微合金钢中稀土钒复合作用的研究

稀土在钒微合金钢中有一定的固溶量,并可达10^-5-10^-4(质量分数）数量级,稀土降低碳氮化钒完全溶解的温度,阻止奥氏体中钒的应变诱导析出,在铁素体区稀土促进碳氮化钒析出,并细化沉淀相,钒和稀土复合微合金化有更强的推迟形变奥氏体动态再结晶,抑制奥氏体晶粒长大和细化晶粒的作用。     

稀土对管线钢中沉淀相和再结晶的影响

管线钢中含有Ｎｄ，Ｔｉ复合的沉淀相，表示为（Ｎｂ，Ｔｉ）（Ｃ，Ｎ）。添加稀土的锻态样中，沉淀物颗粒细化，球化且弥散分布。随着稀土量增加，沉淀物中Ｎｂ量也略增加。在奥氏体化温度下，稀土使沉淀相析出的孕育期延长，沉淀速率降低，抑制了沉淀相的析出动力学过程。     

稀土对管线钢中碳化物溶解与析出行为的影响

以X80管线钢为研究对象,研究了稀土对含铌钢奥氏体化与析出行为的影响。利用热力学固溶度积公式,计算了铌碳化物的溶解温度;借助显微组织观察与硬度测试,对比分析了稀土对高温下奥氏体晶粒粗化及不同温度淬火回火后硬度的影响;通过热模拟实验并利用透射电镜,研究了稀土对实验钢在热变形过程中铌碳氮化物析出行为的作用机制。结果表明:稀土元素的加入降低了碳氮化物的固溶温度,促进了Nb(C,N)等第二相粒子的固溶,稀土能够促进热变形过程中Nb(C,N)的析出,从而提高铌元素的析出强化效果。     

稀土对钢中碳化铌溶解和析出行为的影响

通过透射电镜，Ｘ射线衍射分析，电解相分析及热模热等手段，研究了稀土对控轧含Ｎｂ钢析出相－碳化铌的结构，溶解和析出行为的影响，实验结果表明，钢中加入稀土后，碳化铌颗粒变小且弥散分布，在９００－９５０℃碳化铌析出达最高值，随温度升高析出量急骤下降，１２００℃时碳化铌基本溶解，在奥氏体化温度下，稀上有抑制碳化铌析出的作用，随稀土量增加其作用愈显著，稀土使碳化铌在奥氏体区析出时间增长，沉淀析出速度降低。     

稀土对微合金钢中碳化铌析出规律的影响

在铁素体区和奥氏体区研究了稀土对碳化铌析出动力学规律的影响。实验结果表明，在铁素体区稀土可促进碳化铌的析出，而在奥氏体区有抑制碳化铌的出的作用。用计算机进行线性拟合处理发现，稀土并不能改变碳化铌析出的动力学机制，但影响其瓜速度常数Ｋ。在６６０℃时稀土使Ｋ值增加，属于形核长大控速。在９５０℃时稀土使Ｋ值降低，属于扩散控速。表明了稀土对碳化铌要出的促进和抑制作用。     

超低硫微合金钢中稀土元素的作用

稀土在超低硫（Ｓ〈０．００３％）铌钛微合金风中仍然有净化钢质、变质夹杂的作用。钢中ＣＲＥ／ＣＯ＋Ｓ控制在４左右，可获得最佳效果。超低硫钢中稀土固溶量可达到１０＾－５－－１０＾－４数量级，显著减少晶界Ｓ、Ｐ的偏聚，推迟钢的动态再结晶，细化晶粒和沉淀相，促进铌钛碳氮化物析出。稀土在钢中还有微合化的作用。     

含铌高强结构钢应变诱导沉淀相析出动力学

本文通过对含铌高强结构钢在1250℃固溶后,在相同应变速率下,在850℃时经过不同应变量的压缩后,Nb的转化率与保温时间的关系的分析,得出了Nb(C,N)析出动力学机制符合方程-ln(1-a)=kt,是Nb的二维扩散控速的抛物线型长大机制,进而从应变速率常数角度考察了应变量,Nb含量对Nb(C,N)析出动力学的影响.     

Ti对铸造镍基高温合金中碳化物和拓扑密排相影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等测试技术,研究了经过标准热处理和时效处理后的不同Ti含量合金的微观组织。 研究发现,标准热处理后不同Ti含量合金的相组成相同,主要由γ、γ′、MC和M23C6型碳化物组成;随着Ti含量增加,合金组织中的碳化物数量逐渐增加。 不含Ti的合金中的MC碳化物的组成主要是TaC,而含Ti合金中MC型碳化物组成为(Ta,Ti)C,并且随着Ti含量增加,MC碳化物中M组成元素Ta和Ti的比值（Ta/Ti）逐渐减小。 通过研究900 ℃不同时间时效处理后合金微观组织发现,随着Ti含量增加,合金中拓扑密排相(TCP)析出趋势逐渐增加。 含质量分数2.7%Ti的合金经900 ℃/500 h时效处理后,组织中析出了针状富含Cr、W和Mo的σ相。 这表明要保证合金具有良好的组织稳定性,需要控制合金中Ti的加入量。     

铈添加对Ti26．5Cr20（V45Fe8．5）0．98Si2合金结构及储氢性能的影响

通过XRD,SEM,恒温等容储氢性能测试等方法,研究了Ce添加对Ti265Cr20（V45Fe8．5）098Si2Cex（x=0～2．0％（原子分数））合金结构及储氢性能的影响。结果表明,Ti26．5Cr20（V45Fe85）0.98Si2Cex（x=0～2．0％）合金为BCC和C14 Laves相双相合金,随合金中Ce添加量的增加,合金的晶格常数增大,而合金中C14 Laves相的含量减少,平衡压从0．233MPa降低到0．167MPa,合金的吸氢动力学性能得到改善,最大吸氢量也由3．08％增加至3．19％（质量分数）,PCT曲线的平台斜率减小。合金的储氢性能的改善与Ce的加入抑制了部分C14Laves相的析出,减少了合金中C14Laves相的含量密切相关。     

铈添加对Ti16.5Cr20(V45Fe8.5)0.98Si2合金结构及储氢性能的影响

通过XRD,SEM,恒温等容储氢性能测试等方法,研究了Ce添加对Ti26.5Cr20(V45Fe8.5)0.98Si2Cex(x=0～2.0%(原子分数))合金结构及储氢性能的影响.结果表明,Ti16.5Cr20如(V45Fe8.5)0.98 Si2Cex(x=0～2.0%)合金为BCC和C14 Laves相双相合金,随合金中Ce添加量的增加,合金的晶格常数增大,而合金中C14 Laves相的含量减少.平衡压从0.233 MPa降低到0.167 MPa,合金的吸氢动力学性能得到改善,最大吸氢量也由3.08%增加至3.19%(质量分数),PCT曲线的平台斜率减小.合金的储氢性能的改善与Ce的加入抑制了部分C14 Laves相的析出,减少了合金中C14 Laves相的含量密切相关.     

稀土变质热锻模具铸钢高温磨损性能的研究

研究了稀土（RE）变质热锻模具铸钢的高温磨损性能，并与热锻模具钢H13钢和3Cr2W8V钢进行对比，探讨了稀土元素的作用和热锻模具铸钢的高温磨损机理。结果表明：随着RE加入量的增加，热锻模具铸钢的磨损率先减后增，RE加入量在质量分数为0．05％时热锻模具铸钢具有最佳的高温磨损性能。RE变质热锻模其铸钢的高温耐磨性明最高于H13钢和3Cr2W8V钢。高温磨损机理为氧化磨损和氧化物的疲劳剥落，磨屑为块状的Fe2O3和Fe3O4。     

Characterization of Precipitates in Ti-Stabilized Steels with Low-Energy Electron-Induced X-Ray Spectrometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy

 Various kinds of precipitates can influence the mechanical properties of Ti-stabilized steels. The qualitative composition of the Ti inclusions can be characterized microscopically, whereas for quantitative information to be obtained time-consuming selective dissolution must be used. The present study aims at chemical speciation of the isolated precipitates as a solid phase with the help of soft-X-ray spectrometry. Whether the method is capable of giving both qualitative and quantitative information on the composition of Ti-mixtures is discussed. The precipitates in Ti-stabilized steels are investigated after chemical dissolution of the steel matrix with a bromine/methanol mixture (1:10). By combination of soft-X-ray spectrometry with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both qualitative and quantitative characterization of the precipitates can be performed. They were found to consist mainly of TiC and TiN. Received July 1, 1998. Revision December 29, 1998.     

Determination of the types of nitrogen in steels containing aluminium or titanium by an extraction method with hydrogen

The extraction method with hydrogen, hitherto used to determine mobile nitrogen in steels over the temperature range 350–450°C, has been employed at higher temperatures to determine nitrogen bound as aluminium nitride, or as titanium nitride or carbonitride. In steels containing only silicon and titanium as deoxidizers, the nitrogen remaining after passage of hydrogen at 600 or 750°C is present as titanium nitride or carbonitride and can be determined by difference. In steels containing only silicon and aluminium as deoxidizers, the nitrogen remaining after passage of hydrogen at 600°C is present as aluminium nitride and can also be determined by difference. This was verified by determining the aluminium nitride indirectly. The nitrogen released from both the aluminium and titanium steels in hydrogen at 600°C probably results from dissociation of submicroscopic particles of manganese silicon nitride.     

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction analysis of isothermally aged SAF 2507 type superduplex stainless steel

Due to thermal effects, several precipitation and segregation processes are known in duplex stainless steels. These microstructural changes influence both of the original phases, but in different ways. Isothermal ageing in a large range of temperature was performed on SAF 2507 type steel. The temperature range was 300–1000 °C, the ageing time was between 100 s and 24 h. This paper discusses the results of ageing at 900 °C. Microstructural changes were investigated by electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. This technique allowed the determination of the microstructure of the secondary austenite and sigma phase and their mutual orientation properties. Beside this, thermoelectric power measurements were also performed, which gave information about the kinetics of the precipitation process. Results showed that sigma-phase precipitation started right after 200 s in the case of annealed steel, and faster than 100 s in the cold-rolled state. After 5000 s, the delta-ferrite disappeared. Chemical composition of sigma phase was independent on the ageing time. A small decrease in nickel content was observed with a slight increase of Cr content. Small amount of chi phase had also been observed on the ferrite–ferrite boundaries, but later they changed into sigma phase. Similarly to sigma phase, chi phase showed significant phosphorus enrichment. During ageing, small chrome nitride precipitates developed, which amount increased in time, and some vanadium could be measured in them. The orientation relationship between austenite and sigma phase deviated from Nenno-orientationship with about 24°, and seems to form a [110]6[310] relationship, which was characteristic right from the beginning of the process, and remains more or less constant.     

稀土对60CrMnMo钢奥氏体长大动力学的影响

研究了不同稀土加入量对６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学的影响。结果表明，６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢中加入一定量的稀土，能细化奥氏体晶粒并抑制其长大。根据实验结果，对奥氏体晶界迁移激活能（Ｑ）进行了计算，计算表明随稀土加入量增加，Ｑ值亦增加。     

Thermodynamic analysis of precipitation processes in Nb–Ti-microalloyed Si–Al TRIP steel

The work deals with the thermodynamic calculations of precipitation processes in austenite of the Nb–Ti-microalloyed steel with increased Si and Al content dedicated for the automotive industry. The analysis is based on the equilibrium precipitation of individual MX-type interstitial phases, as well as the effect of various Mn and Si additions is included. The solubility products and corresponding limits of the mutual solubility of microalloy and metalloid additions in austenite were calculated. The temperature sequence of the precipitation under equilibrium conditions was determined. The Dutta–Sellars model has been applied for determination of recrystallization stop temperature of austenite and time needed for Nb(C,N) precipitation. The calculations were verified by microstructure investigations including revealing prior austenite grain size as a function of austenitizing temperature and the identification of complex carbonitrides using transmission electron microscopy. The model calculations are in good agreement with experimental results.     

On the non-isothermal precipitation of copper-rich phase in 17-4 PH stainless steel using dilatometric techniques

The kinetics of the precipitation of copper-rich phase in 17-4 PH stainless steel was studied in this paper by non-isothermal dilatometric experiments. The dilatometric curve was analyzed and the conversion degree of the precipitates was associated with the area under the derivative curve of the thermal expansion as a function of temperature. The apparent activation energy associated with the formation of the precipitates was calculated and the obtained results were compared with the data calculated from the isothermal dilatometric tests presented in a previous paper. The data well agree, so confirming that non-isothermal dilatometry can be considered a powerful method to study the precipitation kinetics of PH stainless steels. Finally, the conversion degree for any isothermal treatment was calculated starting from the parameters obtained by non-isothermal dilatometric tests and compared with the conversion degree calculated from the hardness values during heat treatments.