料烟中挥发性、半挥发性碱性组分共92种. 包括吡咯类化合物6种, 吡啶类化合物39种, 吡嗪类化合物10种, 苯胺类化合物11种, 喹啉类化合物11种, 吲哚类4种和其他类化合物11种. 同时对不同类别的化合物在二维气相色谱上的分布模式进行了研究. 研究结果表明, 全二维色谱飞行时间质谱的高分辨率和特有的定性手段适合于烟叶这类复杂植物体系的化学组成研究.     

全二维气相色谱的原理、方法及应用概述

全二维气相色谱(GC×GC)是近几年来发展起来的一个新技术,与传统的多维色谱不同,它提供了一种真正的正交分离系统,其峰容量约等于两根柱各自峰容量的乘积,非常适合于复杂样品的分析。本文主要对GC×GC的原理、仪器、分析方法及其应用进行了评述,并展望了其未来发展趋势。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法测定塑料中50种高关注物质

该文建立了塑料制品中50种高关注物质(24种多环芳烃、17种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂、3种烷基酚、4种苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂、1种卡拉花醛香料和1种磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯残余化学物)的全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)检测方法。样品裁剪后经甲醇超声萃取,萃取液氮吹浓缩至2 mL,用GC×GC-TOF MS检测,飞行时间质谱定性,外标法定量。结果显示,50种高关注物质在0.05~15 mg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)不低于0.990 4,方法的检出限(LOD)和定量下限(LOQ)分别为0.04~5.96 mg/kg和0.05~13.39 mg/kg,在低、中、高3个加标浓度下的回收率为80.0%~121%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.1%~13%。将该方法用于实际样品检测,检出邻苯二甲酸酯和多环芳烃。方法准确、高效,可同时实现50种高关注物质的筛查和确证。     

全二维气相色谱技术及其进展

 许多分析问题的解决需要得到比一维色谱技术能提供的更高的分辨率。分离能力可通过使用多种分离技术或机理的组合来增强。此时 ,样品被分散在不同的时间维 ,最终的分辨率强烈地依赖于这些维间分离特性的差异。当它们之间没有关联 ,也即相互间正交时 ,系统可获得最高的分辨率。全二维气相色谱 (GC×GC)提供了一个真正的正交分离系统。它把分离机理不同而又互相独立的两支色谱柱以串联方式结合组成二维气相色谱。在这两支色谱柱之间装有的一个调制器起捕集再传送的作用。全二维色谱的峰容量为组成它的两支色谱柱各自峰容量的乘积。     

全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术分析重馏分油中芳烃组成

通过对升温速度、二维补偿温度、调制周期等关键实验参数的优化,建立了全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱(GC×GC-TOF MS)分析重馏分油中芳烃组分的方法,得到了重馏分油芳烃组分按环数分布的二维点阵图。根据谱库检索、标准化合物对照及文献报道,对重馏分油芳烃组分中菲、甲基菲及芘、苯并蒽等常见多环芳烃(PAH)进行了准确定性,并将该方法应用到重馏分油加氢处理工艺研究中,对菲、芘的加氢处理产物进行了定性分析。该研究为重馏分油芳烃组分的准确定性提供了新的技术手段,为加深对油品加氢规律的认识提供了技术支持。全二维气相色谱与普通一维色谱对比,在重馏分油的芳烃组分分析上体现了极大优势。     

全二维气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器定性定量分析柴油中的多环芳烃

提出了全二维气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC×GC-FID)定性定量分析柴油中多环芳烃的方法。利用全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC-TOF MS)确定柴油芳烃的4个族组成,分别为非芳烃、一环芳烃、二环芳烃和三环⁺芳烃,获得37种定性化合物;采用峰面积归一化法对多环芳烃进行定量。结果表明：柴油质控样中多环芳烃测定值的相对误差绝对值不大于5.0%;对柴油样品进行回收试验,回收率为95.7%～104%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.7%～4.3%。方法用于7种实际柴油样品分析,并与NB/SH/T 0806-2022进行比对,结果显示两种方法测定值的相对误差绝对值均不大于5.0%。     

Quantitative Determination of BTEX and Total Aromatic Compounds in Gasoline by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC)

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has been applied to the quantitative analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX), and all heavier aromatic compounds in gasoline. The two-dimensional chromatographic separation used volatility selection on the first-dimension column and polarity selection on the second-dimension column. In the resulting GC×GC chromatogram, aromatic species were resolved from other compound classes. Moreover, structurally related aromatics were grouped in a manner that facilitated identification and integration. The response of a flame ionization detector to each major aromatic group in gasoline was calibrated using internal standards. Quantitation produced results directly comparable with ASTM standard methods. The present GC×GC method can be expanded to analyze other gasoline components.     

A New Pulsed Flow Modulation GC × GC–MS with Cold EI System and Its Application for Jet Fuel Analysis

We designed and operated a new system of pulsed flow modulation (PFM) two dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC × GC) mass spectrometry (MS). This system is based on the combination of PFM–GC × GC with a quadrupole mass spectrometer of GC–MS via a supersonic molecular beams interface and its fly-through Cold EI ion source and applied this system for the analysis of JP8 jet fuel. PFM is a simple GC × GC modulator that does not consume cryogenic gases while providing tunable second GC × GC column injection time for enabling the use of quadrupole based mass spectrometry regardless its limited scanning speed. We analyzed JP8 jet fuel with our new PFM–GC × GC–MS with Cold EI system and found that as the second dimension GC elution time is increased the observed molecular ion mass is reduced. This unique observation that helped in improved sample compounds identification under co-elution conditions was enabled via having abundant molecular ions in Cold EI for all the fuel compounds. We named this type of analysis as PFM–GC × GC × MS. We found and discuss in this paper that PFM–GC × GC–MS with Cold EI combines improved separation of GC × GC with Cold EI benefits of tailing-free ultra-fast ion source response time and enhanced molecular ions and mass spectral isomer and isotope information for the provision of increased sample identification information.

     

Quantitative Aspects of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC)

A software program was developed to enable the quantification of the complex 3D-data sets as produced by GC×GC. Using this software, it was demonstrated that the detectability limit of GC×GC in our study is 18 times better than that of ‘normal’ capillary gas chromatography (CGC). This enhancement is due to the signal increase produced by the thermal modulation effect. The relative standard deviation of 0.9% as measured on a test mixture was excellent. Furthermore, a comparison was made for the group-type separation of heavy gas oils between the hyphenation of LC and GC (LC-GC) and GC×GC. Although these separations are different in nature, the agreement of the results of both methods was very good. The results of GC×GC may even be more accurate, since, different from CGC, even in the most complex chromatograms the baseline in the second dimension chromatograms is always present.     

Comprehensive multidimensional separation methods by hyphenation of single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOF-MS) with GC and GC×GC

One- and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography were hyphenated with soft photoionization mass spectrometry. The characteristics of these two- and three-dimensional comprehensive separation techniques are discussed in detail. Using the innovative electron beam pumped excimer light source (EBEL) for single-photon ionization (SPI), organic molecules with ionization energies (E _i ) of below 9.8 eV can be detected by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). SPI with 126 nm vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons enables the universal and soft ionization of organic molecules. SPI-TOF-MS hyphenated to one-dimensional gas chromatography results in a comprehensive two-dimensional separation method (GC×MS). To demonstrate this, diesel fuel was analyzed, and the resulting GC×MS chromatograms are discussed in depth. A three-dimensional separation method was also realized by combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with SPI-MS. In the resulting separation space, constituents originating from mineral oil diesel blended with biodiesel were dispersed along the two GC separation axes, while the molecular mass axis served as a third separation dimension.     

Development of two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with Orbitrap‐technology‐based mass spectrometry: Interest in the identification of biofuel composition

Comprehensive gas chromatography (GC) has emerged in recent years as the technique of choice for the analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds in complex matrices. Coupling it with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (MS) makes a powerful tool for identification and quantification of organic compounds. The results obtained in this study showed a significant improvement by using GC×GC‐EI‐MS in comparison with GC‐EI‐MS; the separation of chromatogram peaks was highly improved, which facilitated detection and identification. However, the limitation of Orbitrap mass analyzer compared with time‐of‐flight analyzer is the data acquisition rate; the frequency average was about 25 Hz at a mass resolving power of 15.000, which is barely sufficient for the proper reconstruction of the narrowest chromatographic peaks. On the other hand, the different spectra obtained in this study showed an average mass accuracy of about 1 ppm. Within this average mass accuracy, some reasonable elemental compositions can be proposed and combined with characteristic fragment ions, and the molecules can be identified with precision. At a mass resolving power of 7.500, the scan rate reaches 43 Hz and the GC×GC‐MS peaks can be represented by more than 10 data points, which should be sufficient for quantification. The GC×GC‐MS was also applied to analyze a cellulose bio‐oil sample. Following this, a highly resolved chromatogram was obtained, allowing EI mass spectra containing molecular and fragment ions of many distinct molecules present in the sample to be identified.     

Projection of multidimensional GC data into alternative dimensions—exploiting sample dimensionality and structured retention patterns

Comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a powerful separation technique. One of the features of this technique is that it offers separations with more apparent structure than that offered by conventional one-dimensional GC (1-D GC). While some previous studies have alluded to this structure, and used structured retention patterns for some simple classifications, the topic of structured retention in GC×GC has not been studied in any great detail. Using the separation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on both nonpolar/polar and polar/nonpolar column sets, the interaction between the separation dimensions and the sample dimensions is explored here. The GC×GC separation of a series of compounds is presented as a projection of the sample from sample space, a p-dimensional space with dimensions defined by the dimensionality of the sample, into separation space: for GC×GC, a two-dimensional plane passing through the sample space in an orientation defined by the separation conditions. Using this conceptual model and some a priori knowledge of the sample, it is shown how the image of the sample in the separation space can be used to construct an image of the sample in alternate dimensions, such as second dimension retention factor (²k) vs. chain length in the case of FAME. These projections into alternate dimensions should facilitate the interpretation of the complex patterns found within the GC×GC chromatogram for the identification and classification of compounds.     

Evaluation of World Anti-Doping Agency criteria for anabolic agent analysis by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

This work presents the validation study of the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC)–time-of-flight mass spectrometry method performance in the analysis of the key World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) anabolic agents in doping control. The relative abundance ratio, retention time, identification and other method performance criteria have been tested in the GC×GC format to confirm that they comply with those set by WADA. Furthermore, tens of other components were identified with an average similarity of >920 (on the 0–999 scale), including 10 other endogenous sterols, and full mass spectra of 5,000+ compounds were retained. The testosterone/epitestosterone ratio was obtained from the same run. A new dimension in doping analysis has been implemented by addressing separation improvement. Instead of increasing the method sensitivity, which is accompanied by making the detector increasingly “blind” to the matrix (as represented by selected ion monitoring mode, high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS), the method capabilities have been improved by adding a new “separation” dimension while retaining full mass spectral scan information. Apart from the requirement for the mass spectral domain that a minimum of three diagnostic ions with relative abundance of 5% or higher in the MS spectra, all other WADA criteria are satisfied by GC×GC operation. The minimum of three diagnostic ions arises from the need to add some degree of specificity to the acquired mass spectrometry data; however, under the proposed full MS scan method, the high MS similarity to the reference compounds offers more than the required three diagnostic ions for an unambiguous identification. This should be viewed as an extension of the present criteria to a full-scan MS method.     

生物制药研究中的多维色谱

对全二维气相色谱(GC×GC)、全二维液相色谱(HPLC×HPLC)、多维毛细管电泳等多维分离技术在生物制药研究中的应用进行了综述,其中对作者所在研究组在全二维气相色谱应用于中药及固相萃取-液相色谱联用分析系统等方面的工作做了重点介绍。由所综述的生物制药研究得出结论：多维分离方法以其高分辨、快速、自动化等特点已经在生物制药领域显示出它的巨大优势,并将发挥更大的作用。     

A Comparison of One-Dimensional and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography for Decomposition Odour Profiling Using Inter-Year Replicate Field Trials

Decomposition odour analysis involves the chemical profiling of volatile organic compounds produced by decomposing remains. This is important for areas of forensic science that rely on the detection of decomposition odour such as insect attraction to carrion, positive alerts of cadaver dogs to decomposing remains, and the development of field instrumentation for search and recovery procedures. Traditionally decomposition odour analysis has been performed using gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–qMS); however, the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS) is rapidly becoming more prevalent. The objective of this study was to compare GC–qMS and GC×GC–TOFMS for decomposition odour profiling based on inter-year replicate field studies using decomposing porcine remains. The increased peak capacity, sensitivity and selectivity afforded by GC×GC–TOFMS allowed peak co-elutions, chromatographic artefacts, and dynamic range to be more easily addressed and managed. Furthermore, the software associated with GC×GC–TOFMS provided several additional benefits including improved peak alignment between samples and increased consistency of reported results, overall allowing for additional statistical tests to be applied following data processing. Future GC–qMS results could be improved by implementing some of these software-associated procedures, potentially reducing the magnitude of variation observed between GC–qMS and GC×GC–TOFMS studies. One-dimensional GC analysis may also benefit substantially from coupling with TOFMS detection to provide an indirect increase in peak capacity using deconvolution. However, the wealth of information gained by using GC×GC–TOFMS in decomposition odour profiling is undoubtedly an asset in this field of research.