Nano-CaCO_3表面性能对PA6/EPDM/Nano-CaCO_3三元复合材料形态和性能的影响

采用两步法工艺,即三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)与纳米碳酸钙(nano-CaCO3)先混炼,再与聚酰胺6(PA6)熔融挤出,制得PA6/EPDM/nano-CaCO3三元复合材料。其中nano-CaCO3分别采用三种不同表面处理剂(硅烷偶联剂A151、钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ105和硬脂酸)进行处理。通过接触角测量分析了nano-CaCO3的表面性能,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了三元复合材料的形态。研究结果表明,nano-CaCO3经A151、NDZ105和硬脂酸处理后,其与水的接触角分别从未经表面改性剂处理的nano-CaCO3的65.7°提高到70.9°、109.4°和117.4°。未经表面改性剂处理的nano-CaCO3与EPDM各自独立分散在PA6基体中,经A151处理的nano-CaCO3大多分散在PA6基体与EPDM的界面上,经NDZ105和硬脂酸处理的nano-CaCO3则分散在EPDM相,形成"沙袋结构"。nano-CaCO3经A151、NDZ105和硬脂酸处理后,PA6三元复合材料的冲击强度分别从采用未经表面改性剂处理的nano-CaCO3制备的三元复合材料的25 kJ/m2提高到48 kJ/m2、45 kJ/m2和52 kJ/m2。另外,含有"沙袋结构"粒子的三元复合材料通过微纤化断裂方式耗散外界作用能。     

iPP/HDPE/CB复合材料的制备及反常的温度-电阻效应

本文利用普通熔融挤出法制备了iPP/HDPE/CB复合材料, 分别采用注射成型及压制成型方法得到测试试样. 通过研究复合材料体积电阻率随温度的变化, 考察注塑试样和压制试样的PTC特性及复合材料形态结构与试样PTC特性之间的关系.     

iPP/HDPE/CB三元导电复合材料的导电与流变行为

利用界面能原理使CB选择性分布于HDPE中成为复合导电相,固定CB在HDPE中的质量分数(20 wt％),控制CB/HDPE导电相在iPP中的含量,制备出一系列三元(iPP/HDPE/CB)导电复合材料,并研究其导电逾渗和流变逾渗行为.结果表明,在复合导电相含量为20 wt％时复合材料内即形成导电网络,在复合导电相含量30 wt％时出现流变网络.只有当复合导电相在材料中形成连续相时(60 wt％),损耗因子在频率扫描中才出现峰值.     

制备方法对聚合物共混物相分离与黏弹弛豫的影响

采用小角激光光散射(SALLS)和动态流变方法研究了通过不同制备方法得到的等规聚丙烯/乙丙橡胶共混物(iPP/EPR)的相分离行为与黏弹行为.依据Cahn-Hilliard-Cook理论分析了熔融共混和溶液共混法制备的质量比为60/40和40/60的iPP/EPR共混物在恒温相分离早期的动力学,发现熔融共混iPP/EPR具有更大的表观扩散系数(Dapp).相分离中后期的实验结果表明,当相区尺寸增长程度相同时,熔融共混试样所用时间更短.表明熔融共混iPP/EPR试样具有更快的相分离速率.动态流变测试结果表明,与溶液共混相比,熔融共混试样具有更快的松弛速率.考虑到相分离过程实质是由高分子链的运动与扩散所控制,两种方法制备的iPP/EPR共混物相分离速率的差异应归于其分子链运动能力的不同.     

稀土氧化物对聚丙烯晶型和动态力学性能的影响

本文用DSC和粘弹谱仪研究了La_2O_3,Y_2O_3和混合稀土氧化物对全同聚丙烯(iPP)的结晶行为,熔融行为和动态力学性能的影响。结果表明不同的iPP/稀土氧化物复合材料中iPP的晶型不同,Y_2O_3和稀土氧化物是iPP的α和β晶成核剂,La_2O_3是α晶成核剂。含有β晶试样同只有α晶试样相比,在T_g真松弛区其tanδ值较低,贮能模量E从-50℃～+50℃较高,从+50℃～+145℃则E值较低。     

制备方法对iPP/EPR合金晶相结构的影响

用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)和广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)研究了溶液共混法和熔融共混法制备的等规聚丙烯/二元乙丙橡胶(iPP/EPR)(85:15,W/W)合金的晶相结构.发现溶液共混法制得的iPP/EPR合金晶相中仅存在α-iPP,而熔融共混样品中则同时生成了α-iPP和β-iPP.这一结果表明,EPR并不是iPP/EPR合金中β-iPP生成的关键因素.考察了结晶温度和熔体热处理对iPP/EPR合金晶相结构的影响,发现通常的热处理并不能消除合金中β-iPP的生成.     

相变过程对等规聚丙烯/炭黑复合材料中填料网络的影响

采用柔和混合方法制备出炭黑(CB)填充等规聚丙烯(iPP)复合材料,CB在iPP熔体中可以进行团聚而形成填料网络,采用动态流变-电阻同步测试的方法,研究原位结晶-熔融过程对所形成网络的影响.实验结果表明,经历原位结晶-熔融后复合材料中可以被动态流变实验检测到的填料网络消失,这是由于结晶和熔融过程中都会影响填料网络结构,而熔融过程中网络的破坏更为显著.相变后网络的重建过程说明,相变过程不能完全破坏熔体中形成的团聚结构,填料网络容易重新形成.     

等规聚丙烯在混合稀释剂中结晶行为

利用偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜研究了等规聚丙烯(iPP)在混合稀释剂中的非等温结晶行为和由热致相分离(TIPS)法制备的iPP微孔材料的结构。iPP的质量分数固定为30%,采用不同配比的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)/大豆油组成混合稀释剂。结果表明,混合稀释剂的配比影响体系的粘度和稀释剂与iPP的相容性,进而影响iPP球晶的生长和TIPS法制备的iPP微孔材料结构。在2K/min的降温速率的条件下,iPP球晶半径和球晶的生长速率均随时间的延长呈指数增长,iPP球晶生长速率随混合稀释剂中DBP含量的增加而降低,当iPP球晶生长时间达2min时,混合稀释剂中DBP的质量分数从0增加到60%,iPP球晶生长速率从41.9μm/min降至10.3μm/min,所制得的微孔材料断面均呈蜂窝状结构,且孔径随混合稀释剂中DBP含量的增加有明显增大的趋势。     

粒子尺寸与表面改性对PPDO/CaCO3复合材料机械性能的影响

选用三种CaCO3粒子[纳米粉料(nano-CaCO3,记为CC1),晶须(CaCO3 wisker,记为CC2)和偶联剂处理的晶须(silane coated CaCO3 wisker,记为CC3)]在有机溶液中与聚对二氧环己酮(PPDO)通过溶液共混制得三种不同的PPDO/CaCO3复合材料——PPDO/CC1,PPDO/CC2和PPDO/CC3.力学性能测试发现,PPDO/CC2的拉伸强度较PPDO大幅提高;但CC3与PPDO的相容性变差,导致PPDO/CC3的力学性能明显下降.     

非线性大应变振荡剪切流场中PP结晶行为的傅立叶转变流变学研究

通过对等规聚丙烯(iPP)过冷熔体施加不同应变的正弦振荡剪切场,研究了大应变振荡剪切流场作用下,等温iPP的流动诱导结晶过程.研究结果表明,施加大应变振荡剪切流场可以明显加速iPP的结晶动力学,且施加的应变越大可以促使iPP结晶动力学加速现象越明显.通过对iPP熔体的应力波形进行傅立叶变换分析发现,由于结晶会引起熔体内部非线性行为改变,傅里叶变化峰值的3倍基频峰值I3与基频峰值I1之比I3/I1可以敏感反映iPP的流动诱导结晶过程.当流变仪施加的应变幅度从10%提高到30%时,I3/I1比值发生突跃的时间则从2500 s迅速减小为600 s.     

纳米CaCO_3/相容剂/PP中的界面相互作用研究

采用不同相容剂(PP-g-MAH、POE-g-MAH和EVA-g-MAH)制备了不同界面相互作用的纳米CaCO3(CC)/相容剂/PP体系,研究了相容剂/PP和相容剂/CC界面相互作用对PP/CC的结晶形态、结晶行为、熔融特性和力学性能的影响.观察到PP/CC界面相互作用提高PP结晶温度和PP/CC的模量和冲击强度,但降低了屈服强度.相容剂/CC界面相互作用进一步提高了PP/CC的结晶温度.PP/相容剂界面相互作用取决于PP与相容剂相容性.PP/PP-g-MAH相容性高有利于提高PP/CC的异相成核作用和PP/CC屈服强度和模量,但降低冲击强度.PP/POE-g-MAH部分相容对相容剂/CC界面的异相成核作用、PP/CC屈服强度和模量影响不大,可明显提高冲击强度.但PP/EVA-g-MAH不相容导致PP/CC冲击强度明显降低.     

羟基不饱和脂肪酸改性纳米碳酸钙对聚丙烯微观形态和流变性能的影响

采用羟基不饱和脂肪酸,通过固相法对硬脂酸改性的工业纳米碳酸钙CCR进行表面改性制备了R-CCR,红外光谱(FTIR)显示改性剂已结合在碳酸钙表面.通过熔融共混法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/乙丙橡胶(EPDM)/纳米碳酸钙二元和三元复合材料.并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察复合材料的微观形态,发现R-CCR的加入,使PP复合材料的拉伸断面出现明显的拉丝状结构和大面积的屈服变形,与PP/EPDM/CCR相比,PP/EPDM/R-CCR冲击断面的空穴明显增加并细化,R-CCR在PP基体中分散均匀,且界面模糊,与基体的相容性明显优于CCR.复合材料流变行为的研究表明R-CCR的加入,体系储存模量G′和损耗模量G″随频率的增加而增加,对损耗因子和复数粘度的影响不大;但PP/EPDM/R-CCR复合材料的表观粘度,明显低于PP/EPDM/CCR和纯PP,同时,剪切速率的增加可有效降低体系的表观粘度.力学性能表明,R-CCR对PP同时起到增韧和增强的效果.且R-CCR和EPDM对PP具有协同增韧的效果.在保持聚丙烯的模量和强度基本不变的前提下,大幅度的改善聚丙烯的韧性,同时加工性能保持不变.     

纳米级CaCO_3粒子与弹性体CPE微粒同时增韧PVC的研究

研究了平均粒径为 30nm的超细级纳米CaCO3 与氯化聚乙烯 (CPE)对聚氯乙烯 (PVC)共混体系二元协同增韧效应及机制 .结果表明 ,当共混体系中有一定量的CPE时 ,纳米CaCO3 的加入可以明显地提高共混物的韧性 ,而不降低共混物的强度和刚性 .纳米CaCO3 在PVC基体中达到了纳米级的分散 .当纳米CaCO3 的用量为 8份 (质量 )时 ,PVC CPE 纳米CaCO3 共混物的冲击断面产生了大量的有规则的网丝状结构 ,共混物的缺口冲击强度达到 81 1kJ m2 ,比不加纳米CaCO3 的共混体系高 7 3倍 .CPE的加入对共混体系的加工流动性能无影响 ,纳米CaCO3 的加入使共混体系的加工流动性能变差     

In situ synthesis of calcium pimelate as a highly dispersed β-nucleating agent for improving the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene

The reaction precursors pimelic acid (Pi) and calcium stearate (CaSt) were added in situ during extrusion of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) to generate self-dispersed calcium pimelate (CaPi[IS]). The results reveal that the nucleating agents (NAs) synthesized in situ obviously affected the nucleation effect in iPP. The crystallization, mechanical properties and melting behavior of nucleated iPP were investigated. The crystallization temperature (T_c) of iPP modified with CaPi(IS) increased by 4–5°C when compared to that of pure iPP. Especially, when the addition amount of CaPi(IS) in iPP was 0.30 wt%, the relative β-crystal concentration of iPP/CaPi(IS) reached the highest level of 96.47%, 22.71% higher than that of iPP/CaPi. However, Pi and CaSt has hardly impact on the nucleation effect in iPP. The mechanical properties of iPP show that CaPi and CaPi(IS) have excellent toughening effect on iPP while Pi and CaSt greatly improved the stiffness of iPP. Furthermore, the dispersion of these NAs in iPP was investigated by scanning electronic microscope (SEM). It can be clearly seen that the CaPi(IS) particles are uniformly distributed in the iPP after magnification.     

Effect of compounding procedure on morphology and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene/high‐density polyethylene/carbon black ternary composites

The effect of compounding procedure on morphology and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene/high‐density polyethylene/carbon black (iPP/HDPE/CB) composite was investigated. iPP/HDPE/CB composites were prepared by four compounding procedures (A: iPP + HDPE + CB; B: iPP/HDPE + CB; C: HDPE/CB + iPP; D: iPP/CB + HDPE). Scanning electron microscopy observation showed that CB particles are mainly distributed in HDPE in all composites, and the phase morphology of composites was obviously affected by a compounding procedure. The size of the HDPE/CB domains in the composites prepared by procedures A and D decreased with the increase in CB content, whereas that of HDPE/CB in the composites prepared by procedures B and C rarely changed with the increase in CB content. The crystallization behaviors of the composites were significantly affected by their phase morphology, which resulted from the variation of compounding procedure. The isothermal crystallization rate of iPP in the composites prepared by procedures A and D was obviously increased, which may originate from the small HDPE/CB droplets dispersed in the iPP phase. The non‐isothermal crystallization curves of composites prepared by procedure D represented two peaks because the iPP component in these composites had the fastest crystallization rate, whereas the curves of composites prepared by other compounding sequences only exhibited one peak. Moreover, the crystallinity of HDPE almost increased by one time with the incorporation of only 1 phr CB because the CB particles selectively located in the HDPE phase, and the crystallinity of HDPE decreased with the further increase of CB content because of the strong restriction of CB on the HDPE chains. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Morphology and properties of isotactic polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) in situ microfibrillar reinforced blends: Influence of viscosity ratio

In situ microfibrillar reinforced blends based on blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) were successfully prepared by a “slit extrusion-hot stretching-quenching” process. Four types of iPP with different apparent viscosity were utilized to investigate the effect of viscosity ratio on the morphology and mechanical properties of PET/iPP microfibrillar blend. The morphological observation shows that the viscosity ratio is closely associated to the size of dispersed phase droplets in the original blends, and accordingly greatly affects the microfibrillation of PET. Lower viscosity ratio is favorable to formation of smaller and more uniform dispersed phase particles, thus leading to finer microfibrils with narrower diameter distribution. Addition of a compatibilizer, poly propylene-grafted-glycidyl methacrylate (PP-g-GMA), can increase the viscosity ratio and decrease the interfacial tension between PET and iPP, which tends to decrease the size of PET phase in the unstretched blends. After stretched, the aspect ratio of PET microfibrils in the compatibilized blends is considerably reduced compared to the uncompatibilized ones. The lower viscosity ratio brought out higher mechanical properties of the microfibrillar blends. Compared to the uncompatibilized microfibrillar blends, the tensile, flexural strength and impact toughness of the compatibilized ones are all improved.     

CaCO3/PEEK复合体系的力学行为和热行为研究

以聚醚醚酮和碳酸钙复合体系为研究对象,考察了偶联剂和填料添加量对复合材料力学行为和热行为的影响.发现磺化聚醚醚酮作为偶联剂能有效地改善材料的力学性能,提高基体树脂的玻璃化转变温度,降低基体树脂的熔点,有助于改善聚醚醚酮的加工条件     

硬脂酸/异氰酸酯摩尔比对聚丙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯（TDI）和硬脂酸（SA）复合改性木粉,在双螺杆挤出机中制备了聚丙烯（PP）基的木塑复合材料（WPC）,研究了SA/TDI摩尔比对木粉表面性能、复合材料力学性能和加工性能的影响。 结果表明,随着SA/TDI摩尔比的增大,改性木粉的表面张力逐渐减小,与PP的界面张力先减小后增大;与未改性的WPC相比,SA/TDI复合改性剂对WPC的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、缺口冲击强度影响不明显,但对无缺口冲击强度提升较大;当SA/TDI摩尔比为1.07时,复合材料的无缺口冲击强度和熔体质量流动速率分别达到9.74 kJ/m2和13.12 g/10 min,分别比未改性WPC提高了77%和22%。     

马来酸酐(MAH)表面改性纳米碳酸钙粉体的制备及表面性能

通过在两相法制备纳米碳酸钙的过程中添加一定量的马来酸酐(MAH)的方法，在纳米碳酸钙的表面引入羧基、羟基、双键等活性基团对纳米碳酸钙进行表面改性，并通过调节马来酸酐的用量，有效地控制纳米碳酸钙的极性和表面能。接触角实验结果表明，当马来酸酐的加入量为2%时可以获得界面性能最理想的改性纳米碳酸钙。还在此基础上提出了马来酸酐(MAH)对纳米碳酸钙进行表面改性的过程机理，并以SEM，ATR-FTIR和TGA等手段对上述过程机理进行了验证。     

Mechanical and thermal properties of poly-ether ether ketone reinforced with CaCO3

CaCO₃/PEEK (poly-ether ether ketone) composites were prepared on a twin-screw extruder with different mass ratio of CaCO₃/PEEK from 0% to 30%. Four types of particles were used as filler in PEEK matrix. The influence of surface treatment with sulfonated PEEK (SPEEK) of the particles on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites was studied. The experiments included tensile tests, flexural tests, notched Izod impact tests, TGA, DSC and SEM. The modulus and yield stress of the composites increased with CaCO₃ particles loadings. This increase was attributed to the bonding between the particles and the PEEK matrix, as can be proved by the SEM pictures of tensile fracture surface of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was modified by the SPEEK coated on the CaCO₃ particle surface. DSC experiments showed that the particle content and surface properties influenced the glass transition temperature (T_g) and melting temperature (T_m) of the composites. The T_g increased with the content of fillers while T_m decreased. In this study the fillers treated were found to give better combination properties, which indicated that SPEEK played a constructive role in the CaCO₃/PEEK composites.