分子动力学模拟研究Fedratinib-JAK2/JAK3选择性

通过动力学模拟获得JAK2高选择性抑制剂Fedratinib在JAK2和JAK3激酶中的结合构象,结合自由能的计算结果表明Fedratinib在JAK2中更稳定.将能量分解到结合位点氨基酸,分析发现当分子在JAK2中占据P-loop区的疏水口袋,并与附近Arg980和Asp994等氨基酸形成氢键时,可以增加相对于JAK2的选择性.     

应用MM/PBSA方法研究CDK2活性口袋内溶剂水分子对CDK2-配体结合自由能的影响

应用MM/PBSA方法研究了CDK2活性口袋内溶剂水分子对CDK2-配体结合自由能的影响. 结果表明, 活性口袋内溶剂水分子对CDK2-配体相互作用自由能有一定的贡献, 其贡献的大小随配体不同而有所差异, 导致这种差异的主要原因是活性位点内溶剂水分子与蛋白残基和配体之间形成了不同的氢键相互作用网络.     

凝血因子Xa的S4口袋部分关键残基对利伐沙班结合的不同作用机制

通过生物信息学对比、 分子动力学模拟和结合自由能计算分析了利伐沙班与凝血因子Xa的S4口袋部分关键残基之间动态相互作用的细节. 结果表明, 利伐沙班与凝血因子Xa结合不稳定是由S4口袋关键残基突变对疏水盒子完整性的破坏所致. 其中Trp215侧链的疏水作用对抑制剂结合的作用较大, 但对整体结构的影响短时间内较小. Tyr99虽然在结合自由能中贡献较小, 但其突变可能导致99 loop所在结构域的整体构象变化, 从而对于抑制剂或底物的结合特异性产生影响. S4口袋关键残基的不同作用在凝血因子Xa直接抑制剂的药物设计及其拮抗剂的开发中应予以充分考虑.     

3MBA类FtsZ蛋白抑制剂的分子动力学模拟及抗菌作用机制

采用分子动力学模拟、蛋白质二级结构测定(DSSP)、口袋体积测量(POVME)以及MM-PBSA(molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area)方法, 系统研究了金黄色葡萄球菌丝状温度敏感性蛋白Z (SaFtsZ)-二磷酸鸟苷(GDP)二元复合物和SaFtsZ-GDP-3MBA (3-甲氧基苯甲酰胺)类衍生物三元复合物体系的稳定性、蛋白质二级结构、蛋白质构象、关键残基质心距、活性口袋体积以及相对结合自由能的变化规律. 研究表明: 当不含抑制剂存在时SaFtsZ-GDP二元复合物体系稳定性较差, 其T7Loop区域残基(203-209)波动较大, 且蛋白二级结构发生明显变化, 活性口袋体积急剧减小, 底物通道显著变窄且不稳定. 而含有抑制剂PC190723、Compound1 的类衍生物三元复合物体系的表现截然不同, 这主要是由于它们均能和活性口袋T7Loop区周围残基形成关键性的氢键以及疏水作用, 与FtsZ 蛋白紧密结合. 在SaFtsZ-GDP-3MBA三元复合物体系中, 3MBA仅能与活性口袋中部分残基形成疏水作用, 与FtsZ 蛋白亲和力较弱, 使其不能稳定地存在于活性口袋中, 进一步导致它的抗菌活性明显低于PC190723、Compound1. 这些发现深入揭示了3MBA类衍生物对FtsZ 蛋白的作用机制和影响规律, 为该类FtsZ 蛋白抑制剂的结构优化和产品开发应用提供了重要的理论依据.     

CDK2-抑制剂结合自由能计算

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶Ⅱ(cyclin-dependent kinase 2,CDK2)是一种重要的治疗癌症的靶标.本文中采用分子动力学取样,运用MM-PBSA/GBSA两种方法计算了CDK2-NU6102复合物的绝对结合自由能.通过能量分解的方法考察了CDK2大分子主要残基与配体NU6102之间的相互作用和识别.     

分子模拟方法研究四氢化吡啶并[1,2-a]吲哚酮衍生物对GSK3β和CDK5的选择性

本文通过分子对接,分子动力学模拟(MD)和MM/PBSA能量计算的方法,从分子水平研究了3个四氢化吡啶并[1,2-a]吲哚酮衍生物与CDK5和GSK3β的相互作用,并揭示了这些抑制剂对GSK3β的选择性抑制机理。分子对接结果表明,抑制剂对2种激酶具有相似的结合模式,结合口袋处的残基也都根据晶体结构的序列比对相互对应。研究体系的RMSD随时间的稳定变化,表明模拟体系已达到稳定状态,因而后续的分析是可靠的。CDK5/抑制剂体系,RMSD在0.15 nm上下波动,CDK5/M1和CDK5/M2骨架轻微波动,稍高于CDK5/M3;而GSK3β体系的RMSD值略高于CDK5体系,在0.17 nm上下波动,GSK3β/M1和GSK3ββ/M2的骨架波动平衡值则稍低于GSK3β/M3。活性较大的抑制剂增强了蛋白骨架整体的"柔性",即对激酶构象产生一定影响。能量分析表明,静电能和范德华作用能够区分不同抑制剂对同种激酶的生物活性差异。极性溶剂化自由能对区分抑制剂选择性也很重要,残基分解表明GSK3β的Glu97、Thr138是造成抑制剂选择性的主要原因。抑制剂与CDK5和GSK3β结合的过程中,蛋白质残基的动态相关性存在差异,铰链区域的Thr138与Val135~Gln206区域残基正相关,证实Thr138残基是区分抑制剂选择性的关键。     

谱学与分子模拟研究甲磺酸酚妥拉明与肌红蛋白作用的分子机理

利用紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱结合分子模拟技术研究了在模拟生理条件下甲磺酸酚妥拉明(phentolamine mesylate,PM)与肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)的作用机制.实验结果表明:药物小分子甲磺酸酚妥拉明与蛋白相互作用时结合位点数为1,表观结合常数KA为5.27×104L·mol-1.分子模拟结果表明:PM在Mb上的结合位点是site1活性口袋,两者通过疏水作用、亲水作用、氢键作用以及静电作用结合.PM与Mb中的氨基酸残基Trp,Tyr和Phe发生疏水相互作用,进而导致Mb的紫外吸收峰强度降低以及荧光的猝灭.它们之间负的ΔG值表明结合反应是热力学允许的。     

计算受体和配体结合自由能的新方法

利用ABEEMσπ浮动电荷力场与连续介质模型相结合的方法,计算了受体和配体的结合自由能.将结合自由能分解为真空中的力场作用项、溶剂化能量以及熵效应.由于ABEEMσπ/MM方法充分考虑了外界环境发生变化引起的体系中各个位点之间的电荷极化,因而极大地提高了结合自由能的计算精度.利用该方法计算的2个复合物的结合自由能与实验值的偏差均小于0.5kJ/mol.     

磷脂酶A2及其复合物的分子动力学研究

本文运用分子动力学方法对磷脂酶A2的自由态以及有机小分子形成的复合物进行了研究．通过模型构建分子动力学模拟得到了磷脂酶A2与配体结合的模型，与磷脂酶A2的自由态相比，其口袋更为宽松，组成口袋的残基的结构趋于稳定，但催化残基的柔性变大．研究结果为药物分子设计提供了有用的信息．     

基于分子对接、分子动力学模拟的新型酰胺-膦酸酯类hsEH抑制剂的QSAR研究

结合定量结构-活性相关(QSAR)技术和分子对接、分子动力学(MD)模拟,研究了新型酰胺-膦酸酯类衍生物与可溶性环氧化物水解酶(hsEH)结合的相互作用特征.二维QSAR模型表现出较好的拟合能力和预测能力(r~2=0.942,q2=0.918),并且模型表明酰胺-膦酸酯类衍生物中C—N键的频数对hsEH活性抑制能力具有重要影响.采用比较分子力场分析方法(CoMFA)和比较分子相似性指数分析方法(CoMSIA)建立了相关性显著、预测能力强的三维QSAR定量模型(CoMFA:r~2=0.986,q2=0.619;CoMSIA:r~2=0.912,q2=0.630),模型指出疏水作用力、静电作用力和氢键作用力对hsEH活性抑制能力有重要的影响.二维QSAR模型的预测结果更为准确,三维QSAR模型更为直观地表现了由于分子结构差异导致不同的力场效应对预测结果的影响.分子对接结果指出了分子内酰胺基团、膦酸酯基团、以及—NH—分子结构能与氨基酸残基HIS524,ASP335,TYR383,TYR466,GLN384和Trp525形成稳定氢键来增加结合的稳定性,并且小分子受到氢键作用力的同时还受到结合位点疏水残基的强疏水作用力和芳香性π环之间相互吸引的π-π堆积的非共价键作用.分子动力学模拟通过残基结合后的柔性差异变化验证了结合位点分子对接结果的可靠性,结合自由能也为对接作用机制的合理性提供了验证.     

Binding to DNA purine base and structure-activity relationship of a series of structurally related Ru(II) antitumor complexes: a theoretical study

The thermodynamics of the binding of a series of structurally related Ru(II) antitumor complexes, that is, alpha-[Ru(azpy)2Cl2] 1, beta-[Ru(azpy)2Cl2] 2, alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)Cl2] 3, and cis-[Ru(bpy)2Cl2] 4 to DNA purine bases (gunine, adenine at N7 site) has been studied by using the DFT method. The binding of imine form of 9-methyladenine (9-MeAde) to the Ru(II) moiety in a didentate fashion via its N6 and N7 atoms was also considered. The geometrical structures of the DNA model base adducts were obtained at the B3LYP/(LanL2DZ + 6-31G(d)) level in vacuo. The following exact single-point energy calculations were performed at the B3LYP/(LanL2DZ(f)+6-311+G(2d, 2p)) level both in vacuo and in aqueous solution using the COSMO model. The bond dissociation enthalpies and free energies, reaction enthalpies and free energies both in the gas phase and in aqueous solution for all considered Ru(II)-DNA model base adducts were obtained from the computations. The calculated bond dissociation enthalpies and free energies allow us to build a binding affinity order for the considered Ru(II)-DNA model base adducts. The theoretical results show that the guanine N7 is a preferred site for this series of complexes and support such an experimental fact that alpha-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)(9-EtGua)H2O](2+) (3-(9-EtGua)) is isomerized to alpha'-[Ru(azpy)(bpy)(9-EtGua)H2O](2+) (3'-(9-EtGua)). On the basis of structural and thermodynamical characteristics, the possible structure-activity relationship was obtained, and the distinct difference in cytotoxicities of this series of structurally related antitumor complexes was explained theoretically.     

A Comprehensive Computational Screening of Phytochemicals Derived from Saudi Medicinal Plants against Human CC Chemokine Receptor 7 to Identify Potential Anti-Cancer Therapeutics

Homeostatic trafficking of immune cells by CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) keeps immune responses and tolerance in a balance. The involvement of this protein in lymph node metastasis in cancer marks CCR7 as a penitential drug target. Using the crystal structure of CCR7, herein, a comprehensive virtual screening study is presented to filter novel strong CCR7 binding phytochemicals from Saudi medicinal plants that have a higher binding affinity for the intracellular allosteric binding pocket. By doing so, three small natural molecules named as Hit-1 (1,8,10-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methylanthracen-9(4H)-one), Hit-2 (4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one), and Hit-3 (10-methyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2]dioxolo[3,4,5-de]furo[3,2-g]isochromeno[4,3-b]chromen-8-ol) are predicted showing strong binding potential for the CC chemokine receptor 7 allosteric pocket. During molecular dynamics simulations, the compounds were observed in the formation of several chemical bonding of short bond distances. Additionally, the molecules remained in strong contact with the active pocket residues and experienced small conformation changes that seemed to be mediated by the CCR7 loops to properly engage the ligands. Two types of binding energy methods (MM/GBPBSA and WaterSwap) were additionally applied to further validate docking and simulation findings. Both analyses complement the good affinity of compounds for CCR7, the electrostatic and van der Waals energies being the most dominant in intermolecular interactions. The active pocket residue’s role in compounds binding was further evaluated via alanine scanning, which highlighted their importance in natural compounds binding. Additionally, the compounds fulfilled all drug-like rules: Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge passed many safety parameters, making them excellent anti-cancer candidates for experimental testing.     

Gas-phase binding of non-covalent protein complexes between bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and its target enzymes studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

The potential of electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) to detect non-covalent protein complexes has been demonstrated repeatedly. However, questions about correlation of the solution and gas-phase structures of these complexes still produce vigorous scientific discussion. Here, we demonstrate the evaluation of the gas-phase binding of non-covalent protein complexes formed between bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and its target enzymes over a wide range of dissociation constants. Non-covalent protein complexes were detected by ESI-MS. The abundance of the complex ions in the mass spectra is less than expected from the values of the dissociation constants of the complexes in solution. Collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and a collision model for ion activation were used to evaluate the binding of non-covalent complexes in the gas phase. The internal energy required to induce dissociation was calculated for three collision gases (Ne, Ar, Kr) over a wide range of collision gas pressures and energies using an electrospray ionization source. The order of binding energies of the gas-phase ions for non-covalent protein complexes formed by the ESI source and assessed using CAD-MS/MS appears to differ from that of the solution complexes. The implication is that solution structure of these complexes was not preserved in the gas phase.     

Nucleotide Binding Preference of the Monofunctional Platinum Anticancer‐Agent Phenanthriplatin

The monofunctional platinum anticancer agent phenanthriplatin generates covalent adducts with the purine bases guanine and adenine. Preferential nucleotide binding was investigated by using a polymerase stop assay and linear DNA amplification with a 163‐base pair DNA double helix. Similarly to cisplatin, phenanthriplatin forms the majority of adducts at guanosine residues, but significant differences in both the number and position of platination sites emerge when comparing results for the two complexes. Notably, the monofunctional complex generates a greater number of polymerase‐halting lesions at adenosine residues than does cisplatin. Studies with 9‐methyladenine reveal that, under abiological conditions, phenanthriplatin binds to the N¹ or N⁷ position of 9‐methyladenine in approximately equimolar amounts. By contrast, comparable reactions with 9‐methylguanine afforded only the N⁷‐bound species. Both of the 9‐methyladenine linkage isomers (N¹ and N⁷) exist as two diastereomeric species, arising from hindered rotation of the aromatic ligands about their respective platinum–nitrogen bonds. Eyring analysis of rate constants extracted from variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopic data revealed that the activation energies for ligand rotation in the N¹‐bound platinum complex and the N⁷‐linkage isomers are comparable. Finally, a kinetic analysis indicated that phenanthriplatin reacts more rapidly, by a factor of eight, with 9‐methylguanine than with 9‐methyladenine, suggesting that the distribution of lesions formed on double‐stranded DNA is kinetically controlled. In addition, implications for the potent anticancer activity of phenanthriplatin are discussed herein.     

Binding structures of tri‐N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosamine in hen egg white lysozyme using molecular dynamics with a polarizable force field

Lysozyme is a well‐studied enzyme that hydrolyzes the β‐(1,4)‐glycosidic linkage of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosamine (NAG)_n oligomers. The active site of hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEWL) is believed to consist of six subsites, A‐F that can accommodate six sugar residues. We present studies exploring the use of polarizable force fields in conjunction with all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze binding structures of complexes of lysozyme and NAG trisaccharide, (NAG)₃. MD trajectories are applied to analyze structures and conformation of the complex as well as protein–ligand interactions, including the hydrogen‐bonding network in the binding pocket. Two binding modes (ABC and BCD) of (NAG)₃ are investigated independently based on a fixed‐charge model and a polarizable model. We also apply molecular mechanics with generalized born and surface area (MM‐GBSA) methods based on MD using both nonpolarizable and polarizable force fields to compute binding free energies. We also study the correlation between root‐mean‐squared deviation and binding free energies of the wildtype and W62Y mutant; we find that for this prototypical system, approaches using the MD trajectories coupled with implicit solvent models are equivalent for polarizable and fixed‐charge models. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

EGFR和4-苯胺喹唑啉类抑制剂之间相互作用模式的研究

采用分子动力学和MM/PBSA相结合的方法预测了表皮生长因子受体和4-苯胺喹 啉类抑制剂的相互作用模式。在分子动力学采样的基础上,采用MM/PBSA的方法分 别预测了四种可能结合模式下表皮生长因子受体和4-苯胺喹唑啉类抑制剂间的结合 自由能。在MM/PBSA计算中,受体和抑制剂之间的非键相互作用能采用分子力学 (MM)的方法得到;溶剂效应中极性部分对自由能的贡献通过解Possion- Boltzmanne (PB)方程的方法得到;溶液效应中非极性部分对自由能的贡献则通过 分子表面积计算(SA)的方法得到。计算表明,在四种结合模式下,表皮生长因子受 体和4-苯胺喹唑啉类抑制剂之间的结合自由能有较大的差别。在最佳的相互作用模 式中,抑制剂的苯胺部分位于活性口袋的底部,能够与受体残基的非极性侧链产生 很强的范德华和疏水相互作用。抑制剂喹唑啉环上的N(1)原子能够和Met-769上的 NH形成稳定的氢键,而抑制剂上的N(3)原子则和周围的一个水分子形成氢键。同时 ,抑制剂双环上的取代基团也能和活性口袋外部的部分残基形成一定的范德华和疏 水相互作用。最佳结合模式能够很好地解释已有抑制剂结构和活性间的关系。     

Binding energies of water to doubly hydrated cationized glutamine and structural analogues in the gas phase

The modes of metal-ion and water binding in doubly hydrated complexes of lithiated and sodiated glutamine (Gln) are probed using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation experiments and density functional theory calculations. Threshold dissociation energies, E0, for loss of a water molecule from these complexes are obtained from master-equation modeling of these data. The values of E0 are 36 +/- 1 and 38 +/- 2 kJ/mol for the lithiated and sodiated glutamine complexes, respectively, and are consistent with calculated water binding energies for the nonzwitterionic form of these complexes. Calculated water binding energies for the zwitterionic forms of these complexes are significantly higher. In contrast, calculations indicate that the zwitterionic form of Gln in these complexes is more stable than the nonzwitterionic form by 8 and 15 kJ/mol when lithiated and sodiated, respectively. Doubly hydrated lithiated and sodiated complexes of asparagine methyl ester (AsnOMe), asparagine ethyl ester (AsnOEt), and glutamine methyl ester (GlnOMe) were also studied for comparison to Gln. Although these clusters lack the acidic group of Gln and therefore have different water coordination behavior, these results further support the conclusion that Gln is nonzwitterionic in these clusters. Surprisingly, the complexes containing sodium are more stable than those containing lithium, a result that is attributed to subtle differences in how these two metal ions bind to the amino acid esters in these complexes.     

布洛芬与人血白蛋白位点II动态结合过程的分子模拟:一种结合途径分析

人血白蛋白（HSA）主要有两个药物结合位点,位点I和位点Ⅱ,许多小分子优先结合在位点Ⅱ上,包括抗炎类药物布洛芬。本文采用分子模拟方法研究了布洛芬小分子与HSA位点Ⅱ结合的动态过程,探讨了二者的结合机制。首先构建了50个随机分布的布洛芬与HSA复合物体系,经50 ns分子动力学模拟,其中一个布洛芬分子稳定结合于位点Ⅱ。基于该分子的运动轨迹分析,发现布洛芬的结合可分为四个阶段,即远程吸引、表面结合调整、进入位点Ⅱ空腔和稳定结合。比较范德华和静电相互作用能,发现初期以静电吸引为主,中期在HSA表面的两个极性区域间调整,逐步转移至位点Ⅱ附近;然后在位点Ⅱ入口处的极性残基和附近疏水残基的共同作用下,布洛芬进入位点Ⅱ空腔;进入空腔后,静电和疏水共同作用形成稳定结合。在结合过程中,位点Ⅱ附近的蛋白表面发生明显改变,体现出一定的“诱导契合”作用,同时分子模拟得到的结合模式和布洛芬-HSA结合的晶体结构类似。结果表明,分子模拟可以辅助研究小分子和蛋白结合的动态过程,从分子水平阐述相关结合机制。     

Analysis of protein complexes with hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry

Analysis of protein complexes using hydrogen exchange (HX) combined with high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (MS) is demonstrated. HX MS offers the possibility to analyze the strength of binding in protein complexes, to identify regions that undergo binding induced structural changes, and to study the nature (hydrophobic, electrostatic, etc.) of binding between two or more proteins. In the current work, a heteromeric complex containing UBC9 (an E2 conjugating enzyme) and SUMO-1 (a ubiquitin-like modifier) was investigated by incubating the complex in D2O and measuring the amount of deuterium incorporation with MS. SUMO-1 had significant changes in deuterium levels when bound to UBC9. In contract, few or no changes in deuterium levels were detected in UBC9 when part of the complex, even at the binding interface. Titrations were used to estimate the binding constant for the complex. The nature of the interface was probed by creating a site-directed mutant form of UBC9. The mutant form showed no detectable binding to SUMO-1 and thereby suggested that binding between these two proteins is primarily electrostatically driven. This application of HX MS demonstrates its value in the study of protein complexes and protein machinery.