Microwave-promoted solvent-free synthesis of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine alkyl esters

The efficient synthesis of N-(diphenylmethylene) glycine alkyl esters was achieved for the first microwave irradiation under solvent-free condition, using PEG or quaternary ammonium salts as phase transfer catalysts (PTCs). Under the optimum conditions, N-(diphenylmethylene) glycine alkyl esters were obtained in excellent yields in most cases.     

Asymmetric synthesis of anti- and syn-2,3-diamino esters using sulfinimines. Water and concentration effects

[reaction: see text] In the absence of water, an excess of the lithium enolate of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine ethyl ester (4) adds to sulfinimines to give syn-2,3-diamino esters 6, and in the presence of water, this enolate gives the anti-2,3-diamino esters 5. These unusual results are interpreted in terms of those factors that inhibit the retro-Mannich fragmentation in the diamino esters.     

新型手性相转移催化剂的合成及其催化作用研究

以金鸡纳生物碱和2-氯甲基苯并咪唑为原料方便地合成了四种新型的手性相转移催化剂. 该类催化剂在相转移催化的二苯亚胺甘氨酸叔丁酯的对映选择性烷基化反应中, 可有效地催化多种卤代烃的不对称烷基化反应, 化学产率最高达85%, 对映体过量值最高达95% ee.     

Asymmetric synthesis of α,β-diamino acid derivatives with an aziridine-, azetidine- and γ-lactone-skeleton via Mannich-type additions across α-chloro-N-sulfinylimines

The efficient asymmetric synthesis of new chiral γ-chloro-α,β-diamino acid derivatives via highly diastereoselective Mannich-type reactions of N-(diphenylmethylene) glycine esters across a chiral α-chloro-N-p-toluenesulfinylimine was developed. The influence of the base, LDA or LiHMDS, used for the formation of the glycine enolates, was of great importance for the anti-/syn-diastereoselectivity of the Mannich-type reaction. The γ-chloro-α,β-diamino acid derivatives proved to be excellent building blocks for ring closure towards optically pure anti- and syn-β,γ-aziridino-α-amino esters, and subsequent ring transformation into trans-3-aminoazetidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives and α,β-diamino-γ-butyrolactones.     

A powerful synergistic effect for highly efficient diastereo- and enantioselective phase-transfer catalyzed conjugate additions

An efficient, catalytic, diastereo- and enantioselective conjugate addition of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester to β-aryl substituted enones was realized in the presence of 1 mol% of newly desired dinuclear N-spiro-ammonium salts, affording functionalized α-amino acid derivatives in 57-98% yields with high diastereoselectivity (up to 99:1 dr) and enantioselectivity (up to 96.5:3.5 er).     

Lobocyclamide B from Lyngbya confervoides. Configuration and asymmetric synthesis of beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids by (-)-sparteine-mediated aldol addition

[reaction: see text] Lobocyclamide B, a cyclododecapeptide containing five beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid residues, was isolated from Lyngbya confervoides. This is the first reported occurrence of gamma-hydroxythreonine in a natural peptide. Optically active beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acids required for configurational analysis of the title compound were prepared using a novel (-)-sparteine-mediated asymmetric aldol addition of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester to aldehydes. The method is general for aliphatic and aryl aldehydes and notable for operational simplicity.     

Polymer-supported Cinchona alkaloid-derived ammonium salts as recoverable phase-transfer catalysts for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha-amino acids

Alkaloids such as cinchonidine, quinine and N-methylephedrine have been N-alkylated using polymeric benzyl halides or co-polymerized and then N-alkylated, thus affording a series of polymer-supported chiral ammonium salts which have been employed as phase-transfer catalysts in the asymmetric benzylation of an N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine ester. These new polymeric catalysts can be easily recovered by simple filtration after the reaction and reused. The best ee's were achieved when Merrifield resin-anchored cinchonidinium ammonium salts were employed.     

Synthesis of New N‐(5‐Oxo‐2,5‐dihydro)pyrrol‐3‐yl Glycines and N‐(5‐Oxo‐2,5‐dihydro)pyrrol‐3‐yl Glycines Esters

Following our efforts towards the synthesis of new potential inhibitors of Xanthine Dehydrogenase (XDH), we describe here a general method for the preparation of N-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro)pyrrol-3-yl glycines and N-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydro)pyrrol-3-yl glycine esters from glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride and various 4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid esters and carbonitriles.     

Synthesis and characterization of mono- and bis-methano[60]fullerenyl amino acid derivatives and their reductive ring-opening retro-bingel reactions

The addition of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinate esters (Ph2C=NCH2CO2R) 3-6 to [60]fullerene under Bingel conditions gives, respectively, the methano[60]fullerenyl iminoesters 7-10. Upon treatment of 7-9 with sodium cyanoborohydride, in the presence of a protic or a Lewis acid, a novel reductive ring-opening reaction occurred to give the corresponding 1,2-dihydro[60]fullerenyl glycine derivatives 11-13. Using tethered bis-N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinate esters 33 and 34derived from m- and p-benzenedimethanol scaffolds, the corresponding bis-methano[60]fullerenyl iminoesters 35-38 were synthesized under double Bingel reaction conditions. The m-benzenedimethanol derivative 33 gave the trans-4 (35) and cis-3 (36) regioisomeric bisadducts in a ratio of 80:20. The analogous para-tethered derivative 34 afforded the trans-3 (37) and trans-4 (38) regioisomers in a 80:20 ratio. The regiochemistry of the major bisadducts 35 and 37 (via the trans-esterified 39) were unequivocally determined using 2D INADEQUATE and C-C TOCSY NMR experiments. The regiochemistry of these bis-additions were unexpected on the basis of literature precedents. These results unequivocally show that the regiochemistry of tethered bis-additions is not solely dependent on the nature of the tether. A mixture of the trans-4 and cis-3 nonsymmetrical bisadducts 45 and 46 was obtained from the double-Bingel cyclopropanation of a bis-N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinate tether based on a 1,3-naphthyldimethanol scaffold. The regiochemistry of these compounds (45 and 46) was identified by correlation with the diethyl esters 40 and 47, prepared by trans-esterification of 35/45 and 36/46, respectively. The INADEQUATE and molecular modeling experiments allowed topological mapping of the fullerene surfaces of the bis-methano[60]fullerenes 38 and 42. Reductive ring-opening reactions on the tethered bis-methano[60]fullerenes 35-37, 45, and 46 gave none of the expected bis-fullerenylglycinates rather the reductive ring-opening-retro-Bingel products, the 1,2-dihydro[60]fullerenylglycinates 48, 49, 52, and 53. These compounds resulted from the reductive ring-opening of one methanoimino ester moiety and a retro-Bingel reaction of the other. Under analogous reductive ring-opening-retro-Bingel conditions, the nontethered bis-methano[60]fullerene 40 afforded the 1,2-dihydro[60]fullerenylglycinate 12. Thus, it was concluded that the tether was not the driving force for the reductive elimination of one of the methano groups.     

Asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids using polymer-supported Cinchona alkaloid-derived ammonium salts as chiral phase-transfer catalysts

Cinchonidine and cinchonine have been N-alkylated with Merrifield resin and employed as chiral phase-transfer catalysts for the enantioselective alkylation of enolates from N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine esters with activated electrophiles (up to 90% ee). The use of the polymer-supported cinchonidine ammonium salt afforded the corresponding (S)-isomers, whereas the (R)-isomers were obtained using related cinchonine-supported polymers.     

A convenient route to N-[2-(Fmoc)aminoethyl]glycine esters and PNA oligomerization using a Bis-N-Boc nucleobase protecting group strategy

A simple and practical synthesis of the benzyl, allyl, and 4-nitrobenzyl esters of N-[2-(Fmoc)aminoethyl]glycine is described starting from the known N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine. These esters are stored as stable hydrochloride salts and were used in the synthesis of peptide nucleic acid monomers possessing bis-N-Boc-protected nucleobase moieties on the exocyclic amino groups of ethyl cytosin-1-ylacetate, ethyl adenin-9-ylacetate and ethyl (O(6)-benzylguanin-9-yl)acetate. Upon ester hydrolysis, the corresponding nucleobase acetic acids were coupled to N-[2-(Fmoc)aminoethyl]glycine benzyl ester or to N-[2-(Fmoc)aminoethyl]glycine allyl ester in order to retain the O(6) benzyl ether protecting group of guanine. The Fmoc/bis-N-Boc-protected monomers were successfully used in the Fmoc-mediated solid-phase peptide synthesis of mixed sequence 10-mer PNA oligomers and are shown to be a viable alternative to the currently most widely used Fmoc/Bhoc-protected peptide nucleic acid monomers.     

Preparation of Ethyl Esters of Protected 3-Aryl-2,3-Diaminopropanoic Acids by Reaction of Ethyl N-(Diphenylmethylene)glycinate and Azomethines1

Ethyl 3-aryl-3-arylamino-2-[(diphenylmethylene)amino]propanoates 3 are prepared by phase-transfer catalyzed reaction of ethyl N-(diphenylmethylene)-glycinate and azomethines.     

Structural reassignment of the mono- and bis-addition products from the addition reactions of N-(Diphenylmethylene)glycinate esters to [60]fullerene under Bingel conditions

The addition of N-(diphenylmethylene)glycinate esters (Ph2C=NCH2CO2R) to [60]fullerene under Bingel conditions gives [60]fullerenyldihydropyrroles and not methano[60]fullerenyl iminoesters [C60C(CO2R)(N=CPh2)] as previously reported. Unequivocal evidence for the structure of C60C(CO2Et)(N=CPh2) was provided by INADEQUATE NMR studies on 13C enriched material. New mechanistic details are proposed to account for the formation of [60]fullerenyldihydropyrroles and their reductive ring-opening reactions.     

Catalytic asymmetric Mannich reactions of glycine derivatives with imines. A new approach to optically active alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives

Imines of glycine alkyl esters react with imines in a diastereo- and highly enantioselective Mannich reaction in the presence of chiral copper(I) complexes as the catalyst to give optically active alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. A series of imines of glycine esters derived from glycine and aromatic carbonyl compounds has been screened as substrates for the Mannich reaction with different imines in the presence of various combinations of metal salts and chiral ligands. The benzophenone imine of glycine esters was found to react with N-protected imines in a diastereoselective fashion giving functionalized alpha,beta-diamino acid esters with excellent enantioselectivities. The most effective chiral catalysts are chiral copper(I) complexes having phosphino-oxazoline (P,N)-ligands, and among these ligands, those derived from (1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene gave the best results. The scope of this new catalytic asymmetric reaction of the benzophenone imine glycine esters is demonstrated for the reaction with different N-protected-C-aryl and C-alkyl imines giving the Mannich adducts with excellent optical purity. Furthermore, the synthetic aspects of the reaction are presented by converting the Mannich adducts into alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. The relative and absolute configuration of the Mannich adduct have been determined and based on the stereochemical outcome of the reaction a tetrahedral chiral-copper(I)-imino glycine alkyl ester intermediate is proposed. In this intermediate the Re-face of the benzophenone imine glycine ester is shielded by the chiral ligand leaving the Si-face available for approach of the Si-face of the imine. A series of semiempirical calculations has been performed to support the structure of the tetrahedral chiral-copper(I) complex and to account for the influence of the substituents in the chiral phosphino-oxazoline ligands.     

Diastereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 5-Amino-3,4-Dihydro-2H-Pyrrole-2-Carboxylic Acid Esters: One-Pot Approach Using Commercially Available Compounds and Benign Solvents

A novel three-step four-transformation approach to highly functionalized 5-amino-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid esters, starting from commercially available phenylsulfonylacetonitrile, aldehydes, and N-(diphenylmethylene)glycine tert-butyl ester, was developed. The one-pot strategy delivered this class of amidines bearing, for the first time, three contiguous stereocenters, in good to high yield and diastereoselectivity. The entire sequence was carried out using diethyl carbonate and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran as benign solvents, operating under metal-free conditions. The process could be conveniently scaled-up, and the synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated.     

Stereoselective electrochemical thioalkylation of glycine in Ni(II) coordination environment

One-pot method for direct stereoselective (S)-α-thioalkylation of glycine in Ni(II) coordination environment was elaborated. The reaction of electrochemically deprotonated Ni(II) glycine/Schiff-base complex containing (S)-o-[N-(N′-benzylprolyl)amino]benzophenone as an auxiliary chiral moiety with alkyl thiocyanates leads to the α-thioalkylated derivatives in a practical ca.70% chemical yield and stereoselectivity (de 80%).     

N,N-二取代甘氨酸四乙酰基葡萄糖酯的合成与表征

在碳酸钾和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵存在下, 将N-(N-乙酰基-N-芳氨基乙酰基)-N-芳氨基乙酸与全乙酰化α-溴代葡萄糖反应合成出了7个新的N,N-二取代甘氨酸四乙酰基葡萄糖酯(5a～5g), 并利用IR, 1H NMR, MS和元素分析对其结构进行了表征.     

Regio- and stereoselectivity of cycloaddition of C-amidonitrones to esters of methylenecyclopropanedicarboxylic acids

C-Amidonitrones add regio- and stereoselectively to esters of 3-methylenecyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic, 2-(diphenylmethylene)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic, and 2-(1-phenylethylidene)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acids to form a single diastereomer of 4-spirocyclopropaneisoxazolidines.     

Efficient synthesis of serically constrained smmetrically alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acids under operationally convenient conditions

Homologation of the nucleophilic glycine equivalent Ni-Gly-PABP [Ni(II) complex of glycine Schiff base with 2-[N-(alpha-picolyl)amino]benzophenone (PABP)] 2 via alkyl halide alkylations and Michael addition reactions was systematically studied as a general method for preparing symmetrically alpha,alpha-disubstituted alpha-amino acids (sym-alpha,alpha-AA). The dialkylation reactions are conducted under operationally convenient conditions without recourse to inert atmosphere, dried solvents, and low temperatures, thus enjoying key advantages of the experimental simplicity and attractive cost structure. The method has been shown to be particularly successful for the dialkylation of complex 2 with activated and nonactivated alkyl halides, including propargyl derivatives, affording a generalized and practical access to the corresponding sym-alpha,alpha-AA. This study has also shown some limitation of the method, as it cannot be extended to alpha- or beta-branched alkyl halides or Michael acceptors to be used for the dialkylation of glycine equivalent 2. High chemical yields of the dialkylated products, combined with the simplicity of the experimental procedure, render this method worth immediate use for multigram scale preparation of the sym-alpha,alpha-AA.     

Synthesis ofN-(imidomethyl)glycine esters from alkyl glycinates,imides of dicarboxylic acids,and formaldehyde

A method for preparingN-(imidomethyl)glycine esters by the reaction of alkyl glycinates with formaldehyde and imides has been developed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1306–1307, July, 1995.